Optical processing devices and techniques for next generation optical networks

Este trabalho surge do interesse em substituir os nós de rede óptica baseados maioritariamente em electrónica por nós de rede baseados em tecnologia óptica. Espera-se que a tecnologia óptica permita maiores débitos binários na rede, maior transparência e maior eficiência através de novos paradigmas de comutação. Segundo esta visão, utilizou-se o MZI-SOA, um dispositivo semicondutor integrado hibridamente, para realizar funcionalidades de processamento óptico de sinal necessárias em nós de redes ópticas de nova geração. Nas novas redes ópticas são utilizados formatos de modulação avançados, com gestão da fase, pelo que foi estudado experimentalmente e por simulação o impacto da utilização destes formatos no desempenho do MZI-SOA na conversão de comprimento de onda e formato, em várias condições de operação. Foram derivadas regras de utilização para funcionamento óptimo. Foi também estudado o impacto da forma dos pulsos do sinal no desempenho do dispositivo. De seguida, o MZI-SOA foi utilizado para realizar funcionalidades temporais ao nível do bit e do pacote. Foi investigada a operação de um conversor de multiplexagem por divisão no comprimento de onda para multiplexagem por divisão temporal óptica, experimentalmente e por simulação, e de um compressor e descompressor de pacotes, por simulação. Para este último, foi investigada a operação com o MZI-SOA baseado em amplificadores ópticos de semicondutor com geometria de poço quântico e ponto quântico. Foi também realizado experimentalmente um ermutador de intervalos temporais que explora o MZI-SOA como conversor de comprimento de onda e usa um banco de linhas de atraso ópticas para introduzir no sinal um atraso seleccionável. Por fim, foi estudado analiticamente, experimentalmente e por simulação o impacto de diafonia em redes ópticas em diversas situações. Extendeu-se um modelo analítico de cálculo de desempenho para contemplar sinais distorcidos e afectados por diafonia. Estudou-se o caso de sinais muito filtrados e afectados por diafonia e mostrou-se que, para determinar correctamente as penalidades que ocorrem, ambos os efeitos devem ser considerados simultaneamente e não em separado. Foi estudada a escalabilidade limitada por diafonia de um comutador de intervalos temporais baseado em MZI-SOA a operar como comutador espacial. Mostrou-se também que sinais afectados fortemente por não-linearidades podem causar penalidades de diafonia mais elevadas do que sinais não afectados por não-linearidades. Neste trabalho foi demonstrado que o MZI-SOA permite construir vários e pertinentes circuitos ópticos, funcionando como bloco fundamental de construção, tendo sido o seu desempenho analisado, desde o nível de componente até ao nível de sistema. Tendo em conta as vantagens e desvantagens do MZI-SOA e os desenvolvimentos recentes de outras tecnologias, foram sugeridos tópicos de investigação com o intuito de evoluir para as redes ópticas de nova geração.

The time-course of lexical activation in Japanese morphographic word recognition: Evidence for a character-driven processing model

This lexical decision study with eye tracking of Japanese two-kanji-character words investigated the order in which a whole two-character word and its morphographic constituents are activated in the course of lexical access, the relative contributions of the left and the right characters in lexical decision, the depth to which semantic radicals are processed, and how nonlinguistic factors affect lexical processes. Mixed-effects regression analyses of response times and subgaze durations (i.e., first-pass fixation time spent on each of the two characters) revealed joint contributions of morphographic units at all levels of the linguistic structure with the magnitude and the direction of the lexical effects modulated by readers’ locus of attention in a left-to-right preferred processing path. During the early time frame, character effects were larger in magnitude and more robust than radical and whole-word effects, regardless of the font size and the type of nonwords. Extending previous radical-based and character-based models, we propose a task/decision-sensitive character-driven processing model with a level-skipping assumption: Connections from the feature level bypass the lower radical level and link up directly to the higher character level.

Investigation of structural, optical and electrical properties and valence band splitting in cu-ln-se compounds

Investigations on thin films that started decades back due to scientific curiosity in the properties of a two-dimensional solid, has developed into a leading research field in recent years due to the ever expanding applications of the thin films in the fann of a variety of active and passive microminiaturized components and devices, solar cells, radiation sowces and detectors, magnetic memory devices, interference filters, refection and antireflection coatings etc. [1]. The recent environment and energy resource concerns have aroused an enonnous interest in the study of materials in thin film form suitable for renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic devices. Recognition of the immense potential applications of the chalcopyrites that can fonn homojunctions or heterojunctions for solar cell fabrication has attracted many researchers to extensive and intense research on them. In this thesis, we have started with studies performed on CuInSe, thin films, a technologically well recognized compound belonging to the l•ill-VI family of semiconductors and have riveted on investigations on the preparation and characterization of compoWlds Culn3Se5. Culn5Seg and CuIn7Se12, an interesting group of compounds related to CuInSe2 called Ordered Vacancy Compounds, having promising applications in photovoltaic devices. A pioneering work attempted on preparing and characterizing the compound Culn7Sel2 is detailed in the chapters on OVC's. Investigation on valence band splitting in avc's have also been attempted for the first time and included as the last chapter in the thesis. Some of the salient features of the chalcopyrite c.ompounds are given in the next section .of this introductory chapter.

Low-Cost Micromechanically Tunable Optical Devices: Strained Resonator Engineering, Technological Implementation and Characterization

The rapid growth of the optical communication branches and the enormous demand for more bandwidth require novel networks such as dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM). These networks enable higher bitrate transmission using the existing optical fibers. Micromechanically tunable optical microcavity devices like VCSELs, Fabry-Pérot filters and photodetectors are core components of these novel DWDM systems. Several air-gap based tunable devices were successfully implemented in the last years. Even though these concepts are very promising, two main disadvantages are still remaining. On the one hand, the high fabrication and integration cost and on the other hand the undesired adverse buckling of the suspended membranes. This thesis addresses these two problems and consists of two main parts: • PECVD dielectric material investigation and stress control resulting in membranes shape engineering. • Implementation and characterization of novel tunable optical devices with tailored shapes of the suspended membranes. For this purposes, low-cost PECVD technology is investigated and developed in detail. The macro- and microstress of silicon nitride and silicon dioxide are controlled over a wide range. Furthermore, the effect of stress on the optical and mechanical properties of the suspended membranes and on the microcavities is evaluated. Various membrane shapes (concave, convex and planar) with several radii of curvature are fabricated. Using this resonator shape engineering, microcavity devices such as non tunable and tunable Fabry-Pérot filters, VCSELs and PIN photodetectors are succesfully implemented. The fabricated Fabry-Pérot filters cover a spectral range of over 200nm and show resonance linewidths down to 1.5nm. By varying the stress distribution across the vertical direction within a DBR, the shape and the radius of curvature of the top membrane are explicitely tailored. By adjusting the incoming light beam waist to the curvature, the fundamental resonant mode is supported and the higher order ones are suppressed. For instance, a tunable VCSEL with 26 nm tuning range, 400µW maximal output power, 47nm free spectral range and over 57dB side mode suppresion ratio (SMSR) is demonstrated. Other technologies, such as introducing light emitting organic materials in microcavities are also investigated.

Preventing carbon contamination of optical devices for X-rays: the effect of oxygen on photon-induced dissociation of CO on platinum

Platinum is one of the most common coatings used to optimize mirror reflectivity in soft X-ray beamlines. Normal operation results in optics contamination by carbon-based molecules present in the residual vacuum of the beamlines. The reflectivity reduction induced by a carbon layer at the mirror surface is a major problem in synchrotron radiation sources. A time-dependent photoelectron spectroscopy study of the chemical reactions which take place at the Pt(111) surface under operating conditions is presented. It is shown that the carbon contamination layer growth can be stopped and reversed by low partial pressures of oxygen for optics operated in intense photon beams at liquidnitrogen temperature. For mirrors operated at room temperature the carbon contamination observed for equivalent partial pressures of CO is reduced and the effects of oxygen are observed on a long time scale.

Electrical and optical properties of poly(2-dodecanoylsulfanyl-p-phenylenevnylene) and its application in electroluminescent devices

We describe the optical and electrical characterization of a poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivative: poly(2-dodecanoylsulfanyl-p-phenylenevinylene) (12COS-PPV). The electrical characterization was carried out on devices with the FTO\PEDOT:PSS\12COS-PPV/Al structure. Positive charge carrier mobility mu(h) of similar to 1.0 x 10(-6) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and barrier height phi of similar to 0.1 eV for positive charge carrier injection at the PEDOT:PSS/12COS-PPV interface were obtained using a thermionic injection model. FTO\PEDOT:P55\12COS-PPV/Ca devices exhibited green-yellow electroluminescence with maximum emission at lambda = 540 nm.

Optical Characterization and Optimization of Display Components : Some Applications to Liquid-Crystal-Based and Electrochromics-Based Devices

This dissertation is focused on theoretical and experimental studies of optical properties of materials and multilayer structures composing liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and electrochromic (EC) devices. By applying spectroscopic ellipsometry, we have determined the optical constants of thin films of electrochromic tungsten oxide (WOx) and nickel oxide (NiOy), the films’ thickness and roughness. These films, which were obtained at spattering conditions possess high transmittance that is important for achieving good visibility and high contrast in an EC device. Another application of the general spectroscopic ellipsometry relates to the study of a photo-alignment layer of a mixture of azo-dyes SD-1 and SDA-2. We have found the optical constants of this mixture before and after illuminating it by polarized UV light. The results obtained confirm the diffusion model to explain the formation of the photo-induced order in azo-dye films. We have developed new techniques for fast characterization of twisted nematic LC cells in transmissive and reflective modes. Our techniques are based on the characteristics functions that we have introduced for determination of parameters of non-uniform birefringent media. These characteristic functions are found by simple procedures and can be utilised for simultaneous determination of retardation, its wavelength dispersion, and twist angle, as well as for solving associated optimization problems. Cholesteric LCD that possesses some unique properties, such as bistability and good selective scattering, however, has a disadvantage – relatively high driving voltage (tens of volts). The way we propose to reduce the driving voltage consists of applying a stack of thin (~1µm) LC layers. We have studied the ability of a layer of a surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal coupled with several retardation plates for birefringent color generation. We have demonstrated that in order to accomplish good color characteristics and high brightness of the display, one or two retardation plates are sufficient.

High Verdet constant Ga : S : La : O chalcogenide glasses for magneto-optical devices

The magneto-optical rotation at room temperature was measured for three Ga:S:La:O chalcogenide glasses at several laser lines in the visible. The first sample was a binary system constituted by 70 mol % Ga2S3 and 30 mol % La2O3, whereas in the second and third ones the lanthanum oxide was partially substituted by lanthanum sulfide, keeping the amount of gallium sulfide fixed. A pulsed magnetic field between 50 and 80 kG was used for the Faraday rotation measurements. The Verdet constant for one of the ternary samples was found to be as high as 0.205 min G(-1) cm(-1) at 543 nm, indicating that these chalcogenide glasses are very promising for magneto-optical applications. The data for each sample were fitted using the expected analytical expression for the magneto-optical dispersion. Measurements of the refractive index of the glasses at 632.8 nm are also reported. Data on the magneto-optical properties of two high Verdet constant, heavy-metal oxide diamagnetic glasses are also included for comparison. (C) 1999 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. [S0091-3286(99)00102-6].

An ultra stable glass system for optical fiber devices

In this paper a modified chalcogenide glass was studied by X-ray powder diffraction, differential thermal analysis, infrared and Raman scattering spectroscopies. The study of this new matrix opens new perspectives to fabricate Pr3+-doped fibers to operate as an optical amplifier in the 1.3 mum telecommunications window. The Pr3+-doped 70Ga(2)S(3)-30La(2)S(3) glass was modified through the substitution of La2S3 by La2O3, which improves the thermal stability of these glasses without any modification of phonon energy. The possibility to pull a fiber from this glass system without any devitrification is easily achieved.

Photoluminescence-structure relationships in ormosils for integrated optical devices

Planar waveguides with low losses in the infrared (from 0.6-1.1 dB/cm) were prepared with sol-gel derived poly(oxyethylene)/siloxane hybrid doped with zirconium(IV) n-propoxide (ZPO) and methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MAPTMS). The doped nanohybrids were characterized by small angle X-ray scattering, 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance and photoluminescence spectroscopy and compared with the undoped hybrid material. The results indicate an effective interaction between the zirconium particles and the siliceous nanodomains. © 2005 Materials Research Socicty.

New platforms for optical biosensing

Physicochemical experimental techniques combined with the specificity of a biological recognition system have resulted in a variety of new analytical devices known as biosensors. Biosensors are under intensive development worldwide because they have many potential applications, e.g. in the fields of clinical diagnostics, food analysis, and environmental monitoring. Much effort is spent on the development of highly sensitive sensor platforms to study interactions on the molecular scale. In the first part, this thesis focuses on exploiting the biosensing application of nanoporous gold (NPG) membranes. NPG with randomly distributed nanopores (pore sizes less than 50 nm) will be discussed here. The NPG membrane shows unique plasmonic features, i.e. it supports both propagating and localized surface plasmon resonance modes (p SPR and l-SPR, respectively), both offering sensitive probing of the local refractive index variation on/in NPG. Surface refractive index sensors have an inherent advantage over fluorescence optical biosensors that require a chromophoric group or other luminescence label to transduce the binding event. In the second part, gold/silica composite inverse opals with macroporous structures were investigated with bio- or chemical sensing applications in mind. These samples combined the advantages of a larger available gold surface area with a regular and highly ordered grating structure. The signal of the plasmon was less noisy in these ordered substrate structures compared to the random pore structures of the NPG samples. In the third part of the thesis, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy was applied to probe the protein-protein interaction of the calcium binding protein centrin with the heterotrimeric G-protein transducin on a newly designed sensor platform. SPR spectroscopy was intended to elucidate how the binding of centrin to transducin is regulated towards understanding centrin functions in photoreceptor cells.

On-chip Non-reciprocal Optical Devices Based on Quantum Inspired Photonic Lattices

We propose integrated optical structures that can be used as isolators and polarization splitters based on engineered photonic lattices. Starting from optical waveguide arrays that mimic Fock space (quantum state with a well-defined particle number) representation of a non-interacting two-site Bose Hubbard Hamiltonian, we show that introducing magneto-optic nonreciprocity to these structures leads to a superior optical isolation performance. In the forward propagation direction, an input TM polarized beam experiences a perfect state transfer between the input and output waveguide channels while surface Bloch oscillations block the backward transmission between the same ports. Our analysis indicates a large isolation ratio of 75 dB after a propagation distance of 8mm inside seven coupled waveguides. Moreover, we demonstrate that, a judicious choice of the nonreciprocity in this same geometry can lead to perfect polarization splitting.