The destabilization of human GCAP1 by a proline to leucine mutation might cause cone-rod dystrophy

Guanylate cyclase activating protein-1 (GCAP1) is required for activation of retinal guanylate cyclase-1 (RetGC1), which is essential for recovery of photoreceptor cells to the dark state. In this paper, experimentally derived observations are reported that help in explaining why a proline→leucine mutation at position 50 of human GCAP1 results in cone–rod dystrophy in a family carrying this mutation. The primary amino acid sequence of wild-type GCAP1 was mutated using site-directed mutagenesis to give a leucine at position 50. In addition, serine replaced a glutamic acid residue at position 6 to promote N‐terminal myristoylation, yielding the construct GCAP1 E6S/P50L. The enzyme was over-expressed in Escherichia coli cells, isolated and purified before being used in assays with RetGC1, characterized by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and investigated for protease resistance and thermal stability. Assays of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis from guanosine triphosphate by RetGC1 in the presence of E6S/P50L showed that E6S/P50L could activate RetGC1 and displayed similar calcium sensitivity to wild-type GCAP1. In addition, E6S/P50L and wild-type GCAP1 possess similar CD spectra. However, there was a marked increase in the susceptibility to protease degradation and also a reduction in the thermal stability of E6S/P50L as observed by both the cGMP assay and CD spectroscopy. It is therefore suggested that although GCAP1 E6S/P50L has a similar activity and calcium dependency profile to the wild-type GCAP1, its lower stability could reduce its cellular concentration, which would in turn alter [Ca2+] and result in death of cells.

Mutation analysis of the SLC4A11 gene in Indian families with congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy 2 and a review of the literature

Purpose: Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy 2 (CHED2) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the solute carrier family 4, sodium borate transporter, member 11 (SLC4A11) gene. The purpose of this study was to identify the genetic cause of CHED2 in six Indian families and catalog all known mutations in the SLC4A11 gene. Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected from individuals of the families with CHED2 and used in genomic DNA isolation. PCR primers were used to amplify the entire coding region including intron-exon junctions of SLC4A11. Amplicons were subsequently sequenced to identify the mutations. Results: DNA sequence analysis of the six families identified four novel (viz., p.Thr262Ile, p.Gly417Arg, p.Cys611Arg, and p.His724Asp) mutations and one known p.Arg869His homozygous mutation in the SLC4A11 gene. The mutation p.Gly417Arg was identified in two families. Conclusions: This study increases the mutation spectrum of the SLC4A11 gene. A review of the literature showed that the total number of mutations in the SLC4A11 gene described to date is 78. Most of the mutations are missense, followed by insertions-deletions. The present study will be helpful in genetic diagnosis of the families reported here.

Isolation of mineralizing Nestin+ Nkx6.1+ vascular muscular cells from the adult human spinal cord

Background: The adult central nervous system (CNS) contains different populations of immature cells that could possibly be used to repair brain and spinal cord lesions. The diversity and the properties of these cells in the human adult CNS remain to be fully explored. We previously isolated Nestin(+) Sox2(+) neural multipotential cells from the adult human spinal cord using the neurosphere method (i.e. non adherent conditions and defined medium). -- Results: Here we report the isolation and long term propagation of another population of Nestin(+) cells from this tissue using adherent culture conditions and serum. QPCR and immunofluorescence indicated that these cells had mesenchymal features as evidenced by the expression of Snai2 and Twist1 and lack of expression of neural markers such as Sox2, Olig2 or GFAP. Indeed, these cells expressed markers typical of smooth muscle vascular cells such as Calponin, Caldesmone and Acta2 (Smooth muscle actin). These cells could not differentiate into chondrocytes, adipocytes, neuronal and glial cells, however they readily mineralized when placed in osteogenic conditions. Further characterization allowed us to identify the Nkx6.1 transcription factor as a marker for these cells. Nkx6.1 was expressed in vivo by CNS vascular muscular cells located in the parenchyma and the meninges. -- Conclusion: Smooth muscle cells expressing Nestin and Nkx6.1 is the main cell population derived from culturing human spinal cord cells in adherent conditions with serum. Mineralization of these cells in vitro could represent a valuable model for studying calcifications of CNS vessels which are observed in pathological situations or as part of the normal aging. In addition, long term propagation of these cells will allow the study of their interaction with other CNS cells and their implication in scar formation during spinal cord injury.

Tissue engineering active biological machines : bio-inspired design, directed self-assembly, and characterization of muscular pumps simulating the embryonic heart

Biological machines are active devices that are comprised of cells and other biological components. These functional devices are best suited for physiological environments that support cellular function and survival. Biological machines have the potential to revolutionize the engineering of biomedical devices intended for implantation, where the human body can provide the required physiological environment. For engineering such cell-based machines, bio-inspired design can serve as a guiding platform as it provides functionally proven designs that are attainable by living cells. In the present work, a systematic approach was used to tissue engineer one such machine by exclusively using biological building blocks and by employing a bio-inspired design. Valveless impedance pumps were constructed based on the working principles of the embryonic vertebrate heart and by using cells and tissue derived from rats. The function of these tissue-engineered muscular pumps was characterized by exploring their spatiotemporal and flow behavior in order to better understand the capabilities and limitations of cells when used as the engines of biological machines.

Análise da composição da matriz extracelular das camadas urotelial e muscular da bexiga de mulheres em diferentes idades

A complacência da bexiga depende de músculos lisos, fibras colágenas, fibras elásiticas e suas relações. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar a composição da matriz extracelular em amostras de bexigas normais através de análise bioquímica de colágeno e glicosaminoglicanos em amostras obtidas de mulheres em diferentes grupos de idade, analisando separadamente as camadas urotelial e muscular. Avaliamos 17 amostras de bexiga divididas em três grupos: infância (N=5), menacme (N=6) e pós-menopausa (N=6). As bexigas foram analisadas para concentração de GAG total e colágeno e para análise qualitativa de GAG por eletroforese em gel de agarose. Na camada muscular, não houve diferença entre os grupos tanto para GAG quanto para colágeno. Na camada urotelial, a análise da concentração de colágeno não mostrou diferença entre os grupos, mas a concentração de GAG no grupo da pós-menopausa (0.21 0.12 μg de ácido hexurônico/mg de tecido seco) apresentou diferença em relação aos grupos do menacme (1.78 1.62 μg de ácido hexurônico/mg de tecido seco) e da infância ( 2.29 1.32 μg de ácido hexurônico/mg de tecido seco).Nosso trabalho concluiu que a concentração de GAG está substancialmente diminuída na camada urotelial da bexiga de mulheres na pós-menopausa.

Análisis nutricional y su relación con el estrés psico-físico y el daño muscular en jugadoras profesionales de voleibol a lo largo de una temporada

261 p.

Muscle wasting in myotonic dystrophies: a model of premature aging

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1 or Steinert's disease) and type 2 (DM2) are multisystem disorders of genetic origin. Progressive muscular weakness, atrophy and myotonia are the most prominent neuromuscular features of these diseases, while other clinical manifestations such as cardiomyopathy, insulin resistance and cataracts are also common. From a clinical perspective, most DM symptoms are interpreted as a result of an accelerated aging (cataracts, muscular weakness and atrophy, cognitive decline, metabolic dysfunction, etc.), including an increased risk of developing tumors. From this point of view, DM1 could be described as a progeroid syndrome since a notable age dependent dysfunction of all systems occurs. The underlying molecular disorder in DM1 consists of the existence of a pathological (CTG) triplet expansion in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the Dystrophia ll/Iyotonica Protein Kinase (DMPK) gene, whereas (CCTG)n repeats in the first intron of the Cellular Nucleic acid Binding Protein/Zinc Finger Protein 9 (CNBP/ZNF9) gene cause DM2. The expansions are transcribed into (CUG)n and (CCUG)n-containing RNA, respectively, which form secondary structures and sequester RNA binding proteins, such as the splicing factor muscleblind-like protein (MBNL), forming nuclear aggregates known as foci. Other splicing factors, such as CUGBP, are also disrupted, leading to a spliceopathy of a large number of downstream genes linked to the clinical features of these diseases. Skeletal muscle regeneration relies on muscle progenitor cells, known as satellite cells, which are activated after muscle damage, and which proliferate and differentiate to muscle cells, thus regenerating the damaged tissue. Satellite cell dysfunction seems to be a common feature of both age-dependent muscle degeneration (sarcopenia) and muscle wasting in DM and other muscle degenerative diseases. This review aims to describe the cellular, molecular and macrostructural processes involved in the muscular degeneration seen in DM patients, highlighting the similarities found with muscle aging.

Transgene expressions in seabass (Lates calcarifer) following muscular injection of plasmid DNA: a strategy for vaccine development?

Muscular injection has become one of the direct methods for transferring foreign DNA into organisms. The technique has been recently introduced in the development of vaccines and gene therapy. Vaccine development, in particular, would be desirable in managing viral diseases in farmed fish. In this study, the technique was performed on seabass (Lates calcarifer) and was found that the foreign gene could be transferred successfully through injection into the muscles.

Estudo da sinalização da insulina nos tecidos muscular e adiposo de ratos submetidos à desnutrição materna no início da lactação

Vários estudos sugerem que a desnutrição materna no período pós-natal poderia causar alterações na homeostase glicêmica da prole na vida adulta. Neste trabalho objetivamos investigar a interferência da programação metabólica induzida pela desnutrição protéica materna durante o início da lactação sobre a homeostase glicêmica e a sinalização da insulina nos tecidos muscular e adiposo. Animais desnutridos (D-dieta da mãe contendo 0% de proteína nos primeiros 10 dias de lactação) ou controle (C-dieta da mãe contendo 22% de proteína) foram estudados do nascimento até a vida adulta. Em resumo, observamos uma diminuição na insulina plasmática acompanhada de normoglicemia nos animais adultos desnutridos. A ativação do receptor de insulina (IR), após a estimulação com o hormônio apresentou-se diminuída durante o período de restrição protéica em músculo isolado destes animais experimentais. Durante o período da lactação, observamos uma diminuição na captação de glicose, na fosforilação do substrato para o receptor de insulina (IRS 1) e na translocação do GLUT 4 no tecido muscular. Na idade adulta, entretanto, houve aumento significativo na captação de glicose e translocação do GLUT 4 no músculo, associado com o aumento na expressão da PI3 quinase associada ao IRS 1. No tecido adiposo de ratos desnutridos adultos observamos menor fosforilação em tirosina tanto do IR quanto do IRS 1, que foi compensada pela maior ativação do IRS 2 e da PI3 quinase. Os níveis basais de pAkt e de GLUT 4 na membrana estavam aumentados, culminando em um aumento na captação de glicose. Observamos também uma redistribuição do citoesqueleto de actina e maior resistência aos efeitos da Ltrunculina B nos adipócitos dos ratos desnutridos. Em conclusão, este estudo demonstrou que a desnutrição materna no início da lactação é capaz de causar alterações na prole na vida adulta, o que parece estar relacionado com a expressão e ativação de proteínas chave na cascata da sinalização da insulina nos tecidos periféricos, importantes na regulação do metabolismo da glicose.

Análise estereológica e bioquímica do tecido conjuntivo e muscular no corpo cavernoso adjacente à placa fibrosa da doença de Peyronie

Os estudos sobre a doença de Peyronie geralmente estão centrados em analises da placa fibrosa que se forma na túnica albugínea. Devido a esta reação fibrótica mediada por vários fatores solúveis inflamatórios o tecido conjuntivo adjacente também pode ser afetado. Este efeito secundário pode, por exemplo, explicar a disfunção erétil que ocorre na doença. Foram obtidas biopsias do corpo cavernoso adjacente a placa fibrótica e parte da própria placa de 7 pacientes com a doença de Peyronie (média de idade 48.3 anos). As amostras do grupo controle foram obtidas de forma semelhante durante a autopsia de 5 indivíduos (média de idade 52,3 anos). O material foi submetido a técnicas histoquímicas: H&E, Van Gieson, técnicas imunohistoquímicas: Anti-alfa actina, Anti-elastina e métodos bioquímicos para a dosagem do colágeno total. A quantificação foi feita através de métodos estereológicos. No corpo cavernoso foi observada uma redução estatisticamente significativa de fibras do sistema elástico de pacientes com a doença de Peyronie (19,49% 3,27% vs 23,56% 1,87%; p < 0,05), O colágeno e o músculo liso não apresentaram variação quantitativa quando comparado ao grupo controle. No músculo liso (34,46% 2,06% vs 38,38% 3,17%) e tecido conjuntivo (35,39% 6,15% vs 38,02% 5,03%). A densidade volumétrica das fibras do sistema elástico na placa fibrótica foi diminuída em 38,3% comparada a túnica albugínea normal (20,25% 5,49% vs 32,81% 4,75%; p<0,02) e a concentração de colágeno no corpo cavernoso do grupo controle (77,94 24,26 μg/mg) e doença de Peyronie (66,57 19,39 μg/mg) não diferem significativamente. Os cortes corados com Vermelho de Picrosirius revelaram que no corpo cavernoso normal cores associadas ao colágeno encontravam-se homogeneamente distribuídas. Na doença de Peyronie o colágeno apresentava uma desorientação. A análise quantitativa indicou que o colágeno do corpo cavernoso adjacente à placa fibrótica não estava afetado, embora sua organização estivesse notoriamente alterada. As fibras do sistema elástico do corpo cavernoso estavam reduzidas e uma modificação similar foi encontrada na placa fibrótica da túnica albugínea. Estes resultados sugerem que, embora ocorram primariamente na túnica albugínea, a placa fibrótica da doença de Peyronie pode induzir mudanças no corpo cavernoso adjacente.

'Psyching-up' and muscular force production

Tod, D. A., Iredale, F., Gill, N. (2003). 'Psyching-up' and muscular force production. Sports Medicine, 33 (1), 47-58. RAE2008

Método DeLorme versus Electroestimulação no fortalecimento muscular do quadricípete

Monografia apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Fisioterapia