Evaluación de cuatro herbicidas en el control de malezas y su influencia sobre el rendimiento del Capsicum annum L. cv. California wonder

En la estación experimental “Raúl González a. “ del valle de sebaco, Matagalpa, se comparó el efecto de tres diferente dosis de napropemida, trifluralina, metribuzin, alachlor, y dos testigo uno deshierbado y otro en hierba do en el cultivo del capaicum annum l.c.v “ california wender, bajo condiciones de riego, con el objetivo de determinar las dosis que permitieron obtener los mayores rendimiento y un control eficaz de las malezas. La siembra se realizo en forma directa el 12 de enero de 1987, concluyendo el ensayo en mayo del mismo año. Napropamida en pre-emergencia a dosis de 0.351 y 0.702 kg/ha, trifluralina en pre siembra incorporada a 0.674 kg/ha y metribuzin en pre-emergencia a razón de 0.049 kg/ha permitieron rendimiento de 4.49, 4.05, 3.98 y 4 t/ha respectivamente: siendo estos inferiores al testigo deshierbado cuyo rendimiento fue de 8.17 t/ha. Las tres dosis de metrbuzin presentaron el mejor control sobre la asociación de malezas presente, sin embargo, resultaron toxicas al cultivo.

Determinación de la productividad de cuatro especies gramíneas forrajeras en condiciones de pastoreo para la zona seca de Juigalpa, Chontales

El presente trabajo se realizó en dos fincas ubicadas en la comarca "Las Lajitas" y "San Patricio" a 6 y 30 Km de la ciudad de Juigalpa sobre la carretera a Managua, Departamento de Chontales. El trabajo consistió en un estudio que tuvo como objetivo principal evaluar el comportamiento de adaptación y productividad de cuatro especies gramíneas. forrajeras, dos de reciente introducción y dos naturalizadas a tres edades de cortes (25, 30 y 35 días) en condiciones de pastoreo para la zona seca de Juigalpa, Chontales, bajo condiciones de manejo local (sin riego, ni fertilización) de Diciembre de 1997 a Abril de 1998. Los parámetros a medir en el estudio fueron: 1.- La producción de materia verde y materia seca en toneladas/Manzanas. 2.- Altura de las plantas en cm. 3.- El porcentaje de cobertura foliar. 4.- Los costos de establecimiento, manejo y producción de 0 a 5 años de las cuatro especies forrajeras mediante diagnóstico a productores y técnicos de la zona. Para la realización de este ensayo no se realizó propiamente un diseño estadístico sino que se situaron en las parcelas tres intervalos de corte con tres réplicas para cada una promediando los resultados en los cinco cortes realizados durante el estudio. Brachiaria brizantha c.v. Marandú fue la especie que mejor se comportó en la producción de materia verde, materia seca, altura de las plantas en cm y porcentaje de cobertura foliar, seguido de Paspalum virgatum, Andropogon gayanus e Hyparrhenia rufa para cada uno de los tres intervalos de corte. Paspalum virgatum presentó durante el estudio la mejor tasa de disminución del rendimiento en porcentajes después de haber realizado el primer corte en los intervalos correspondientes, seguido de Brachiaria brizantha, Andropogon gayanus e Hyparrhenia rufa. Así mismo, Brachiaria brizantha al realizarse una proyección del establecimiento, manejo y producción de la especie evaluadas de 0 a 5 años se consultó que obtuvo mejores utilidades en dólares USA I Mz / Año con respecto a las demás especies. Estas diferencias se manifiestan claramente porque Brachiaria brizantha es un pasto que soporta una mayor carga animal dando así mayor producción de carne, leche y valor de las semil1as gámicas en Kg.

La estabilidad estructural del suelo y turbidez del agua en sistemas agroforestales bajo diferentes niveles de insumo en el cultivo de café (coffea arabica L.), Masatepe, Nicaragua 2015

La estabilidad estructural de suelo y la calidad del agua son factores importantes relacionados a la conservación del suelo y agua en cualquier ecosistema; para tal caso se seleccionaron diferentes sistemas agroforestales en el cultivo de café. (Coffea arabicaL) C.V. PACAS, la plantación de café bajo sombra como Inga laurina + Simarouba glauca (ILSG), Simaruba glauca + Tabebuia rosea (SGTR), Samanea saman + Inga laurina (SSIL), Samanea saman + Tabebuia rosea (SSTR) y a pleno sol y niveles de insumos; Convencional Moderado (MO) Convencional Intensivo (CI), Orgánico Moderado (OI) Orgánico Intensivo (OI), son los tratamientos a evaluar en las tres repeticiones para la extracción de los datos de esta variable se utilizó el método del tamiz húmedo (modelo wetsieving apparatus) las muestras fueron sometidas a dos tiempos de exposición 3 y 5 minutos. El ensayo se realizó en la época seca del 2015 en el Centro Nacional de Estudios de Cooperativismo (CENECOOP) ubicado en Masatepe, Nicaragua. Se realizó un ANDEVA, bajo arreglo bifactorial en parcelas divididas mostro diferencias significativas en estabilidad estructural de suelo a los 5 minutos de exposición y para calidad del agua se empleó el método simple. Los resultado muestran una relación entre materia orgánica vs estabilidad estructural con r =99.45,materia orgánica vs turbidez con r =96.66, la textura vs materia orgánica r= 95.51, Es importante resaltar que el efecto de la materia orgánica tiene un efecto importante en la conservación, mejoramiento de la estabilidad estructural y la calidad del agua en sistemas agroforestales debidamente manejado para la protección del suelo en condiciones de laderas.

室温铁磁性半导体Mn_xGa_(1-x)Sb

采用离子注入、离子沉积及后期退火方法制备了稀磁半导体单晶Mn_xGa_(1-x)Sb，在室温下（300 K）获得了单晶的磁滞回线。用X射线衍射方法分析了铁磁性半导体单晶Mn_xGa_(1-x)Sb的结构，用电化学C-V法分析了单晶的载流子浓度分布。由X射线衍射得知，Mn_xGa_(1-x)Sb中Mn含量逐渐由近表面处的x = 0.09下降到晶片内部的x = 0。电化学C-V测得单晶的空穴浓度高达1 * 10~(21)cm~(-3)，表明Mn_xGa_(1-x)Sb单晶中大部分Mn原子占据Ga位，起受主作用。

低能离子束方法制备重掺杂Fe的Si∶Fe固溶体

利用质量分离的低能离子束方法 ,以离子能量为 1 0 0 0 e V,剂量为 3× 1 0 1 7cm- 2 ,室温下往 p型 Si(1 1 1 )单晶衬底注入 Fe离子 ,注入的样品在 4 0 0℃真空下进行热处理 .俄歇电子能谱法 (AES)对原位注入样品深度分析表明 Fe离子浅注入到 p型 Si单晶衬底 ,注入深度约为 4 2 nm.X射线衍射法 (XRD)对热处理样品结构分析发现只有 Si衬底的衍射峰 ,没有其他新相 .X射线光电子能谱法 (XPS)对热处理样品表面分析发现 Fe2 p束缚能对应于单质 Fe的峰 ,没有形成 Fe的硅化物 .这些结果表明重掺杂 Fe的 Si∶ Fe固溶体被制备 .电化学 C- V法测量了热处理后样品载流子浓度随深度的分布 ,发现 Fe重掺杂 Si致使 Si的导电类型从 p型转为 n型 ,Si∶ Fe固溶体和 Si衬底形成 pn结 ,具有整流特性

Observaciones sobre las especies de truchas criollas.

The genus Percichthys (Serranidae) includes three nominal species in Argentina, trucha, vinciguerrae and altispinis. The authors of this paper examine materials from: 1: the Río Negro river in its inferior course, in front of Viedma; 2: lake Pellegrini, near Neuquén, where the rivers Neuquén and Limay meet and form the Negro; 3: Plottier, near the place just named; 4: Colorado river, in Fortín Uno; 5: Curac�� river, a tributary to the Colorado, now cut into separate sections since years ago on account of the lack of water; this river normally would connect the Colorado with the rivers up to the San Juan where the « trucha » lives; 6: Luro or La Salada lagoon, formed by the Colorado river near its mouth; 7: Argentino lake, in the southern Patagonia. These fishes are known as « trucha criolla » or « native trout » although the old Spanish name was « perca », more appropiate. Percichthys altispinis Regan 1905 is a good species ; it has been re-found in the Colorado river, at Fortín Uno. An illustration of it is given, characters of four specimens and a note on its scales. P. trucha C. V. reveeals itself on close examination as a complex species or linnean species (linneon) ; with several combinations of characters, but even more materials are needed to establish if there are geographical races (subspecies). A new examination of the Chilean materials is required (former authors considered them jointly with the Atlantic versant or Argentine materials). Some of the infraspeciíic forms are prognathous, and low finned ; others, the contrary; the head may be normal, or conical and bony; etc. As to P. vinciguerrae its standing as a valid species is doubtfull; perhaps, with P. laevis Jenyns it is a southern form. In the same reduced habitat (lagoon, or isolated course) diversified forms are present; some show parallelism with those of other places ; it is supposed that they show ecological influences according to the year or season of birth or developpment. A thorough study of the scales is given, with epidological characteristics and general conciusions as to the method of measuring and comparing their « reading». There are some marked differences even in the same habitat.

“Deborah Numbers”, Coupling Multiple Space and Time Scales and Governing Damage Evolution to Failure

Two different spatial levels are involved concerning damage accumulation to eventual failure. nucleation and growth rates of microdamage nN* and V*. It is found that the trans-scale length ratio c*/L does not directly affect the process. Instead, two independent dimensionless numbers: the trans-scale one * * ( V*)including the * **5 * N c V including mesoscopic parameters only, play the key role in the process of damage accumulation to failure. The above implies that there are three time scales involved in the process: the macroscopic imposed time scale tim = /a and two meso-scopic time scales, nucleation and growth of damage, (* *4) N N t =1 n c and tV=c*/V*. Clearly, the dimensionless number De*=tV/tim refers to the ratio of microdamage growth time scale over the macroscopically imposed time scale. So, analogous to the definition of Deborah number as the ratio of relaxation time over external one in rheology. Let De be the imposed Deborah number while De represents the competition and coupling between the microdamage growth and the macroscopically imposed wave loading. In stress-wave induced tensile failure (spallation) De* < 1, this means that microdamage has enough time to grow during the macroscopic wave loading. Thus, the microdamage growth appears to be the predominate mechanism governing the failure. Moreover, the dimensionless number D* = tV/tN characterizes the ratio of two intrinsic mesoscopic time scales: growth over nucleation. Similarly let D be the “intrinsic Deborah number”. Both time scales are relevant to intrinsic relaxation rather than imposed one. Furthermore, the intrinsic Deborah number D* implies a certain characteristic damage. In particular, it is derived that D* is a proper indicator of macroscopic critical damage to damage localization, like D* ∼ (10–3~10–2) in spallation. More importantly, we found that this small intrinsic Deborah number D* indicates the energy partition of microdamage dissipation over bulk plastic work. This explains why spallation can not be formulated by macroscopic energy criterion and must be treated by multi-scale analysis.

Aquaculture Asia, Vol.14, No.1, pp.1-51, January-March 2009

Peter Edwards writes on rural aquaculture: Myanmar revisited. Harvesting, traditional preservation and marketing of fishes of Chalan Beel, Bangladesh, by Galib, S.M. and Samad, M.A. Role of community in production and supply of larger, quality fingerlings, by Radheyshyam, De, H.K. and Saha, G.S. Can rice-fish farming provide food security in Bangladesh? by Ahmed, N. and Luong-Van, J. Nutritional and food security for rural poor through multi-commodity production from a lake of eastern Uttar Pradesh, by Singh, S.K. Emerging boost in Sri Lankan reservoir fish production: a case of adoption of past research findings, by Amarasinghe, U.S., Weerakoon, D.E.M., Athukorala, D.A. Farming the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii, by Radheyshyam Breeding and seed production of butter catfish, Ompok pabda (Siluridae) at Kalyani Centre of CIFA, India, by Chakrabarti, P.P., Chakrabarty, N.M. and Mondal, S.C. Asia-Pacific Marine Finfish Aquaculture Magazine Use of fish in animal feeds: a fresh perspective National strategies for aquatic animal health management, by Mohan, C.V. NACA Newsletter.

Anuario Estadistico Pesquero 1981

This document is in Spanish. El Anuario Estadístico de Pesca 1981, resume la información estadística relativa al sector pesquero nacional elaborada tanto por la Secretarfa de Pesca como por otras entidades de la administración pliblica, como son: Productos Pesqueros Mexi canos, S.A, de C,V., Industr ras Pesqueras Para estatales del Noroeste, Banco Nacional Pesquero y Portuario, S.A., Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público, Secretaríade Programación y Presupuesto y Secretaria de Educación Pública. Asimismo incluye información proporcionada por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Al imentación (FAO). El Anuario consta de 12 capitulos que cubren los temas de: capturas, permisos, población, embarcaciones, artes y equipos de pesca, industrial izaci8n, comercial ización, consumo, origen y destino de los productos pesqueros, capacitación, financiamiento e información internacional. Catch statistics for Mexican waters 1981. (PDF has 772 pages.)

Aquaculture Asia, Vol.14, No.3, pp.1-44, July-September 2009

Sustainable aquaculture Contrasting community management and revenue sharing practices of culture-based fisheries in Lao PDR Saphakdy, B., Phomsouvanh, A., Davy, B., Nguyen, T.T.T. and De Silva, S.S.; Floodplain aquaculture in Begumgonj: New horizon for rural livelihoods in Bangladesh Hossain, M. S.; Promoting small-scale inland aquaculture in Papua New Guinea Edwards, P.; Group approach to shrimp farming: The key to sustainability Kumaran, M.; Research and farming techniques Native catfish culture - a technology package for fish farmers Haniffa, M. A.; An assessment on the influence of salinity in the growth of black clam (Villorita cyprinoides) in cages in Cochin estuary with a special emphasis on the impact of Thennermukkom Salinity Barrier Arun, A. U.; Aquatic animal health EUS in Asia and Africa: Stimulus for regional initiatives!!! Mohan, C.V. Marine Finfish Aquaculture Network Offshore opportunities for artisanal aquaculture Stock, C.; Grouper aquaculture in Brazil Sanches, E.G. and Von Seckendorff, R.W. NACA Newsletter

Biological surveillance of chalk-streams

An article reviewing the methods of biological surveillance of chalk-streams developed and commonly used at that time, with a focus on their application to the River Frome catchment in Dorset. In evaluating the surveillance methods, the author looks at sampling methods (including cores and kick-sampling), the level of identification of macroinvertebrates, and temporal and spatial variations. Responses of indices to organic pollution are also discussed. A number of accompanying figures are also included.

A generalized Hausdorff dimension for functions and sets

Let E be a compact subset of the n-dimensional unit cube, 1_n, and let C be a collection of convex bodies, all of positive n-dimensional Lebesgue measure, such that C contains bodies with arbitrarily small measure. The dimension of E with respect to the covering class C is defined to be the number

d_C(E) = sup(β:Hβ, C</sub>(E) > 0),</sub>

where H_{β, C} is the outer measure</sub>

inf(Ʃm(C<sub>i)^β:UC<sub>i Ↄ E, C<sub>i ϵ C) .

Only the one and two-dimensional cases are studied. Moreover, the covering classes considered are those consisting of intervals and rectangles, parallel to the coordinate axes, and those closed under translations. A covering class is identified with a set of points in the left-open portion, 1’_n, of 1_n, whose closure intersects 1_n - 1’_n. For n = 2, the outer measure H_{β, C} is adopted in place of the usual:</sub>

Inf(Ʃ(diam. (C<sub>i))^β: UC<sub>i Ↄ E, C<sub>i ϵ C),

for the purpose of studying the influence of the shape of the covering sets on the dimension d_C(E).</sub>

If E is a closed set in 1₁, let M(E) be the class of all non-decreasing functions μ(x), supported on E with μ(x) = 0, x ≤ 0 and μ(x) = 1, x ≥ 1. Define for each μ ϵ M(E),

d_C(μ) = lim/c → inf/0 log ∆μ(c)/log c , (c ϵ C)</sub>

where ∆μ(c) = v/x (μ(x+c) – μ(x)). It is shown that

d_C(E) = sup (dC</sub>(μ):μ ϵ M(E)).</sub>

This notion of dimension is extended to a certain class Ӻ of sub-additive functions, and the problem of studying the behavior of d_C(E) as a function of the covering class C is reduced to the study of dC</sub>(f) where f ϵ Ӻ. Specifically, the set of points in 11,</sub>

(*) {d_B(F), d_C(f)): f ϵ Ӻ}</sub>

is characterized by a comparison of the relative positions of the points of B and C. A region of the form (*) is always closed and doubly-starred with respect to the points (0, 0) and (1, 1). Conversely, given any closed region in 1₂, doubly-starred with respect to (0, 0) and (1, 1), there are covering classes B and C such that (*) is exactly that region. All of the results are shown to apply to the dimension of closed sets E. Similar results can be obtained when a finite number of covering classes are considered.

In two dimensions, the notion of dimension is extended to the class M, of functions f(x, y), non-decreasing in x and y, supported on 1₂ with f(x, y) = 0 for x · y = 0 and f(1, 1) = 1, by the formula

d_C(f) = lim/s · t → inf/0 log ∆f(s, t)/log s · t , (s, t) ϵ C</p></sub>

where

∆f(s, t) = V/x, y (f(x+s, y+t) – f(x+s, y) – f(x, y+t) + f(x, t)).

A characterization of the equivalence d_C1(f) = dC</sub>2(f) for all f ϵ M, is given by comparison of the gaps in the sets of products s · t and quotients s/t, (s, t) ϵ C_{i (I = 1, 2).}

The Chironomidae and their ecology in chalk streams

The taxonomy of the family Chironomidae is first discussed in this article, since there is considerable confusion over nomenclature. The author goes on to consider various aspects of the ecology of the family in chalk streams; preliminary studies on a reach of the Tadnoll Brook supplying most of the information.

Strategic ecosystem studies of large slow flowing lowland rivers. Progress report: April - October 1989

This report covers the period April to September, 1989. During this period sampling of invertebrates has concentrated on planktonic animals and those associated with one of the dominant macrophytes in the system, Nuphar lutea, the yellow water lily, since these are particularly important in the diets of larval and juvenile cyprinid fish. A proportion of samples has been partly analysed and some preliminary data are presented here.

Is epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) specific fungus of fishes a primary pathogen?: an opinion

Earlier findings on epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) and the present observation of the authors on transmission of EUS to snakehead (Channa sp.) without skin damage provide evidence to suggest that the invasive fungus associated with EUS is a primary pathogen.