Hemodynamic mechanisms of the attenuated blood pressure response to mental stress after a single bout of maximal dynamic exercise in healthy subjects

To determine the hemodynamic mechanisms responsible for the attenuated blood pressure response to mental stress after exercise, 26 healthy sedentary individuals (age 29 ± 8 years) underwent the Stroop color-word test before and 60 min after a bout of maximal dynamic exercise on a treadmill. A subgroup (N = 11) underwent a time-control experiment without exercise. Blood pressure was continuously and noninvasively recorded by infrared finger photoplethysmography. Stroke volume was derived from pressure signals, and cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance were calculated. Perceived mental stress scores were comparable between mental stress tests both in the exercise (P = 0.96) and control (P = 0.24) experiments. After exercise, the blood pressure response to mental stress was attenuated (pre: 10 ± 13 vs post: 6 ± 7 mmHg; P < 0.01) along with lower values of systolic blood pressure (pre: 129 ± 3 vs post: 125 ± 3 mmHg; P < 0.05), stroke volume (pre: 89.4 ± 3.5 vs post: 76.8 ± 3.8 mL; P < 0.05), and cardiac output (pre: 7.00 ± 0.30 vs post: 6.51 ± 0.36 L/min; P < 0.05). Except for heart rate, the hemodynamic responses and the mean values during the two mental stress tests in the control experiment were similar (P > 0.05). In conclusion, a single bout of maximal dynamic exercise attenuates the blood pressure response to mental stress in healthy subjects, along with lower stroke volume and cardiac output, denoting an acute modulatory action of exercise on the central hemodynamic response to mental stress.

Effect and the probable mechanisms of silibinin in regulating insulin resistance in the liver of rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver

Our previous study has shown that reduced insulin resistance (IR) was one of the possible mechanisms for the therapeutic effect of silibinin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats. In the present study, we investigated the pathways of silibinin in regulating hepatic glucose production and IR amelioration. Forty-five 4- to 6-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into a control group, an HFD group (high-fat diet for 6 weeks) and an HFD + silibinin group (high-fat diet + 0.5 mg kg-1·day-1 silibinin, starting at the beginning of the protocol). Both subcutaneous and visceral fat was measured. Homeostasis model assessment-IR index (HOMA-IR), intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were performed. The expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and of genes associated with hepatic gluconeogenesis was evaluated. Silibinin intervention significantly protected liver function, down-regulated serum fat, and improved IR, as shown by decreased HOMA-IR and increased ITT slope. Silibinin markedly prevented visceral obesity by reducing visceral fat, enhanced lipolysis by up-regulating ATGL expression and inhibited gluconeogenesis by down-regulating associated genes such as Forkhead box O1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase. Silibinin was effective in ameliorating IR in NAFLD rats. Reduction of visceral obesity, enhancement of lipolysis and inhibition of gluconeogenesis might be the underlying mechanisms.

Natural born weight gainers: The mechanisms of obesity in transgenic mice overexpressing neuropeptide Y

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter promoting energy storage by activating Y-receptors and thus affecting food intake, thermogenesis and adipose tissue metabolism. NPY is expressed both in the central and sympathetic nervous system. Hypothalamic NPY is known to stimulate feeding, but the effects of noradrenergic neuron NPY are more ambiguous. Chronic stress stimulates fat accumulation via NPY release from noradrenergic neurons. Furthermore, polymorphism in the human Npy gene has been associated with metabolic disturbances and increased NPY secretion after sympathetic stimulation. The main objective of this study was to clarify the mechanisms of noradrenergic neuron NPY in the development of obesity. The metabolic phenotype of a homozygous mouse overexpressing NPY in the brain noradrenergic neurons and sympathetic nervous system (OE-NPYDβH mouse) was characterized. OE-NPYDβH mice had an increased fat mass and body weight, which caused impairments of glucose metabolism and hyperinsulinaemia with age. There were no differences in energy intake or expenditure, but the sympathetic tone was down-regulated and the endocannabinoid system activated. Furthermore, peripheral Y2-receptors in energy-rich conditions played an important role in mediating the fat-accumulating effect of NPY. These results indicate that noradrenergic neuron NPY promotes obesity via direct effects in the periphery and by modulating the sympatho-adrenal and endocannabinoid systems. Additionally, NPY in the central noradrenergic neurons is believed to possess many important roles. The phenotype of the OE-NPYDβH mouse resembles the situations of chronic stress and Npy gene polymorphism and thus these mice may be exploited in testing novel drug candidates for the treatment of obesity.

The real mechanisms of the global economy

The paper presents the main arguments of Bresser Pereira's Globalization and Competition. Development strategies based on the 'conventional orthodoxy' are shown to carry serious drawbacks ("Dutch disease", pernicious effects of external saving, currency overvaluation), while a 'new developmentalism' is promoted, in spite of the widespread belief that the nation-states have been dispossessed of their room for manoeuvre because of the globalization process. The "new developmentalism" is based on domestic finance, balanced public budgets, moderate interest rates and competitiveness policies aimed at neutralizing the tendency to exchange rate overappreciation. The paper also points out a few theoretical questions the book raises.

Mechanisms of endothelin-1 induced reactive oxygen species production in vascular adventitial fibroblasts

With the relationship between endothelin-1 (ET-1) stimulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production unknown in adventitial fibroblasts, I examined the ROS response to ET-1 and angiotensin (Ang II). ET-1 -induced ROS peaked following 4 hrs of ET-1 stimulation and was inhibited by an ETA receptor antagonist (BQ 123, 1 uM) an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 inhibitor (PD98059, 10 uM), and by both a specific, apocynin (10 uM), and non-specific, diphenyleneiodonium (10 uM), NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor. NOX2 knockout fibroblasts did not produce an ET-1 induced change in ROS levels. Ang II treatment increased ROS levels in a biphasic manner, with the second peak occurring 6 hrs following stimulation. The secondary phase of Ang II induced ROS was inhibited by an ATi receptor antagonist, Losartan (100 uM) and BQ 123. In conclusion, ET-1 induces ROS production primarily through an ETA-ERKl/2 NOX2 pathway, additionally, Ang II-induced ROS production also involves an ETa pathway.

Mechanisms of long-term modulation of synaptic transmission in crayfish

Please consult the paper edition of this thesis to read. It is available on the 5th Floor of the Library at Call Number: Z 9999 B56 M68 2007

Cellular Mechanisms of Resveratrol's Interaction with Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism

Resveratrol, a polyphenol found naturally in red wines, has attracted great interest in both the scientific community and the general public for its reported ability to protect against many of the diseases facing Western society today. While the purported health effects of resveratrol are well characterized, details of the cellular mechanisms that give rise to these observations are unclear. Here, the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was identified as a proximal target of resveratrol in vitro and in vivo. MnSOD protein and activity levels increase significantly in cultured cells treated with resveratrol, and in the brain tissue of mice given resveratrol in a high fat diet. Preventing the increase in MnSOD levels eliminates two of resveratrol’s more interesting effects in the context of human health: inhibition of proliferative cell growth and cytoprotection. Thus, the induction of MnSOD is a critical step in the molecular mechanism of resveratrol. Mitochondrial morphology is a malleable property that is capable of impeding cell cycle progression and conferring resistance against stress induced cell death. Using confocal microscopy and a novel ‘cell free’ fusion assay it was determined that concurrent with changes in MnSOD protein levels, resveratrol treatment leads to a more fused mitochondrial reticulum. This observation may be important to resveratrol’s ability to slow proliferative cell growth and confer cytoprotection. Resveratrol's biological activities, including the ability to increase MnSOD levels, are strikingly similar to what is observed with estrogen treatment. Resveratrol fails to increase MnSOD levels, slow proliferative cell growth and confer cytoprotection in the presence of an estrogen receptor antagonist. Resveratrol's effects can be replicated with the specific estrogen receptor beta agonist diarylpropionitrile, and are absent in myoblasts lacking estrogen receptor beta. Four compounds that are structurally similar to resveratrol and seven phytoestrogens predicted to bind to estrogen receptor beta were screened for their effects on MnSOD, proliferative growth rates and stress resistance in cultured mammalian cells. Several of these compounds were able to mimic the effects of resveratrol on MnSOD levels, proliferative cell growth and stress resistance in vitro. Thus, I hypothesize that resveratrol interacts with estrogen receptor beta to induce the upregulation of MnSOD, which in turn affects cell cycle progression and stress resistance. These results have important implications for the understanding of RES’s biological activities and potential applications to human health.

Mechanisms of lipid malabsorption in Cystic Fibrosis: the impact of essential fatty acids deficiency

Affiliation: CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal

Molecules and mechanisms of glial and synaptic plasticity

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Novel molecular mechanisms of neuronal and vascular protection in experimental glaucoma

Le glaucome est la deuxième cause de cécité irréversible dans le monde. La perte de vision qui se produit lors du glaucome s’explique par une dégénérescence du nerf optique et une mort progressive et sélective des cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine (CRG). L'hypertension oculaire est un facteur de risque majeur dans le glaucome, mais des défauts du champ visuel continuent à se développer chez un contingent de patients malgré l'administration de médicaments qui abaissent la pression intraoculaire (PIO). Par conséquent, bien que la PIO représente le seul facteur de risque modifiable dans le développement du glaucome, son contrôle ne suffit pas à protéger les CRGs et préserver la fonction visuelle chez de nombreux patients. Dans ce contexte, j'ai avancé l'hypothèse centrale voulant que les stratégies de traitement du glaucome visant à promouvoir la protection structurale et fonctionnelle des CRGs doivent agir sur les mécanismes moléculaires qui conduisent à la mort des ces neurones. Dans la première partie de ma thèse, j'ai caractérisé l'effet neuroprotecteur de la galantamine, un inhibiteur de l'acétylcholinestérase qui est utilisé cliniquement dans le traitement de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Cette étude s’est basée sur l'hypothèse que la galantamine, en modulant l'activité du récepteur de l'acétylcholine, puisse améliorer la survie des CRGs lors du glaucome. Nous avons utilisé un modèle expérimental bien caractérisé d'hypertension oculaire induite par l’administration d'une solution saline hypertonique dans une veine épisclérale de rats Brown Norway. Les résultats de cette étude (Almasieh et al. Cell Death and Disease, 2010) ont démontré que l'administration quotidienne de galantamine améliore de manière significative la survie des corps cellulaires et des axones CRGs. La protection structurelle des CRGs s’accompagne d’une préservation remarquable de la fonction visuelle, évaluée par l'enregistrement des potentiels évoqués visuels (PEV) dans le collicule supérieur, la cible principale des CRGs chez le rongeur. Une autre constatation intéressante de cette étude est la perte substantielle de capillaires rétiniens et la réduction du débit sanguin associé à la perte des CRGs dans le glaucome expérimental. Il est très intéressant que la galantamine ait également favorisé la protection de la microvascularisation et amélioré le débit sanguin rétinien des animaux glaucomateux (Almasieh et al. en préparation). J'ai notamment démontré que les neuro-et vasoprotections médiées par la galantamine se produisent par iv l'activation des récepteurs muscariniques de l'acétylcholine. Dans la deuxième partie de ma thèse, j'ai étudié le rôle du stress oxydatif ainsi que l'utilisation de composés réducteurs pour tester l'hypothèse que le blocage d'une augmentation de superoxyde puisse retarder la mort des CRG lors du glaucome expérimental. J'ai profité d'un composé novateur, un antioxydant à base de phosphineborane (PB1), pour tester sur son effet neuroprotecteur et examiner son mécanisme d'action dans le glaucome expérimental. Les données démontrent que l'administration intraoculaire de PB1 entraîne une protection significative des corps cellulaire et axones des CRGs. Les voies moléculaires conduisant à la survie neuronale médiée par PB1 ont été explorées en déterminant la cascade de signalisation apoptotique en cause. Les résultats démontrent que la survie des CRGs médiée par PB1 ne dépend pas d’une inhibition de signalisation de protéines kinases activées par le stress, y compris ASK1, JNK ou p38. Par contre, PB1 induit une augmentation marquée des niveaux rétiniens de BDNF et une activation en aval de la voie de survie des ERK1 / 2 (Almasieh et al. Journal of Neurochemistry, 2011). En conclusion, les résultats présentés dans cette thèse contribuent à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes pathologiques qui conduisent à la perte de CRGs dans le glaucome et pourraient fournir des pistes pour la conception de nouvelles stratégies neuroprotectrices et vasoprotectrices pour le traitement et la gestion de cette maladie.

Mechanisms of translation regulation in long-term synaptic plasticity

Les souvenirs sont encodés dans le cerveau grâce aux configurations uniques de vastes réseaux neuronaux. Chaque connexion dans ces circuits est apte à être modifiée. Ces changements durables s’opèrent au niveau des synapses grâce à une synthèse de protéines de novo et génèrent ce qu’on nomme des traces mnésiques. Plusieurs preuves indiquent que, dans certaines formes de plasticité synaptique à long terme, cette synthèse a lieu dans les dendrites près des synapses activées plutôt que dans le corps cellulaire. Cependant, les mécanismes qui régulent cette traduction de protéines demeurent encore nébuleux. La phase d’initiation de la traduction est une étape limitante et hautement régulée qui, selon plusieurs chercheurs, constitue la cible principale des mécanismes de régulation de la traduction dans la plasticité synaptique à long terme. Le présent projet de recherche infirme cette hypothèse dans une certaine forme de plasticité synaptique, la dépression à long terme dépendante des récepteurs métabotropiques du glutamate (mGluR-LTD). À l’aide d’enregistrements électrophysiologiques de neurones hippocampiques en culture couplés à des inhibiteurs pharmacologiques, nous montrons que la régulation de la traduction implique les étapes de l’élongation et de la terminaison et non celle de l’initiation. De plus, nous démontrons grâce à des stratégies de knockdown d’expression d’ARN que la protéine de liaison d’ARNm Staufen 2 joue un rôle déterminant dans la mGluR-LTD induite en cultures. Dans leur ensemble, les résultats de la présente étude viennent appuyer un modèle de régulation de la traduction locale de protéines qui est indépendante de l’initiation.

Implicating the mechanisms of ADP-ribosylation factor activation in the resistance of invasive breast cancer cells to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors

ADP-ribosylation factor-1 (ARF1) est une petite GTPase principalement connue pour son rôle dans la formation de vésicules au niveau de l’appareil de Golgi. Récemment, dans des cellules de cancer du sein, nous avons démontré qu’ARF1 est aussi un médiateur important de la signalisation du récepteur du facteur de croissance épidermique (EGFR) contrôlant la prolifération, la migration et l'invasion cellulaire. Cependant, le mécanisme par lequel l’EGFR active la GTPase ainsi que le rôle de cette dernière dans la régulation de la fonction du récepteur demeure inconnue. Dans cette thèse, nous avions comme objectifs de définir le mécanisme d'activation de ARF1 dans les cellules de cancer du sein hautement invasif et démontrer que l’activation de cette isoforme de ARF joue un rôle essentiel dans la résistance de ces cellules aux inhibiteurs de l'EGFR. Nos études démontrent que les protéines d’adaptatrices Grb2 et p66Shc jouent un rôle important dans l'activation de ARF1. Alors que Grb2 favorise le recrutement d’ARF1 à l'EGFR ainsi que l'activation de cette petite GTPase, p66Shc inhibe le recrutement du complexe Grb2-ARF1 au récepteur et donc contribue à limiter l’activation d’ARF1. De plus, nous démontrons que ARF1 favorise la résistance aux inhibiteurs des tyrosines kinases dans les cellules de cancer du sein hautement invasif. En effet, une diminution de l’expression de ARF1 a augmenté la sensibilité descellules aux inhibiteurs de l'EGFR. Nous montrons également que de hauts niveaux de ARF1 contribuent à la résistance des cellules à ces médicaments en améliorant la survie et les signaux prolifératifs à travers ERK1/2, Src et AKT, tout en bloquant les voies apoptotiques (p38MAPK et JNK). Enfin, nous mettons en évidence le rôle de la protéine ARF1 dans l’apoptose en réponse aux traitements des inhibiteurs de l’EGFR. Nos résultats indiquent que la dépletion d’ARF1 promeut la mort cellulaire induite par gefitinib, en augmentant l'expression de facteurs pro-apoptotiques (p66shc, Bax), en altérant le potentiel de la membrane mitochondriale et la libération du cytochrome C. Ensemble, nos résultats délimitent un nouveau mécanisme d'activation de ARF1 dans les cellules du cancer du sein hautement invasif et impliquent l’activité d’ARF1 comme un médiateur important de la résistance aux inhibiteurs EGFR.

Cellular and humoral factors involved in defense mechanisms of Fenneropenaeus indicus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837)

The present investigation revealed three types of circulating haemocytes in the haemolymph of F. indicus: hyalinocytes, small-granule haemocytes, and large-granule haemocytes. Intermediate stages indicate the maturing process of a single cell. The presence of enzymes such as peroxidase, phenoloxidase and acid phosphatase in the haemocytes, and the substantial production of oxygen radicals during phagocytosis show that the haemocytes are capable of mounting a fme cellular defense mechanism. The enzyme activities of the serum and the presence of agglutinins in the serum, which may act as opsonins, agglutinate foreign particles and augment phagocytosis, confirm the presence of a superior humoral immune system in F. indicus.Bacterial infection caused considerable variations in the cellular and humoral factors, such as the number of circulating cells and haemagglutinating activity, especially in the initial hours of infection. The total haemocyte count, haemagglutination titer and phenoloxidase enzyme showed significant reductions on bacterial presence and could be used as indicators of bacterial infection.The number of circulating cells showed drastic fluctuation on exposure to pollutants. Nuvan at low concentrations was able to produce changes in the haemolymph factors and in the tissue organization, which implies that the animal is under stress and is easily prone to infections. Exposure to nuvan resulted in significant variation in all of the cellular and humoral factors, especially, the total haemocyte count, percentage of small granule haemocytes, phagocytic activity and the haemagglutinating activity, which might be good indicators of pesticide pollution. Heavy metal exposure caused significant increase in total haemocyte count and reduction in phenoloxidase enzyme activity Even changes in the physio-chemical parameters, such as salinity caused fluctuations in the defense factors, indicating stress in this euryhaline species. The dietary incorporation of a commercial immunostimulant containing P-l,3 glucan resulted in stimulation of some of the humoral defense factors of F indicus, but was time dependent. The modulations, on exposure to various external factors, in the cellular and humoral factors, especially, total haemocyte count, phagocytic activity, haemagglutinating activity and the phenoloxidase and acid phosphatase enzymes suggest that these parameters could be used as indicators of the health status of F indicus, which assist in better monitoring and effective health management of this important cultured species.

Mechanisms of residue mulch-induced cereal growth increases in West Africa

The use of crop residues (CR) has been widely reported as a means of increasing crop yields across West Africa. However, little has been done to compare the magnitude and mechanisms of CR effects systematically in the different agro-ecological zones of the region. To this end, a series of field trials with millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and maize (Zea mays L.) was conducted over a 4-yr period in the Sahelian, Sudanian, and Guinean zones of West Africa. Soils ranged in pH from 4.1 to 5.4 along a rainfall gradient from 510 to 1300 mm. Treatments in the factorial experiments were three CR rates (0,500, and 2000 kg ha^-1)and several levels of phosphorus and nitrogen. The results showed CR-induced total dry matter (TDM) increases in cereals up to 73% for the Sahel compared with a maximum of 16% in the wetter Sudanian and Guinean zones. Residue effects on weakly buffered Sahelian soils were due to improved P availability and to a protection of seedlings against wind erosion. Additional effects of CR mulching on topsoil properties in the Sahel were a decrease in peak temperatures by 4°C and increased water availability. These mulch effects on soil chemical and physical properties strongly decreased from North to South. Likely explanations for this decrease are the decline of dust deposition and wind erosion hazards, the higher soil clay content, lower air temperature, and a faster decomposition rate of mulch material with increasing rainfall from the Sahel to the Sudanian and Guinean zones.