Maakaasulla tuotetun aluelämmön tekniset edellytykset ja kilpailukyvyn arviointi

Tässä diplomityössä tutkitaan maakaasulla tuotetun aluelämmön teknisiä edellytyksiä sekä tuotetun lämmön kilpailukykyä. Työon tehty Helsinkikaasu Oy:n tilauksesta käyttäen tutkimuskohteina heidän olemassa olevia lämpökeskuksia. Helsinkikaasu Oy:n lämpökeskukset ovat tehoiltaan alle10 MW, joka on myös työssä tarkasteltavien lämpökeskuksien maksimiteho. Diplomityössä määritellään kyseisen teholuokkaan suunnittelu- ja mitoitusperusteet, tarkastellaan lämpöliiketoimintamalleja sekä arvioidaan liiketoiminnan kasvupotentiaali. Diplomityön on tarkoitus toimia työkaluna HelsinkikaasuOy:n laajentaessa lämpöliiketoimintaansa.

Aaltovoimalaitteen toimintaperiaatteen analysointi

Diplomityö tehtiin Wello Oy:n toimeksiannosta. Wello Oy on vesi- ja tuulivoimaratkaisuihin keskittynyt yritys, joka kehittää aaltovoimalaitekonseptia. Työssä selvitettiin aaltovoimaan liittyviä ilmiöitä ja aaltovoimalaitteen mekaanista konseptia ja tehtiin arvio niiden tehokkuudesta. Työssä käytettiin kaupallisia simulointityökaluja kuten monikappaledynamiikan simulointiohjelmaa MSC.ADAMS R3:a ja yleistä matematiikka ohjelmaa Matlab Simulink:ia. Simulointimallia käytettiin arvioimaan laitteen yleistä käyttäytymistä. Lisäksi laitteen analyyttisiä malleja käytettiin laitteen toimintaperiaatteen selvitykseen. Simulointia käytettiin kelluvan laitteen mekanismin tutkimukseen. Tuloksiin pohjautuen laitteelle määriteltiin teoreettiset maksimiteho rajat ja rajoitteet, jotka vaikuttavat laitteen tehokkuuteen.

Desenvolvimento de conjunto membrana-eletrodos para célula a combustível de metanol direto passiva

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) without external pumps or other ancillary devices for fuel and oxidant supply are known as passive DMFCs and are potential candidates to replace lithium-ion batteries in powering portable electronic devices. This paper presents the results obtained from a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) specifically designed for passive DMFCs. Appropriated electrocatalysts were prepared and the effect of their loadings was investigated. Two types of gas diffusion layers (GDL) were also tested. The influence of the methanol concentration was analyzed in each case. The best MEA performance presented a maximum power density of 11.94 mW cm-2.

ZigBee-verkot ja evaluointilaitteen suunnittelu

In this thesis a closer look at ZigBee wireless network protocol was made and a ZigBee evaluation device was designed and built for testing it. ZigBee is a digital wireless network technology published in 2004, which was developed for wireless control and automation systems. It is based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard, and its aim was to create a reliable wireless networking protocol with secure data transmissions, low power consumption and low manufacturing costs. The low power consumption requirement has also led to a slow data rate and a short range, but in a ZigBee network individual network devices can route messages to each other, so short range is not a problem. In automation and control systems a fast data rate is not usually an important requirement either. ZigBee network can form automatically and one ZigBee network can theoretically include thousands of devices, all of which can communicate with each other. ZigBee network is also self-healing, so an individual device dropping out of the network, like breaking down, does not affect functionality of the network. Evaluation device was designed and implemented in four different versions, which were tested with six different antenna designs. All antennas were tested at a range of 100 meters in an open terrain using two different frequencies and transmission powers. Also a range test was performed for selected antennas using transmission power of 4,5 dBm, which was maximum power of the ZigBee chip used in the evaluation device. Range test resulted in a measured range of several hundred meters, which can be considered as a good result for a short-range technology.

Energy Efficiency of a Diesel-Electric MobileWorking Machine

The power demand of many mobile working machines such as mine loaders, straddle carriers and harvesters varies significantly during operation, and typically, the average power demand of a working machine is considerably lower than the demand for maximum power. Consequently, for most of the time, the diesel engine of a working machine operates at a poor efficiency far from its optimum efficiency range. However, the energy efficiency of dieseldriven working machines can be improved by electric hybridization. This way, the diesel engine can be dimensioned to operate within its optimum efficiency range, and the electric drive with its energy storages responds to changes in machine loading. A hybrid working machine can be implemented in many ways either as a parallel hybrid, a series hybrid or a combination of these two. The energy efficiency of hybrid working machines can be further enhanced by energy recovery and reuse. This doctoral thesis introduces the component models required in the simulation model of a working machine. Component efficiency maps are applied to the modelling; the efficiency maps for electrical machines are determined analytically in the whole torque–rotational speed plane based on the electricalmachine parameters. Furthermore, the thesis provides simulation models for parallel, series and parallel-series hybrid working machines. With these simulation models, the energy consumption of the working machine can be analysed. In addition, the hybridization process is introduced and described. The thesis provides a case example of the hybridization and dimensioning process of a working machine, starting from the work cycle of the machine. The selection and dimensioning of the hybrid system have a significant impact on the energy consumption of a hybrid working machine. The thesis compares the energy consumption of a working machine implemented by three different hybrid systems (parallel, series and parallel-series) and with different component dimensions. The payback time of a hybrid working machine and the energy storage lifetime are also estimated in the study.

Design and testing of an armature-reaction-compensated permanent magnet synchronous generator for island operation

At present, permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) are of great interest. Since they do not have electrical excitation losses, the highly efficient, lightweight and compact PMSGs equipped with damper windings work perfectly when connected to a network. However, in island operation, the generator (or parallel generators) alone is responsible for the building up of the network and maintaining its voltage and reactive power level. Thus, in island operation, a PMSG faces very tight constraints, which are difficult to meet, because the flux produced by the permanent magnets (PMs) is constant and the voltage of the generator cannot be controlled. Traditional electrically excited synchronous generators (EESGs) can easily meet these constraints, because the field winding current is controllable. The main drawback of the conventional EESG is the relatively high excitation loss. This doctoral thesis presents a study of an alternative solution termed as a hybrid excitation synchronous generator (HESG). HESGs are a special class of electrical machines, where the total rotor current linkage is produced by the simultaneous action of two different excitation sources: the electrical and permanent magnet (PM) excitation. An overview of the existing HESGs is given. Several HESGs are introduced and compared with the conventional EESG from technical and economic points of view. In the study, the armature-reaction-compensated permanent magnet synchronous generator with alternated current linkages (ARC-PMSG with ACL) showed a better performance than the other options. Therefore, this machine type is studied in more detail. An electromagnetic design and a thermal analysis are presented. To verify the operation principle and the electromagnetic design, a down-sized prototype of 69 kVA apparent power was built. The experimental results are demonstrated and compared with the predicted ones. A prerequisite for an ARC-PMSG with ACL is an even number of pole pairs (p = 2, 4, 6, …) in the machine. Naturally, the HESG technology is not limited to even-pole-pair machines. However, the analysis of machines with p = 3, 5, 7, … becomes more complicated, especially if analytical tools are used, and is outside the scope of this thesis. The contribution of this study is to propose a solution where an ARC-PMSG replaces an EESG in electrical power generation while meeting all the requirements set for generators given for instance by ship classification societies, particularly as regards island operation. The maximum power level when applying the technology studied here is mainly limited by the economy of the machine. The larger the machine is, the smaller is the efficiency benefit. However, it seems that machines up to ten megawatts of power could benefit from the technology. However, in low-power applications, for instance in the 500 kW range, the efficiency increase can be significant.

Radiaalikompressorin aerodynaaminen suunnittelu

Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena on ollut suunnitella radiaalikompressori. Aluksi on tutustuttu radiaalikompressorissa tapahtuviin ilmiöihin, jonka jälkeen radiaalikompressori on suunniteltu. Reunaehtoina suunnittelussa olivat toimilaitteelta saatava teho 250 kW ja sen suurin pyörimisnopeus 500 Hz. Esisuunnittelu on tehty Virtaustekniikan laboratoriossa kehitetyllä CentriFlow-ohjelmalla. Juoksupyörän muoto on suunniteltu viskoosittomilla 2D-malleilla. Juoksupyörän muodon suunniittelussa on käytetty kaupallista AxCent-ohjelmaa. Juoksupyörän muoto on tarkistettu laskennallisen virtausdynamiikan avulla. Virtausmallinnuksessa käytettiin FinFlo-ohjelmaa. Suunnittelun ja mallinnuksen pohjalta valittiin kolme erilaista juoksupyörää valmistukseen.

L’évaluation de la compétence professionnelle des futurs maitres du Québec à intégrer les technologies de l'information et des communications (TIC) : maitrise et usages

Au Québec, la compétence professionnelle à intégrer les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) est une compétence professionnelle à acquérir par les étudiants en enseignement. Cependant, son acquisition est problématique à plusieurs niveaux. Afin d’évaluer et mieux comprendre la compétence, cette thèse présente trois objectifs : 1) décrire le degré de maitrise des TIC et leurs usages dans les salles de classe 2) identifier les facteurs qui influencent l’intégration des TIC en fonction de la compétence professionnelle, et finalement 3) décrire le niveau d’atteinte des composantes de la compétence. Pour atteindre les objectifs de l’étude, une méthodologie mixte fut employée. Ce sont 2065 futurs enseignants du Québec provenant de neuf universités québécoises qui ont complété le questionnaire en plus de 34 participants à des groupes de discussion (n = 5). Cette thèse rédigée sous forme d’articles, répondra à chacun des objectifs visés. Dans le but de mieux comprendre l’utilisation actuelle des TIC par les futurs maitres, le premier article fournira un aperçu de la maitrise d’outils technologiques susceptibles d’être utilisés lors des stages. Le deuxième article visera à identifier les variables externes ainsi que les différentes composantes de la compétence qui ont une influence sur l’intégration des TIC lors des stages. Dans le troisième article, afin de comprendre où se situent les forces et les faiblesses des futurs maitres quant à la compétence professionnelle à intégrer les TIC, une description du niveau d’atteinte de chacune des composantes sera réalisée afin d’en dégager une appréciation globale. Les principaux résultats montrent que pour la moitié des répondants, seuls cinq outils sur 12 sont intégrés en stage et ce sont principalement les outils peu complexes qui sont bien maitrisés. Le logiciel de présentation Power Point, est le plus fréquemment utilisé. Les données considérées dans le premier article suggèrent aussi l’importance d’augmenter, de façon générale, la maitrise technique des futurs enseignants. Les résultats du second article ont permis de constater que la « prévision d’activités faisant appel aux TIC » est une variable prédictive majeure pour l’intégration des TIC. L’analyse des résultats suggèrent le besoin d’enseigner aux futurs maitres comment développer le réflexe d’inclure les TIC dans leurs plans de leçons. De plus, l’appropriation de la sixième composante de la compétence joue un rôle important sur la probabilité d’intégrer les TIC. Les résultats du troisième article indiquent que les composantes 2, 4, 5 et 6 de la compétence sont partiellement maitrisées. La mieux maitrisée est la première composante. Finalement, la troisième composante de la compétence s’est avérée être encore non atteinte et reste à être développer par les futurs enseignants. Cette thèse nous apprend que des efforts considérables restent encore à accomplir quant à la maitrise de la compétence professionnelle à intégrer les TIC. Ces efforts doivent être accomplis à la fois par les futurs enseignants ainsi que par les universités au niveau de la structure des cours de TIC en formation initiale des maitres.

Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Modified TiO2 Systems

This thesis is divided in to 9 chapters and deals with the modification of TiO2 for various applications include photocatalysis, thermal reaction, photovoltaics and non-linear optics. Chapter 1 involves a brief introduction of the topic of study. An introduction to the applications of modified titania systems in various fields are discussed concisely. Scope and objectives of the present work are also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 2 explains the strategy adopted for the synthesis of metal, nonmetal co-doped TiO2 systems. Hydrothermal technique was employed for the preparation of the co-doped TiO2 system, where Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4, urea and metal nitrates were used as the sources for TiO2, N and metals respectively. In all the co-doped systems, urea to Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4 was taken in a 1:1 molar ratio and varied the concentration of metals. Five different co-doped catalytic systems and for each catalysts, three versions were prepared by varying the concentration of metals. A brief explanation of physico-chemical techniques used for the characterization of the material was also presented in this chapter. This includes X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman Spectroscopy, FTIR analysis, Thermo Gravimetric Analysis, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), UV-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), BET Surface Area Measurements and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Chapter 3 contains the results and discussion of characterization techniques used for analyzing the prepared systems. Characterization is an inevitable part of materials research. Determination of physico-chemical properties of the prepared materials using suitable characterization techniques is very crucial to find its exact field of application. It is clear from the XRD pattern that photocatalytically active anatase phase dominates in the calcined samples with peaks at 2θ values around 25.4°, 38°, 48.1°, 55.2° and 62.7° corresponding to (101), (004), (200), (211) and (204) crystal planes (JCPDS 21-1272) respectively. But in the case of Pr-N-Ti sample, a new peak was observed at 2θ = 30.8° corresponding to the (121) plane of the polymorph brookite. There are no visible peaks corresponding to dopants, which may be due to their low concentration or it is an indication of the better dispersion of impurities in the TiO2. Crystallite size of the sample was calculated from Scherrer equation byusing full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the (101) peak of the anatase phase. Crystallite size of all the co-doped TiO2 was found to be lower than that of bare TiO2 which indicates that the doping of metal ions having higher ionic radius into the lattice of TiO2 causes some lattice distortion which suppress the growth of TiO2 nanoparticles. The structural identity of the prepared system obtained from XRD pattern is further confirmed by Raman spectra measurements. Anatase has six Raman active modes. Band gap of the co-doped system was calculated using Kubelka-Munk equation and that was found to be lower than pure TiO2. Stability of the prepared systems was understood from thermo gravimetric analysis. FT-IR was performed to understand the functional groups as well as to study the surface changes occurred during modification. EDX was used to determine the impurities present in the system. The EDX spectra of all the co-doped samples show signals directly related to the dopants. Spectra of all the co-doped systems contain O and Ti as the main components with low concentrations of doped elements. Morphologies of the prepared systems were obtained from SEM and TEM analysis. Average particle size of the systems was drawn from histogram data. Electronic structures of the samples were identified perfectly from XPS measurements. Chapter 4 describes the photocatalytic degradation of herbicides Atrazine and Metolachlor using metal, non-metal co-doped titania systems. The percentage of degradation was analyzed by HPLC technique. Parameters such as effect of different catalysts, effect of time, effect of catalysts amount and reusability studies were discussed. Chapter 5 deals with the photo-oxidation of some anthracene derivatives by co-doped catalytic systems. These anthracene derivatives come underthe category of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Due to the presence of stable benzene rings, most of the PAH show strong inhibition towards biological degradation and the common methods employed for their removal. According to environmental protection agency, most of the PAH are highly toxic in nature. TiO2 photochemistry has been extensively investigated as a method for the catalytic conversion of such organic compounds, highlighting the potential of thereof in the green chemistry. There are actually two methods for the removal of pollutants from the ecosystem. Complete mineralization is the one way to remove pollutants. Conversion of toxic compounds to another compound having toxicity less than the initial starting compound is the second way. Here in this chapter, we are concentrating on the second aspect. The catalysts used were Gd(1wt%)-N-Ti, Pd(1wt%)-N-Ti and Ag(1wt%)-N-Ti. Here we were very successfully converted all the PAH to anthraquinone, a compound having diverse applications in industrial as well as medical fields. Substitution of 10th position of desired PAH by phenyl ring reduces the feasibility of photo reaction and produced 9-hydroxy 9-phenyl anthrone (9H9PA) as an intermediate species. The products were separated and purified by column chromatography using 70:30 hexane/DCM mixtures as the mobile phase and the resultant products were characterized thoroughly by 1H NMR, IR spectroscopy and GCMS analysis. Chapter 6 elucidates the heterogeneous Suzuki coupling reaction by Cu/Pd bimetallic supported on TiO2. Sol-Gel followed by impregnation method was adopted for the synthesis of Cu/Pd-TiO2. The prepared system was characterized by XRD, TG-DTG, SEM, EDX, BET Surface area and XPS. The product was separated and purified by column chromatography using hexane as the mobile phase. Maximum isolated yield of biphenyl of around72% was obtained in DMF using Cu(2wt%)-Pd(4wt%)-Ti as the catalyst. In this reaction, effective solvent, base and catalyst were found to be DMF, K2CO3 and Cu(2wt%)-Pd(4wt%)-Ti respectively. Chapter 7 gives an idea about the photovoltaic (PV) applications of TiO2 based thin films. Due to energy crisis, the whole world is looking for a new sustainable energy source. Harnessing solar energy is one of the most promising ways to tackle this issue. The present dominant photovoltaic (PV) technologies are based on inorganic materials. But the high material, low power conversion efficiency and manufacturing cost limits its popularization. A lot of research has been conducted towards the development of low-cost PV technologies, of which organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices are one of the promising. Here two TiO2 thin films having different thickness were prepared by spin coating technique. The prepared films were characterized by XRD, AFM and conductivity measurements. The thickness of the films was measured by Stylus Profiler. This chapter mainly concentrated on the fabrication of an inverted hetero junction solar cell using conducting polymer MEH-PPV as photo active layer. Here TiO2 was used as the electron transport layer. Thin films of MEH-PPV were also prepared using spin coating technique. Two fullerene derivatives such as PCBM and ICBA were introduced into the device in order to improve the power conversion efficiency. Effective charge transfer between the conducting polymer and ICBA were understood from fluorescence quenching studies. The fabricated Inverted hetero junction exhibited maximum power conversion efficiency of 0.22% with ICBA as the acceptor molecule. Chapter 8 narrates the third order order nonlinear optical properties of bare and noble metal modified TiO2 thin films. Thin films were fabricatedby spray pyrolysis technique. Sol-Gel derived Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4 in CH3CH2OH/CH3COOH was used as the precursor for TiO2. The precursors used for Au, Ag and Pd were the aqueous solutions of HAuCl4, AgNO3 and Pd(NO3)2 respectively. The prepared films were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDX. The nonlinear optical properties of the prepared materials were investigated by Z-Scan technique comprising of Nd-YAG laser (532 nm,7 ns and10 Hz). The non-linear coefficients were obtained by fitting the experimental Z-Scan plot with the theoretical plots. Nonlinear absorption is a phenomenon defined as a nonlinear change (increase or decrease) in absorption with increasing of intensity. This can be mainly divided into two types: saturable absorption (SA) and reverse saturable absorption (RSA). Depending on the pump intensity and on the absorption cross- section at the excitation wavelength, most molecules show non- linear absorption. With increasing intensity, if the excited states show saturation owing to their long lifetimes, the transmission will show SA characteristics. Here absorption decreases with increase of intensity. If, however, the excited state has strong absorption compared with that of the ground state, the transmission will show RSA characteristics. Here in our work most of the materials show SA behavior and some materials exhibited RSA behavior. Both these properties purely depend on the nature of the materials and alignment of energy states within them. Both these SA and RSA have got immense applications in electronic devices. The important results obtained from various studies are presented in chapter 9.

Investigación, intercambio y comparación de los entornos de Bolonia y Sanlúcar de Barrameda.

Se presenta memoria final de proyecto educativo que pretende mediante la participación activa del alumnado, conocer el entorno paisajístico de Bolinia y Sanlúcar de Barrameda. Se realiza en el CPR Campiña de Tarifa, Cádiz. Los objetivos son: el principal se ha basado en en la percepción que la enseñanza debe ser una actividad innovadora e interdisciplinar y en la convicción de que el conocimiento nunca queda cerrado; integración del alumnado con necesidades educativas especiales en la normalización escolar, en todos sus sentidos y actividades; como objetivos secundarios se establecen: la necesidad de conocer nuestro medio por procedimientos investigativos directos; el poder aplicar esta metodología con nuestro alumnado, posibilitar el aprendizaje y la diversión, potenciar el placer por el aprendizaje y tener como herramienta poderosa en el aprendizaje la motivación. El proceso: realización de una reunión de programación y distribución del trabajo, salidas al entorno de manera conjunta, recogida constante de materiales bibliográficos y aportaciones teóricas, elaboración conjunta de un dvd. El material resultante ha sido, la realización de un dvd en el que se incluyen las conclusiones e imágenes mediante montajes en Power Point, con el fin de visualizar las fotos y las conclusiones, así como el catálogo de imágenes de plantas costeras sobre las que hemos trabajado.

Convivencia y mejora de las relaciones en el aula.

Materiales didácticos en Power-Point secuenciando actividades para trabajar con el alumnado respecto a comportamientos asertivos- comportamientos no asertivos,educando en la convivencia y mejora de las relaciones personales, previniendo la violencia y reduciendo el absentismo escolar utilizando el material informático.

II=segundo curso sobre el uso racional del medicamento.

El cuaderno se compone de 220 diapositivas impresas que corresponden a la presentación de los contenidos del curso en Power Point

Proyecto ALEMI : IES Diego Tortosa & CES Jean-Baptiste Lebas : 2006-2007.

Presentación de diapositivas en Power Point

Materiales didáctico-científicos del profesorado del IES de Cox.

En el CD se presentan documentos con extensión .doc (Word) y .ppt (Power Point)

Statistical Models for Co-occurrence Data

Modeling and predicting co-occurrences of events is a fundamental problem of unsupervised learning. In this contribution we develop a statistical framework for analyzing co-occurrence data in a general setting where elementary observations are joint occurrences of pairs of abstract objects from two finite sets. The main challenge for statistical models in this context is to overcome the inherent data sparseness and to estimate the probabilities for pairs which were rarely observed or even unobserved in a given sample set. Moreover, it is often of considerable interest to extract grouping structure or to find a hierarchical data organization. A novel family of mixture models is proposed which explain the observed data by a finite number of shared aspects or clusters. This provides a common framework for statistical inference and structure discovery and also includes several recently proposed models as special cases. Adopting the maximum likelihood principle, EM algorithms are derived to fit the model parameters. We develop improved versions of EM which largely avoid overfitting problems and overcome the inherent locality of EM--based optimization. Among the broad variety of possible applications, e.g., in information retrieval, natural language processing, data mining, and computer vision, we have chosen document retrieval, the statistical analysis of noun/adjective co-occurrence and the unsupervised segmentation of textured images to test and evaluate the proposed algorithms.