Some relationships of meteorological, hydrographic, and biological variables in the Gulf of Panama

ENGLISH: An average of 78 m. of water was vertically displaced by wind-driven upwelling during the dry season (January-April) in Panama Bay at the head of the Gulf of Panama. The standing crop of phytoplankton and its productivity were significantly greater during the months of upwelling than during the rainy season. Equivalent results were found by three different methods used to calculate photosynthesis: direct measurement with radiocarbon; increase of dissolved oxygen in the water column; and decrease of phosphate-phosphorus in the water column. About 90 g. of carbon per square meter of sea surface were fixed by the phytoplankton during each upwelling season (January-April) and about 90 g. of carbon were fixed during each rainy season (May-December) resulting in an annual production of about 180 g. of carbon per square meter of sea surface SPANISH: Un promedio de 78 m. de agua fué desplazado verticalmente por la fuerza de los vientos que ocasionan el fenómeno conocido por afloramiento durante la estación seca (enero a abril) en la Bahía de Panamá, a la cabeza del Golfo de Panamá. La cosecha estable de fitoplancton y su productividad fueron significativamente mayores durante los meses de afloramiento, que durante la estación lluviosa. Se obtuvieron resultados equivalentes por medio de tres diferentes métodos usados para calcular la fotosíntesis: medición directa con radiocarbono, aumento del oxígeno disuelto en la columna de agua, y disminución del fosfato-fósforo en la columna de agua. Por medio del fitoplancton durante cada estación de afloramiento (enero-abril), se fijaron alrededor de 90 g. de carbono por metro cuadrado de la superficie del mar, y durante cada estación lluviosa (mayo-diciembre) se fijaron 90 g. de carbono lo que resulta en una producción anual de aproximadamente 180 g. de carbono por metro cuadrado de la superficie del mar.

Caracterización de los depósitos fluviales del río Ebro en la cuenca de Miranda de Ebro (Burgos)

[ES] La evolución fluvial del río Ebro ha sido analizada de forma desigual, siendo más numerosas las investigaciones centradas en su curso medio y bajo. En este trabajo se describe el sistema de terrazas fluviales elaborado por el río Ebro a su paso por la Cuenca de Miranda de Ebro (Álava – Burgos). Se han reconocido cinco niveles de terrazas (T1-T5) mediante su análisis estratigráfico, morfológico y sedimentológico. Las terrazas se sitúan a unas alturas que oscilan entre los 68 y los 5 m sobre el nivel actual del río Ebro. El relleno sedimentario de los niveles más elevados (T1-T4) está compuesto por gravas poligénicas bien clasificadas y muy redondeadas con presencia puntual de niveles de arenas; mientras que el nivel más bajo (T5) está constituido enteramente por partículas finas. Los resultados apuntan hacia variaciones de caudal y aportes sedimentarios, en relación con las oscilaciones climáticas cuaternarias, como los factores que gobiernan la evolución fluvial en la Cuenca de Miranda de Ebro, en coherencia con los modelos de evolución propuestos para otros puntos de la cuenca hidrográfica

Comportamiento físico del ferrocarril para entornos de realidad virtual

El objetivo de este proyecto es la simulación de la Flota P del fabricante CAF comprado recientemente por la compañía Metro Sao Paulo. Esta flota forma parte de un proyecto con cuatro trenes más que LANDER había desarrollado anteriormente y deja la posibilidad de añadir más trenes en el futuro, si la compañía quisiera incorporarlos al simulador. La simulación es una herramienta segura y rentable que permite entrenar situaciones catastróficas en un entorno virtual que no se pueden reproducir en la realidad y, además, evita gastos de electricidad y de desgaste de materiales, tanto del material rodante como de la infraestructura porque la que se mueve el tren. Por otra parte, para el entrenamiento de maquinistas en trenes reales se emplean las horas nocturnas ya que durante el día las vías están ocupadas por trenes que deben cumplir horarios de las líneas; por tanto, un simulador ofrece una amplia disponibilidad para el entrenamiento. Sin embargo, los simuladores no sólo se emplean con futuros maquinistas sino con maquinistas veteranos para evitar que aquellos que nunca han tenido ningún contratiempo, actúen de forma relajada, despreocupada o, incluso inconsciente. Además, el simulador les permite ejercitar situaciones que exijan reacciones rápidas, como objetos en la vía o averías, de este modo entrenan protocolos de actuación para normalizar en lo posible el servicio de la línea.

ColeccionApp

Aplicación móvil para iOS. Gestor de colecciones de cromos.

Medidas radioeléctricas en el interior de edificios.

[ES]En este Trabajo de Fin de Grado se ha realizado una campaña de medidas basada en el cálculo de las pérdidas de propagación en interiores, para la frecuencia de 2 GHz, usada en sistemas móviles. Se han estudiado enlaces de 1 a 80 metros, realizando medidas a lo largo de la planta 4 del edificio B de la Escuela desde diferentes puntos. También se realiza un modelo de propagación completando el trabajo con la medida de las pérdidas de inserción introducidas por materiales y elementos usados en el interior de la Universidad. Para observar adecuadamente el trabajo se realiza una representación gráfica de los resultados obtenidos. Por último utilizando un software se modela el entorno físico de la planta y se comparan los resultados teóricos obtenidos con el caso práctico realizado.

UD Aretxabaletako jubenil mailako jokalarien baldintzazko gaitasunen eta zelaian duten posizioaren arteko erlazioaren balorazioa

Lan honen helburu nagusia, futbolari jubenilen (17-19 urte) gaitasun fisiko kondizionalak aztertzea eta baloratzea da, gainera postu espezifikoen arteko ezberdintasunak detektatuz (atezainak, defentsak, erdilariak eta aurrelariak). Horretarako, 26 jokalari ( adina 17,50 ± 0,95 urte, pisua 70,58 ± 7,48 Kg , altuera 1,77 ± 0,07 metro, 22,55 ± 1,70 IMC-arekin eta 7,85 ± 0,97 esperientziarekin futbolean). Gaitasun hauek neurtzeko erabili izan ziren testak, pisu eta altuera neurketa(Seca 704s, Alemania), Yo-Yo test (egindako distantzia eta V02max), abiadura testa (S20m eta S30m), agilitate testa (Zig-Zagrun test), salto horizontala (HCMJAS) eta enborraren malgutasunaren testa (Test Sit and Reach).Gauzatutako testen emaitzen arabera, ez ditugu alde signifikatiborik aurkitu postu espezifikoen artean, baina beste aldetik, aldagaien arteko erlazioa aztertzerakoan, abiadura eta zig-zag testen artean korrelazio esanguratsua dagoela aurkitu da. Hau da, agilitate eta abiadura testen artean korrelazioa dago, baina korrelazioa handiagoa lortu da S20m-rekin S30m-ekin baino.

Evolución de la población en los municipios de Vizcaya

En este estudio se analiza la evolución de la población a escala municipal y provincial para el territorio histórico de Vizcaya de 1900 a 2013 con el objetivo de establecer sus pautas. En un primer bloque se tratará el crecimiento demográfico en los municipios de la provincia, destacando las poblaciones con mayor variación de su población y explicando sus causas. Más tarde se analizará la distribución de la población sobre la superficie de Vizcaya, es decir, dónde tiende a concentrarse. Para tratar este apartado se valorarán factores como el tamaño comarcal o la densidad de población tanto a nivel provincial como comarcal. Finalmente, se hará un breve repaso a la situación de los diferentes sectores de actividad en el siglo XXI. El análisis de la población vizcaína desde 1900 ha permitido demostrar la relación existente entre los ciclos económicos y el cambio demográfico identificando tres etapas relevantes (1900-1950, 1950-1980 y 1980-2013). La población de Vizcaya durante el siglo XX se ha caracterizado por un patrón de crecimiento continuo hasta finales de siglo ayudado por la mejora de las comunicaciones, como la inauguración del Metro de Bilbao.

Estrategias para una VENTANA eficaz: Forma geométrica del HUECO - Diseño de la VENTANA-UH

V.1. 219 p.; V. 2. 589 p.

Aplicação da técnica simulated annealing na investigação da ciclagem de nitrogênio na inteface água-sedimento

Neste trabalho é apresentado a aplicação de um método de otimização a fim de estimar parâmetros que normalmente estão presentes na modelagem matemática da dinâmica de espécies químicas na interface água-sedimento. O Problema Direto aqui consistiu na simulação das concentrações das espécies orgânicas e inorgânicas (amônia e nitrato) de nitrogênio, num ambiente idealizado, o qual foi fracionado em quatro camadas: uma camada de água (1 metro) e três camadas de sedimento (0-1 cm, 1-2 cm e 2-10 cm). O Problema Direto foi resolvido pelo Método de Runge Kutta, tendo sido gerada uma simulação de 50 dias. Na estimativa dos coeficientes de difusão e porosidade foi aplicado o Método Simulated Annealing (SA). A eficiência da estratégia aqui adotada foi avaliada através do confronto entre dados experimentais sintéticos e as concentrações calçadas pela solução do Problema Direto, adotando-se os parâmetros estimados pela SA. O melhor ajuste entre dados experimentais e valores calculados se deu quando o parâmetro estimado foi a porosidade. Com relação à minimização da função objetivo, a estimativa desse parâmetro também foi a que exigiu menor esforço computacional. Após a introdução de um ruído randômico às concentrações das espécies nitrogenadas, a técnica SA não foi capaz de obter uma estimativa satisfatória para o coeficiente de difusão, com exceção da camada 0-1 cm sedimentar. Para outras camadas, erros da ordem de 10 % foram encontrados (para amônia na coluna dágua, pro exemplo). Os resultados mostraram que a metodologia aqui adotada pode ser bastante promissora enquanto ferramenta de gestão de corpos dágua, especialmente daqueles submetidos a um regime de baixa energia, como lagos e lagoas costeiras.

Prognosis of underground structures deterioration based on in-situ measurements

The stability of the underground structure is very important not only from the point of view of the structure itself, but also from the point of view of other structures. Therefore, the evaluation of the process of deterioration can help us very much. In the first part of the paper the ageing of the structures in the scope of their life cycle will be described. The whole process of deterioration is important but limited to certain time intervals and is able to give signals about changes in macro-scale. The second part of the paper is focused on the adaptation of new methods: micro technology of monitoring - such as MEMS (Micro Electrical Mechanical Systems) and wireless technologies for data transfer. It is obvious that such new technologies have to be assessed for the ability to deliver data continuously and for their safety and solidity. At the end of the paper the application of the measurements on the Prague metro's lining is mentioned. © 2007 Taylor & Francis Group.

Economic value of the milkfish industry

A brief description is given of the milkfish (Chanos chanos) farming industry in the Philippines. Over the past 20 years, the relative importance of milkfish has declined with the expansion of tilapia, tiger shrimp and seaweed farming. In 1975, some 141,461 mt of milkfish made up 10% of the total fish production, whereas in 1995, the total milkfish harvest of 150,858 mt made up only 5.5% of the total fish production. Milkfish are harvested and marketed mostly fresh or chilled, whole or deboned, but some are canned or smoked. The domestic markets, mainly in Metro Manila, absorb most of the production. Milkfish is also absorbed in different product forms: dried, canned, smoked, or marinated. An export market for quick-frozen deboned milkfish fillets has begun to develop and fish processing companies are responding fast. The milkfish farming industry has important linkages with the various sectors that supply the inputs, and those that transport, store, market or process the harvest. For intensive milkfish farming to be both profitable and sustainable, more value-added products must be developed and marketed.

Case study on a deep excavation in soft ground by centrifuge model tests

This paper provides a case study on the deepest excavation carried out so far in the construction of the metro network in Shanghai, which typically features soft ground. The excavation is 38 m deep with retaining walls 65 m deep braced by 9 levels of concrete props. To obtain a quick and rough prediction, two centrifuge model tests were conducted, in which one is for the 'standard' section with green field surrounding and the other with an adjacent piled building. The tests were carried out in a run-stop-excavation-run style, in which excavation was conducted manually. By analyzing the lateral wall displacement, ground deformation, bending moment and earth pressure, the test results are shown to be reasonably convincing and the design and construction were validated. Such industry orientated centrifuge modeling was shown to be useful in understanding the performance of geotechnical processes, especially when engineers lack relevant field experience. © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

Centrifuge modelling on long-term behaviour of tunnels in transitional ground

Long-term settlement of tunnels has caused concerns about its influence on tunnel safety and serviceability. Aiming to investigate the long-term behaviour of tunnels against the background of Shanghai metro line, two cases of centrifuge modelling were conducted, with efforts to expose the mechanism affecting the consolidation of the ground. Evenly layered ground and transitional ground strata were set for each case separately and the settlement, lining load and pore water pressure were checked against elapsed time up to 20 years. The results verified some previous findings concerning the settlement and lining load development trend, however, it was also shown that the transitional ground made the tunnel response more complicated. The research is expected to provide some basis for further research on other affecting factors, such as lining permeability. © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

Micro-measurement and monitoring system for ageing underground infrastructure (Underground M3)

Advances in the development of computer vision, miniature Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) offer intriguing possibilities that can radically alter the paradigms underlying existing methods of condition assessment and monitoring of ageing civil engineering infrastructure. This paper describes some of the outcomes of the European Science Foundation project "Micro-Measurement and Monitoring System for Ageing Underground Infrastructures (Underground M3)". The main aim of the project was to develop a system that uses a tiered approach to monitor the degree and rate of tunnel deterioration. The system comprises of (1) Tier 1: Micro-detection using advances in computer vision and (2) Tier 2: Micro-monitoring and communication using advances in MEMS and WSN. These potentially low-cost technologies will be able to reduce costs associated with end-of-life structures, which is essential to the viability of rehabilitation, repair and reuse. The paper describes the actual deployment and testing of these innovative monitoring tools in tunnels of London Underground, Prague Metro and Barcelona Metro. © 2012 Taylor & Francis Group.

Evolutionary Conservation of Dazl Genomic Organization and its Continuous and Dynamic Distribution Throughout Germline Development in Gynogenetic Gibel Carp

To investigate germline development and germ cell specification, we identified a Dazl homolog (CagDazl) from gynogenetic gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Its cDNA sequence and BAC clone sequence analyses revealed the genomic organization conservation and conserved synteny of the Dazl family members and their neighborhood genes among vertebrates, especially in fish. Moreover, a polyclonal antibody specific to CagDazl was produced and used to examine its expression and distribution throughout germline development at protein level. Firstly, ovary-specific expression pattern of CagDazl was confirmed in adult tissues by RT-PCR and Western blot. In addition, in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence localization demonstrated its specific expression in germ cells, and both its transcript and protein were localized to germ plasm. Then, co-localization of CagDazl and mitochondrial cloud was found, confirming that CagDazl transcript and its protein are germ plasm component and move via METRO pathway during oogenesis. Furthermore, the CagDazl is abundant and continuous throughout germline development and germ cell specification including primordial germ cell (PGC) formation, oogonium differentiation, oocyte development, and embryogenesis, and the dynamic distribution occurs at different development stages. The data suggest that maternal CagDazl might play an important role in gibel carp PGC formation. Therefore, CagDazl is a useful and specific marker for tracing germ plasm and germ cell development in the gynogenetic gibel carp. In addition, in comparison with previous studies in sexual reproduction species, the continuous and dynamic distribution of CagDazl protein in the germ plasm throughout the life cycle seems to have significant implication in sex evolution of vertebrates. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Deu. Euol.) 312B:855-871, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.