Validação de método analítico livre de acetonitrila para análise de microcistinas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

Blooms of cyanobacteria represent a public health risk due to their cyanotoxins such as microcystins. Liquid chromatography techniques to separate and quantify microcystins invariably use acetonitrile as the organic component of the mobile phase. The price and availability of acetonitrile together with its elevated toxicity encourage the validation of acetonitrile-free methods of microcystin analysis. In this work, methanol was employed as the organic solvent of the mobile phase and the validation method was performed with different environmental water samples. The method showed limits of detection between 0.17 and 0.25 µg/L and of quantification between 0.55 and 0.82 µg/L for the microcystin variants: -RR, -YR, -LR, -LA.

Identificação de fontes de resistência à ferrugem da folha do trigo em acessos de Aegilops tauschii

No Brasil, prejuízos ocasionados pela ferrugem da folha do trigo (Puccinia triticina) ocorrem anualmente. A incidência generalizada nas diferentes regiões produtoras varia em intensidade, dependendo das condições climáticas, da resistência genética das cultivares e do controle químico, sendo que a utilização de cultivares resistentes é o método mais eficiente de controle. Os genes que conferem resistência à ferrugem da folha em trigo são denominados Lr (leaf rust). Vários desses genes já foram identificados e mapeados. Alguns deles foram mapeados diretamente em genótipos hexaplóides, enquanto outros foram primeiramente encontrados em espécies afins, com menor nível de ploidia e, posteriormente, transferidos para o trigo cultivado. Das espécies afins, destaca-se a espécie diplóide Aegilops tauschii, doadora do genoma D do trigo cultivado, como uma importante fonte de genes de resistência. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a resistência à ferrugem da folha em acessos de Ae. tauschii, oriundos do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Embrapa Trigo (BAG - Passo Fundo, RS), para utilização das seleções nos programas de melhoramento. Quarenta acessos foram avaliados quanto à reação à raça SPJ-RS de Puccinia triticina e, destes, 25% (10 acessos) apresentaram resistência. Os dados obtidos neste estudo servem como subsídio na escolha de acessos resistentes que poderão ser utilizados como genitores em programas de melhoramento genético a fim de incremento de resistência a esse patógeno.

ZigBee-verkot

Tässä opinnäytetyössä perehdytään ZigBee-verkkoprotokollaan, joka on lyhyen kantaman langaton tekniikka, jossa on pyritty pieneen virrankulutukseen ja halpoihin valmistuskustannuksiin. Työssä tehdään ZigBee-tekniikasta lyhyt suomenkielinen yhteenveto, jossa esitellään ZigBee-verkon perustoiminnot ja käytetyt termit. Tarkoituksena on, että työssä esitetyt asiat pystyy omaksumaan ilman aikaisempaa perehtymistä tietoliikennetekniikkaan ja langattomiin verkkoihin.

Frigjord oskuld : heterosexuellt mognadsimperativ i svensk ungdomsroman

För att mogna på en heterosexuell marknad innebär det att unga i ungdomsromanen lär sig förstå hur gränser kan överskridas och vilka handlingar som får repressalier. Genom att diskutera tystnader och talakter gällande heterosexualitet visar "Frigjord oskuld. Heterosexuellt mognadsimperativ i svensk ungdomsroman" hur heteronormen är förhandlingsbar. Studien undersöker heterosexuella kärleksavbrott, gränsöverskridande väninneskap, tabubelagd syskonkärlek och homosexuellt agerande. Med avstamp i queerteori, feministisk teori och narratologi studeras hur sexualitet, men även kategorier som kön, klass och ålder, (re)producerar uppfattningar om (hetero)sexualitet. Utgående från nio ungdomsromaner skrivna år 1969-2004 av fyra författare: Gunnel Beckman, Inger Edelfeldt, Peter Pohl och Mats Wahl analyseras hur de unga förutsätts konstruera heterosexualitet(er) inom ramen för acceptabelt agerande i enlighet med ett heterosexuellt mognadsimperativ.

Hållpunkter för lärande : småbarns möten

Developed from human activities, mathematical knowledge is bound to the world and cultures that men and women experience. One can say that mathematics is rooted in humans’ everyday life, an environment where people reach agreement regarding certain “laws” and principles in mathematics. Through interaction with worldly phenomena and people, children will always gain experience that they can then in turn use to understand future situations. Consequently, the environment in which a child grows up plays an important role in what that child experiences and what possibilities for learning that child has. Variation theory, a branch of phenomenographical research, defines human learning as changes in understanding and acting towards a specific phenomenon. Variation theory implies a focus on that which it is possible to learn in a specific learning situation, since only a limited number of critical aspects of a phenomenon can be simultaneously discerned and focused on. The aim of this study is to discern how toddlers experience and learn mathematics in a daycare environment. The study focuses on what toddlers experience, how their learning experience is formed, and how toddlers use their understanding to master their environment. Twenty-three children were observed videographically during everyday activities. The videographic methodology aims to describe and interpret human actions in natural settings. The children are aged from 1 year, 1 month to 3 years, 9 months. Descriptions of the toddlers’ actions and communication with other children and adults are analyzed phenomenographically in order to discover how the children come to understand the different aspects of mathematics they encounter. The study’s analysis reveals that toddlers encounter various mathematical concepts, similarities and differences, and the relationship between parts and whole. Children form their understanding of such aspects in interaction with other children and adults in their everyday life. The results also show that for a certain type of learning to occur, some critical conditions must exist. Variation, simultaneity, reasonableness and fixed points are critical conditions of learning that appear to be important for toddlers’ learning. These four critical conditions are integral parts of the learning process. How children understand mathematics influences how they use mathematics as a tool to master their surrounding world. The results of the study’s analysis of how children use their understanding of mathematics shows that children use mathematics to uphold societal rules, to describe their surrounding world, and as a tool for problem solving. Accordingly, mathematics can be considered a very important phenomenon that children should come into contact with in different ways and which needs to be recognized as a necessary part of children’s everyday life. Adults working with young children play an important role in setting perimeters for children’s experiences and possibilities to explore mathematical concepts and phenomena. Therefore, this study is significant as regards understanding how children learn mathematics through everyday activities.

Outcomes of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infections among mothers in the Finnish Family HPV Study

To understand the natural history of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV)-infections, more information is needed on their genotype-specific prevalence, acquisition, clearance, persistence and progression. This thesis is part of the prospective Finnish Family HPV study. 329 pregnant women (mean age 25.5 years) were recruited during the third trimester of pregnancy and were followed up for 6 years. The outcomes of cervical HPV infections were evaluated among all the mothers participating in the study. Generalized estimating equation (GEE)-models and Poisson regression were used to estimate the risk factors of type-specific acquisition, clearance, persistence and progression of Species 7 and 9 HPV-genotypes. Independent protective factors against incident infections were higher number of life-time sexual partners, initiation of oral contraceptive use after age 20 years and becoming pregnant during FU. Older age and negative oral HR-HPV DNA status at baseline were associated with increased clearance, whereas higher number of current sexual partners decreased the probability of clearance. Early onset of smoking, practicing oral sex and older age increased the risk of type-specific persistence, while key predictors of CIN/SIL were persistent HR-HPV, abnormal Pap smear and new sexual partners. HPV16, together with multiple-type infections were the most frequent incident genotypes, most likely to remain persistent and least likely to clear. Collectively, LR-HPV types showed shorter incidence and clearance times than HR-HPV types. In multivariate models, different predictors were associated with these main viral outcomes, and there is some tentative evidence to suggest that oral mucosa might play a role in controlling some of these outcomes.

Genetic variability of Puccinia triticina Eriks. in Brazil

Studies on the genetic variability of Puccinia triticina in inoculum collected in Brazil started in 1941 with Vallega (20). The pioneering work in Brazil dates from 1949 (16) at "Instituto Agronômico do Sul", Ministry of Agriculture (MA), in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), and continued after 1975 at Embrapa Wheat in Passo Fundo, RS. In 2002, analyses for the identification of P. triticina races continued at OR Seed breeding, simultaneously to Embrapa's program, both in Passo Fundo. The investigators involved in the identification of races in Brazil were Ady Raul da Silva in Pelotas (MA), Eliza Coelho in Pelotas (MA) and in Passo Fundo (Embrapa), Amarilis Labes Barcellos in Pelotas (MA) and in Passo Fundo (Embrapa and OR), Camila Turra in Passo Fundo (OR) and Marcia Chaves in Passo Fundo (Embrapa). From 1979 to 2010 growing season, 59 races were determined, according to the differentiation based on the expression of each Lr resistance gene. On average, one to three new races are detected per year. Research has focused on the use of vertical resistance; however, lately some institutes have searched more durable resistance, of the adult-plant type (horizontal, less race-specific). The uninterrupted monitoring of the wheat rust pathogenic population in Brazil during so many decades allowed the understanding of the evolution and virulence of races. The use of international nomenclature adopted by some programs has allowed the comparison of the fungus variability in Brazil with that in other countries, especially where frontiers are not barriers for spore transportation, confirmed by the occurrence of the same races all over one region.

Solving Leontief Input-Output Model with Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers and Gauss-Seidel Algorithm

In this work a fuzzy linear system is used to solve Leontief input-output model with fuzzy entries. For solving this model, we assume that the consumption matrix from di erent sectors of the economy and demand are known. These assumptions heavily depend on the information obtained from the industries. Hence uncertainties are involved in this information. The aim of this work is to model these uncertainties and to address them by fuzzy entries such as fuzzy numbers and LR-type fuzzy numbers (triangular and trapezoidal). Fuzzy linear system has been developed using fuzzy data and it is solved using Gauss-Seidel algorithm. Numerical examples show the e ciency of this algorithm. The famous example from Prof. Leontief, where he solved the production levels for U.S. economy in 1958, is also further analyzed.

Varsinais-Suomen koulutusstrategia 2015+

Varsinais-Suomen aikuiskoulutusstrategiassa 2009–2015 sovittiin, että strategian välitarkastelu suoritetaan vuoden 2012 aikana. Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskuksen hallinnoiman Koulutusta ja yhteistyötä Varsinais-Suomeen –hankkeen avulla aikuiskoulutusstrategia päivitettiin ja laajennettiin Varsinais-Suomen koulutusstrategiaksi. Strategiatyö toteutettiin kymmenen teemaryhmien avulla ohjausryhmän koordinoimana ja Varsinais-Suomen MYR:n koulutusjaoston valvonnassa. Strategisesti tärkeimmiksi kehittämisen kohteiksi Varsinais-Suomessa valittiin ennakointi, hanketoiminta sekä koulutuksen työelämä- ja yritysyhteistyö. Varsinais-Suomen koulutusstrategia 2015+:n painopisteet ovat osaamisen vahvistaminen, koulutuksen laadun varmistaminen sekä alueellinen ja valtakunnallinen vaikuttaminen. Painopisteet on konkretisoitu tavoitteiksi, jotka ovat (1.) alueen koulutusmahdollisuudet tunnetaan ja työllistävien alojen vetovoima kasvaa, (2.) koulutus vastaa työelämän muuttuviin tarpeisiin, (3.) koulutuspalvelut lisäävät asukkaiden hyvinvointia ja elämänhallintaa, (4.) koulutus- ja ohjauspalvelut ovat asiakaslähtöisiä, (5.) elinikäinen oppiminen on kaikille mahdollista, (6.) opettajuutta ja ohjausta kehitetään yhdessä (7.) uusia oppimis- ja ohjausympäristöjä kehitetään ja otetaan käyttöön, (8.) oppilaitokset ja yritykset tekevät pitkäjänteistä, strategista ennakointiyhteistyötä, (9.) oppilaitokset profiloituvat ja parantavat keskinäistä työnjakoa, (10.) oppilaitokset toimivat monialaisissa verkostoissa, sekä (11.) osaamisen ja verkostojen johtamista kehitetään, vaikutetaan oppilaitoskulttuuriin. Kaikki tavoitteet on strategiassa purettu käytännön toimenpiteiksi ja vastuutettu maakunnan toimijoille.

Egentliga Finlands utbildningsstrategi 2015+

I Egentliga Finlands vuxenutbildningsstrategi 2009-2015 framgår det att mellangranskningen av strategin ska genomföras under 2012. Med hjälp av projektet Koulutusta ja yhteistyötä Varsinais-Suomeen (Utbildning och samarbete i Egentliga Finland), som administrerats av ELY-centralen i Egentliga Finland, kunde man uppdatera och utvidga vuxenutbildningsstrategin till Egentliga Finlands utbildningstrategi. Det strategiska arbetet genomfördes med hjälp av tio temagrupper som koordinerades av en styrgrupp och övervakades av utbildningssektionen vid Landskapets samarbetsgrupp (MYR) i Egentliga Finland. Till det som strategiskt sett är viktigast att utveckla valde man föregripande, projektverksamhet och utbildningens samarbete med arbetsliv och företag. Tyngdpunkterna i Egentliga Finlands utbildningsstrategi 2015+ är att stärka kunnandet, säkerställa utbildningens kvalitet och att påverka regionalt och på riksplanet. Tyngdpunkterna har konkretiserats som mål som är (1) att regionens utbildningsmöjligheter är kända och att de branscher som erbjuder sysselsättning får ökad dragningskraft, (2) att utbildningen motsvarar de föränderliga behoven i arbetslivet, (3) att utbildningstjänsterna ökar invånarnas välmående och livskompetens, (4) att utbildnings- och handledningstjänsterna är kundinriktade, (5) att alla har möjlighet till livslångt lärande, (6) att man utvecklar lärarskapet och handledningen gemensamt, (7) att nya lär- och handledningsmiljöer utvecklas och tas i användning, (8) att läroanstalter och företag gör långsiktigt och strategiskt föregripande samarbete, (9) att läroanstalterna profilerar sig och förbättrar den inbördes arbetsfördelningen, (10) att läroanstalterna verkar i branschövergripande nätverk och (11) att ledningen för kunnande och nätverk utvecklas och inverkar på läroanstaltskulturen. I strategin har alla mål brutits ner till praktiska åtgärder och ansvaret har lagts över på landskapets aktörer.

Lactated Ringer's solution or 0.9% sodium chloride as fluid therapy in pigeons (Columba livia) submitted to humerus osteosynthesis

The study aimed to compare the effects of intraosseous infusion of lactated Ringer's and 0.9% sodium chloride solutions on the electrolytes and acid-base balance in pigeons submitted to humerus osteosynthesis. Eighteen pigeons were undergoing to isoflurane anesthesia by an avalvular circuit system. They were randomly assigned into two groups (n=9) receiving lactated Ringer's solution (LR) or 0.9% sodium chloride (SC), in a continuous infusion rate of 20mL/kg/h, by using an intraosseous catheter into the tibiotarsus during 60-minute anesthetic procedure. Heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR) were measured every 10 min. Venous blood samples were collected at 0, 30 and 60 minutes to analyze blood pH, PvCO2, HCO3 -, Na+ and K+. Blood gases and electrolytes showed respiratory acidosis in both groups during induction, under physical restraint. This acidosis was evidenced by a decrease of pH since 0 min, associated with a compensatory response, observed by increasing of HCO3 - concentration, at 30 and 60 min. It was not observed any changes on Na+ and K+ serum concentrations. According to the results, there is no reason for choosing one of the two solutions, and it could be concluded that both fluid therapy solutions do not promote any impact on acid-base balance and electrolyte concentrations in pigeons submitted to humerus osteosynthesis.

Período crítico de competição entre comunidades de plantas daninhas e o algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L.) no Estado de Minas Gerais

Foram instalados nove ensaios no período de 1973 a 1976 em solos LVA, LE e LR de três localidades do Triângulo e duas no Norte do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, a fim de se estudar as épocas críticas de competição de plantas daninhas com o algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Os tratamentos foram: capinas até 2, 4, 6, 8 primeiras semanas e durante todo o ciclo; e capinas após 2, 4, 6, 8 primeiras semanas e todo o ciclo sem capinas. Os resultados mostraram que a competição das plantas daninhas, quando não controladas, com a cultura, provocou 90,22% de perda na produção no Triângulo Mineiro e 70,73% no Norte de Minas. Em relação à testemunha, mantida livre de competição durante todo o ciclo, o melhor rendimento foi obtido quando se manteve a cultura livre de competição durante seis: emanas após a emergência, no Triâgulo Mineiro, e durante oito semanas, no Norte de Minas. Não houve, entretanto, diferença significativa entre os tratamentos com 4, 6, 8 semanas e também com todo o ciclo sem competição, tanto no Triângulo quanto no Norte do Estado.

Efeito da adubação fosfatada e da calagem nas relações de interferência entre plantas de soja e capim-marmelada

Com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos da calagem e da adubação fosfatada sobre o crescimento de plantas de soja e capim-marmelada e, o reflexo destas práticas nas relações de interferência entre a planta daninha e a planta cultivada. O estudo foi conduzido em casa-devegetação por um período de 49 dias. Utilizaramse vasos de 4 litros, contendo substrato retirado de um LR-distrófico. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em um esquema fatorial 2x3x4, onde tinha-se: dois níveis de calagem (presença e ausência), três condições de vegetação nos vasos (soja cultivada isolada, planta daninha cultivada isolada e a convivência das espécies) e quatro doses de aplicação de fósforo (0, 50,100 e 200 ppm) no substrato. A calagem incrementou a altura, o número de trifólios, os teores de clorofila a e b, a biomassa seca e a área foliar das plantas de soja e, proporcionou decréscimos na altura, no número de perfilhos e no acúmulo de matéria seca de plantas de capim-marmelada. A interferência imposta pelo capim-marmelada reduziu a altura de plantas, o número de trifólios , os teores de clorofila a, o acúmulo de matéria seca e a área foliar das plantasde soja. De forma oposta, a competição imposta pela soja determinou decréscimos na altura, no número de perfilhos, nos teores de clorofila a e b, no acúmulo de matéria seca e na área foliar das plantas de capim-marmelada. Já, a adubação fosfatada incrementou a altura, o número de perfilhos, o acúmulo de matéria seca e a área foliar das plantas de capim-marmelada.

Calagem e o potencial de lixiviação de imazaquin em colunas de solo

Com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial de lixiviação do herbicida imazaquin em colunas de solo, após a aplicação de diferentes níveis de calagem em amostras de Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico (LV) (arenoso) e Latossolo Roxo Distroférrico (LR) (argiloso), foram conduzidos dois ensaios em casa de vegetação, no período de março a dezembro de 1999. Os ensaios consistiram da aplicação de imazaquin (150 g ha-1) no topo das colunas, cujos solos, após receberem os diferentes níveis de calagem, apresentavam diferentes valores de pH. A seguir, simulou-se uma chuva de 30 mm (LV) ou 90 mm (LR) no topo das colunas. Três dias após, foram instalados bioensaios com pepino (LV), lentilha e sorgo (LR), distribuindo-se as sementes em sulco ao longo das colunas, para avaliar a lixiviação do imazaquin. Os resultados evidenciaram que o incremento no nível de calagem proporcionou significativo aumento do potencial de lixiviação de imazaquin nas colunas de ambos os solos. Constatou-se também que o sorgo foi mais sensível que a lentilha como bioindicador da atividade de imazaquin.

Cyanobacterial toxins in Portugal: effects on aquatic animals and risk for human health

Toxic cyanobacteria are common in Portuguese freshwaters and the most common toxins are microcystins. The occurrence of microcystin-LR (MCYST-LR) has been reported since 1990 and a significant number of water reservoirs that are used for drinking water attain high levels of this toxin. Aquatic animals that live in eutrophic freshwater ecosystems may be killed by microcystins but in many cases the toxicity is sublethal and so the animals can survive long enough to accumulate the toxins and transfer them along the food chain. Among these, edible mollusks, fish and crayfish are especially important because they are harvested and sold for human consumption. Mussels that live in estuarine waters and rivers where toxic blooms occur may accumulate toxins without many significant acute toxic effects. In this study data are presented in order to understand the dynamics of the accumulation and depuration of MCYST-LR in mussels. The toxin is readily accumulated and persists in the shellfish for several days after contact. In the crayfish the toxin is accumulated mainly in the gut but is also cleared very slowly. In carps, although the levels of the toxins found in naturally caught specimens were not very high, some toxin was found in the muscle and not only in the viscera. This raises the problem of the toxin accumulation by fish and possible transfer through the food chain. The data gathered from these experiments and from naturally caught specimens are analyzed in terms of risk for human consumption. The occurrence of microcystins in tap water and the incidence of toxic cyanobacteria in fresh water beaches in Portugal are reported. The Portuguese National Monitoring Program of cyanobacteria is mentioned and its implications are discussed.