Traité de l'opinion, ou, Memoires pour servir à l'histoire de l'esprit humain.

Mode of access: Internet.

La cathédrale de Chartres et ses maîtres-de-l'oeuvre.

Extracted from v. 6 of the Mémoires of the Société archéologique d'Eure-et-Loire?

Cognitive Approach to e-Learning in Sciences and Technologies

This article describes the approach adopted and the results obtained by the international team developing WBLST (Web Based Learning in Sciences and Technologies) a Web-based application for e-learning, developed for the students of “UVPL: Université Virtuelle des Pays de la Loire”. The developed e-learning system covers three levels of learning activities - content, exercises, and laboratory. The delivery model is designed to operate with domain concepts as relevant providers of semantic links. The aim is to facilitate the overview and to help the establishment of a mental map of the learning material. The implemented system is strongly based on the organization of the instruction in virtual classes. The obtained quality of the system is evaluated on the bases of feedback form students and professors.

Fossil associations from the middle and upper Eocene strata of the Pamplona Basin and surrounding areas (Navarre, western Pyrenees)

Fossil associations from the middle and upper Eocene (Bartonian and Priabonian) sedimentary succession of the Pamplona Basin are described. This succession was accumulated in the western part of the South Pyrenean peripheral foreland basin and extends from deep-marine turbiditic (Ezkaba Sandstone Formation) to deltaic (Pamplona Marl, Ardanatz Sandstone and Ilundain Marl formations) and marginal marine deposits (Gendulain Formation). The micropalaeontological content is high. It is dominated by foraminifera, and common ostracods and other microfossils are also present. The fossil ichnoasssemblages include at least 23 ichnogenera and 28 ichnospecies indicative of Nereites, Cruziana, Glossifungites and ?Scoyenia-Mermia ichnofacies. Body macrofossils of 78 taxa corresponding to macroforaminifera, sponges, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms and vertebrates have been identified. Both the number of ichnotaxa and of species (e. g. bryozoans, molluscs and condrichthyans) may be considerably higher. Body fossil assemblages are comparable to those from the Eocene of the Nord Pyrenean area (Basque Coast), and also to those from the Eocene of the west-central and eastern part of South Pyrenean area (Aragon and Catalonia). At the European scale, the molluscs assemblages seem endemic from the Pyrenean area, although several Tethyan (Italy and Alps) and Northern elements (Paris basin and Normandy) have been recorded. Palaeontological data of studied sedimentary units fit well with the shallowing process that throughout the middle and late Eocene occurs in the area, according to the sedimentological and stratigraphical data.

Les petites pêches côtières et estuariennes Françaises du sud du golfe de Gascogne. Typologie des flottilles et approche socio-économique et commerciale

The European contract PECOSUDE (Small inshore fisheries of the south of Europe) accepted in 2000 for 2 years concerns French, Spanish and Portuguese partners. The aim is to assess the inshore and estuarine fisheries from Loire estuary to Portugal. Three levels of study are considered : fisheries (data 1999), socioeconomy and marketing (data 1999 or 2000). Exploitation in the 12 miles area for France and on continental shelf for northern Spain and Portugal (within 1000 m depth), as well as the fishing period lower than 96 hours was determined as the definition of this fishery for the study. Socioeconomic analyses are made only on boats smaller than 15 m. The fisheries part analyses the activity of the fishing vessels taking into account gears used, landed species, areas and fishing seasons. Within the 39 harbours of the south Bay of Biscay 1 799 coastal or estuarine vessels with 3 580 fishermen are located. Statics gears are predominant, and more than half of the vessels are polyvalent (using several gears). In 1999, landings were 20 6441 weight for 84 M¿ value. The fishing activity of these boats was also analysed by typology of the fleet, based on fishing gears and/or species landed. These characterisations allowed the application of stratified sampling for the implementation of socioeconomic investigations. The analysis of the information received from the fishermen allow to describe the production factors, to estimate their costs, as well as the turnover, the richness creation and the efficiency of the production means. The capital value of the south Bay of Biscay " ship " is established about 94 k¿, the average turnover amount to 83 k¿ and the average rate of added value to 70%. Products commercialisation vary from component to component, the importance of the sells in auction places depends on the landed species. Some valuable species are directly sold to particular

Impact du terminal méthanier de montoir sur l'ichtyofaune estuarienne - Rapport final 1984 - 1986

De janvier 1984 à mai 1986 des observations ont été réalisées au niveau du système de pompage et de filtration du terminal méthanier de Montoir (Loire-Atlantique) afin d'estimer l'impact de ces installations sur les juvéniles et adultes de poissons estuariens transitant dans le circuit. Il apparaît qu'une adaptation du système de nettoyage des tambours filtrants au calendrier des principales espèces concernées est souhaitable et que les larves et alevins de certaines espèces sensiblec (sprat, éperlan) ne résistent pas à ce traitement.

Analyse des tendances des séries temporelles de la concentration en azote minéral dissous dans les trois principaux estuaires de la façade Manche-Atlantique

Estuaries are areas which, from their structure, their fonctioning, and their localisation, are subject to significant contribution of nutrients. One of the objectif of the RNO, the French network for coastal water quality monitoring, is to assess the levels and trends of nutrient concentrations in estuaries. A linear model was used in order to describe and to explain the total dissolved nitrogen concentration evolution in the three most important estuaries on the Chanel-Atlantic front (Seine, Loire and Gironde). As a first step, the selection of a reliable data set was performed. Then total dissolved nitrogen evolution schemes in estuary environment were graphically studied, and allowed a resonable choice of covariables. The salinity played a major role in explaining nitrogen concentration variability in estuary, and dilution lines were proved to be a useful tool to detect outlying observations and to model the nitrogenlsalinity relation. Increasing trends were detected by the model, with a high magnitude in Seine, intermediate in Loire, and lower in Gironde. The non linear trend estimated in Loire and Seine estuaries could be due to important interannual variations as suggest in graphics. In the objective of the QUADRIGE database valorisation, a discussion on the statistical model, and on the RNO hydrological data sampling strategy, allowed to formulate suggestions towards a better exploitation of nutrient data.

Relations entre apports terrigènes et conchyliculture dans les Pertuis Charentais

This work presents interactions between quantitative and qualitative river freshwater inputs and the shellfish farming (oyster and mussel) in the Pertuis Charentais. The quantity of freshwater (i.e. salinity) seems to have a weak influence on the shellfish farming contrarily to its quality determined by particulate and dissolved matters contained in the water. In autumn and winter, large precipitations have a "globally positive" effect amending the coastal ecosystem. Associated dissolved nutriments and the organic matter largely determine the quality of the coming spring growth for bred shellfish, itself controlling in turn the annual yield efficiencies. However, in winter their effects are postponed because of strong mineral load, low luminosity and temperature, then limiting the primary production. The spring contributions, directly linked to territorial practices, agriculture and tourism are more variable in quantity and quality from one year to another. They often correspond to high-risk inflows since numerous substances from anthropogenic watersheds can be found diluted in the coastal zone as in the Pertuis Charentais. Their impacts on in situ estuarine ecosystems are still poorly known since these substances are mainly studied and estimated in laboratory in controlled conditions. Several studies showed anthropogenic contaminations (i.e. cadmium, pesticides) could have significant direct or indirect effects on shellfish farming. For instance, the "summer" mortalities between 1990 and 2000 in the South of the Marennes-Oléron bay (MOB), that induced environmental and physiological oyster disorders, could be linked to pesticide effects, measured during consecutive years on the oyster bed of Ronce Perquis in the South of the MOB. The weak results from the spring larval rearing of the IFREMER experimental hatchery in the South of the bay, and chromosomal abnormalities measured on the stocks of wild oysters of the Pertuis could confirm a high-risk spring environment for the shellfish farming. In summer terrestrial inputs are reduced by low precipitations, anthropogenic water removals (drinking water, irrigation) and by plant evapotranspiration. Consequently certain years, a significant salinity increase in water masses of the Pertuis Charentais is observed. However, based on long-term observations, the significant interannual variability noticed in freshwater contributions constitutes one of the most important facts of these last years. When contributions are weak (i.e. 1991 and 2011), the mean annual salinity is 34.5 in the MOB. To the contrary, other years (i.e. 1977, 1981, 1983 and 1988), the mean salinity reduced to 30.5 shows the significant freshwater contributions to the bay. Elsewhere, particularly in the mediterranean region, oyster breeding water conditions characterized by high salinity values show the freshwater does not seem to be necessary for biological functions of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Indeed, the oyster embryonic life in particular is well adapted to high salinity values as long as trophic resources are substantial and temperatures remain high. These two factors firstly condition the embryonic survival before the water salinity. Besides, in the Pertuis Charentais, wind conditions and the geographical bloodstock position rather determine the success of the larvae capture than seawater physic-chemical conditions. Finally, a misunderstanding still remains on summer freshwater contributions to the oyster larvae food supply.

Réseau national d’observation de la moule bleue Mytilus edulis, MYTILOBS / Campagne 2015

Le réseau national Mytilobs est implanté dans les principales régions mytilicoles du littoral atlantique : Normandie, Bretagne Nord, Bretagne Sud, Pays de Loire et Poitou-Charentes. Les sites d’Agon (Ouest Cotentin), du Vivier (baie du Mont Saint-Michel), de Pont Mahé (baie de Vilaine), de l’Aiguillon et des Roulières (pertuis Breton), d’Yves et de Boyard (pertuis d’Antioche) représentent l'élevage sur bouchot du Nord au Sud. Le site Filière (pertuis Breton) représente l’élevage sur corde, en pleine eau. La mise à l’eau des cheptels sur l’ensemble des sites du réseau, en septembre 2014, s’est faite à partir d’un même lot de moules calibrées (25,54 +/- 0,7mm), captées sur corde dans la baie d’Yves. Les prélèvements trimestriels de la campagne 2015 (septembre 2014 - décembre 2015) sont renforcés par un suivi mensuel entre octobre et juillet. Les mesures de biométrie et les comptages de mortalité sont effectués à chaque sortie. Les points Roulières et Boyard renforcent l’expertise du « phénomène mortalité » apparu en 2014. Des prélèvements histologiques (n=1300) et en cryologie (n=1200) ont renforcé un travail de collaboration établi avec le projet Morbleu. La campagne Mytilobs 2015 est marquée par la forte croissance en longueur des moules durant l’automne 2014. Par contre, la croissance des moules sur Filière est exceptionnellement faible au cours des printemps et automne 2015 avec respectivement -60% et -53% (références réseau REMOULA 2000-2010). Ces faibles performances sur Filière peuvent être reliées aux deux pics de mortalité des printemps et automne 2015 sur ce site. L’évolution du poids sec au travers l’indice scientifique de Walne et Mann révèle une ponte importante sur le site Filière en juin 2015, mais également sur Pont Mahé et le Vivier. Les indices de qualité requis pour la commercialisation des moules sont atteints en juin (STG) dans les principales régions de France suivi par Mytilobs et en juillet sur le Vivier (Label Rouge baie du Mont Saint Michel). Le suivi environnemental indique que les apports des fleuves n’ont pas le caractère exceptionnel de l’hiver 2014, mais la salinité confirme la typologie des sites : euryhalins (Baie de Vilaine, pertuis charentais) et océaniques (Agon et Vivier). En fin d’hiver, la température enregistre un retard de 3 semaines pour atteindre 10°C, température référence au-dessous de laquelle les mortalités (2014 et 2015) ne sont pas apparues. Comme au cours de la campagne Mytilobs 2014, deux familles d’algues phytoplanctoniques : les Diatomophyceae et les Dinophyceae représentent près de 99% de l’effectif dénombré. Parmi les 5 saisons étudiées, les automnes 2014 et 2015 sont les périodes de l’année où les concentrations algales disponibles sont environ 10 fois plus faibles que durant les autres périodes. Un référentiel sur les mortalités de la moule bleue a été établi à partir des données de mortalité du réseau REMOULA (2000-2010). Entre 0% et 22%, les mortalités sont classées comme « habituelles » ; entre 22% et 34% elles deviennent « inhabituelles » ; supérieures à 34%, elles sont dites « exceptionnelles ». Seules les mortalités de moules sur les sites Filière (51%) et Roulières (38%) du pertuis Breton sont classées comme « exceptionnelles » en 2015. En 2014 les mortalités de la plupart des sites mytilicoles des pertuis charentais étaient « exceptionnelles ». Les mortalités sont « inhabituelles » sur les sites de Boyard (23%) et d’Aiguillon (22%) et « habituelles » sur Agon (corrigé de la prédation par les perceurs) (20%), Pont Mahé (18%), Yves (14%), Le Vivier (9%). En 2015, des analyses histologiques ont été réalisées entre février et juillet pour : l’étude de maturation sexuelle, la recherche de parasites et l’identification de granulomes inflammatoires sur des sites contrastés en mortalités (Filière, Roulières, Yves, Pont Mahé et Vivier). Outre l’absence de Marteilia refringens, la présence de Mytilicola intestinalis est confirmée sur tous les sites notamment Yves (50%) et Le Vivier (70%). L’étude des stades de maturation des moules sur les différents sites du réseau montre que la maturation sexuelle a bien lieu entre mars et juin 2015. En 2015 les mortalités les plus fortes apparaissent sur Filière et Roulières en avril et en mai alors que les moules sont en gamétogénèse active, avant la période de ponte principale. Une observation centrée sur la période février-juillet a mis en évidence la présence de granulomes inflammatoires. Dans le cas des pertuis charentais (Filière et Roulières) cette présence concorde avec le phénomène de mortalités « exceptionnelles » de moules pour lequel des bactéries pathogènes du groupe Splendidus semblent bien impliquées.

Prevalence of thoracic spine pain in a surveillance network

International audience

Evolution of psychosocial factors at work in a French region

International audience

Baran: an interaction-centred user monitoring framework

User Quality of Experience (QoE) is a subjective entity and difficult to measure. One important aspect of it, User Experience (UX), corresponds to the sensory and emotional state of a user. For a user interacting through a User Interface (UI), precise information on how they are using the UI can contribute to understanding their UX, and thereby understanding their QoE. As well as a user’s use of the UI such as clicking, scrolling, touching, or selecting, other real-time digital information about the user such as from smart phone sensors (e.g. accelerometer, light level) and physiological sensors (e.g. heart rate, ECG, EEG) could contribute to understanding UX. Baran is a framework that is designed to capture, record, manage and analyse the User Digital Imprint (UDI) which, is the data structure containing all user context information. Baran simplifies the process of collecting experimental information in Human and Computer Interaction (HCI) studies, by recording comprehensive real-time data for any UI experiment, and making the data available as a standard UDI data structure. This paper presents an overview of the Baran framework, and provides an example of its use to record user interaction and perform some basic analysis of the interaction.