The Discursive Construction of Japanese Identity and its Haunting Others

This dissertation examined the formation of Japanese identity politics after World War II. Since World War II, Japan has had to deal with a contradictory image of its national self. On the one hand, as a nation responsible for colonizing fellow Asian countries in the 1930s and 1940s, Japan has struggled with an image/identity as a regional aggressor. On the other hand, having faced the harsh realities of defeat after the war, Japan has seen itself depicted as a victim. By employing the technique of discourse analysis as a way to study identity formation through official foreign policy documents and news media narratives, this study reconceptualized Japanese foreign policy as a set of discursive practices that attempt to produce renewed images of Japan’s national self. The dissertation employed case studies to analyze two key sites of Japanese postwar identity formation: (1) the case of Okinawa, an island/territory integral to postwar relations between Japan and the United States and marked by a series of US military rapes of native Okinawan girls; and (2) the case of comfort women in Japan and East Asia, which has led to Japan being blamed for its wartime sexual enslavement of Asian women. These case studies found that it was through coping with the haunting ghost of its wartime past that Japan sought to produce “postwar Japan” as an identity distinct from “wartime imperial Japan” or from “defeated, emasculated Japan” and, thus, hoped to emerge as a “reborn” moral and pacifist nation. The research showed that Japan struggled to invent a new self in a way that mobilized gendered dichotomies and, furthermore, created “others” who were not just spatially located (the United States, Asian neighboring nations) but also temporally marked (“old Japan”). The dissertation concluded that Japanese foreign policy is an ongoing struggle to define the Japanese national self vis-à-vis both spatial and historical “others,” and that, consequently, postwar Japan has always been haunted by its past self, no matter how much Japan’s foreign policy discourses were trying to make this past self into a distant or forgotten other.

Rational choice, social identity, and beliefs about oneself

Social identity poses one of the most important challenges to rational choice theory, but rational choice theorists do not hold a common position regarding identity. On one hand, externalist rational choice ignores the concept of identity or reduces it to revealed preferences. On the other hand, internalist rational choice considers identity as a key concept in explaining social action because it permits expressive motivations to be included in the models. However, internalist theorists tend to reduce identity to desire—the desire of a person to express his or her social being. From an internalist point of view, that is, from a viewpoint in which not only desires but also beliefs play a key role in social explanations as mental entities, this article rejects externalist reductionism and proposes a redefinition of social identity as a net of beliefs about oneself, beliefs that are indexical, robust, and socially shaped.

Chicano identity and discourses of supplementarity on Mexican cinema: from ‘The Man Without a Fatherland’ (Contreras Torres: 1922) to ‘Under the Same Moon’ (Riggen: 2008)

A radical change took place in Mexican narratives of belonging during the 1990s, when NAFTA was first negotiated. Narratives of migration drastically changed the status of Mexican migrants to the US, formerly derided as ‘pochos’, presenting them as model citizens instead. Following Derrida, I argue the role of the migrant became that of a supplement, which is, discursively, at the same time external to and part of a given unit, standing for and allowing deeper transformations to take place in the whole discourse of bilateral relations and national identity more generally. I use Derrida’s concept of the supplement to discuss changing representations of Chicanos in Mexican cinema, and to assess the extent that they have succeeded in reframing the discourse on national identity, with a focus on gender.

“Love American Style”: Race, Cuban identity and cultural tyranny in Showtime’s Dexter

This article focuses on representation of Cubans in the television series Dexter, paying particular attention to episode 1.5, ―Love American Style‖ with some brief references to other episodes. Assimilation, the American Dream, nationalism and crisis of identity are among the themes and issues that this article investigates. Border theory provides the dominant theoretical framework of the article.

Urban Identity and tourism:different looks, one single place

‘Urban identity’ is high on the policy agenda and pervades the discourse of the planning community on the value of historical city centres. Unfortunately, there seems to be, until today, no proposal in scholarly literature of any unified conceptual framework or any tools to make identity operational. ‘Tourism’ takes advantage of this process, by seeking the qualities of the place, its authenticity and its perceived uniqueness that is grounded on the physical features as well as on the presence of local communities – their way of living and investing in the place. The interdependence between identity as perceived by tourists (external observer) and the identity of the residents rooted in the relationship with the place (in-group) are key to addressing the identity of historic urban areas. These issues are addressed in the context of the growing attractiveness of Lisbon, Portugal, using a historic neighbourhood as a case study. The findings, which are on a set of interviews with different groups of users, showed the points of convergence and divergence between the different groups’ views of the neighbourhood’s identity. This actor-oriented approach is pivotal to understanding the process and to produce knowledge for informed action.

Individuals in the Workplatform. Exploring Implications for Work Identity and Algorithmic Reputation Management

In the new world of work, workers not only change jobs more frequently, but also perform independent work on online labor markets. As they accomplish smaller and shorter jobs at the boundaries of organizations, employment relationships become unstable and career trajectories less linear. These new working conditions question the validity of existing management theories and call for more studies explaining gig workers’ behavior. Aim of this dissertation is contributing to this emerging body of knowledge by (I) exploring how gig workers shape their work identity on online platforms, and (II) investigating how algorithmic reputation changes dynamics of quality signaling and affects gig workers’ behavior. Chapter 1 introduces the debate on gig work, detailing why existing theories and definitions cannot be applied to this emergent workforce. Chapter 2 provides a systematic review of studies on individual work in online labor markets and identifies areas for future research. Chapter 3 describes the exploratory, qualitative methodology applied to collect and analyze data. Chapter 4 presents the first empirical paper investigating how the process of work identity construction unfolds for gig workers. It explores how digital platforms, intended both as providers of technological features and online environments, affect this process. Findings reveal the online environment constrains the action of workers who are pushed to take advantage of platform’s technological features to succeed. This interplay leads workers to develop an entrepreneurial orientation. Drawing on signaling theory, Chapter 5 understands how gig workers interpret algorithmic calculated reputation and with what consequences for their experience. Results show that, after complying to platform’s rules in the first period, freelancers respond to algorithmic management through different strategies – i.e. manipulation, nurturing relationships, and living with it. Although reputation scores standardize information on freelancers’ quality, and, apparently, freelancers’ work, this study shows instead responses to algorithmic control can be diverse.

Movimientos sociales, territorio e identidad : El movimiento de Madres y Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo aportar desde el campo de la Geografía al estudio sobre los movimientos sociales o socioterritoriales. En este sentido, más específicamente, nos interesa reflexionar sobre la importancia que adquiere el territorio en el desarrollo del Movimiento de Madres y Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo considerándolo como un movimiento socioterritorial que produce espacialidad. Es decir, interesa cómo su lucha a través del tiempo y, principalmente, mediante la apropiación de un lugar simbólico como es la Plaza de Mayo, tan significativa en la historia de la sociedad argentina, se interrelaciona con la construcción de su identidad como movimiento y, asimismo, cómo su institucionalización social en el espacio contribuye en la construcción de la identidad argentina

Movimientos sociales, territorio e identidad : El movimiento de Madres y Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo aportar desde el campo de la Geografía al estudio sobre los movimientos sociales o socioterritoriales. En este sentido, más específicamente, nos interesa reflexionar sobre la importancia que adquiere el territorio en el desarrollo del Movimiento de Madres y Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo considerándolo como un movimiento socioterritorial que produce espacialidad. Es decir, interesa cómo su lucha a través del tiempo y, principalmente, mediante la apropiación de un lugar simbólico como es la Plaza de Mayo, tan significativa en la historia de la sociedad argentina, se interrelaciona con la construcción de su identidad como movimiento y, asimismo, cómo su institucionalización social en el espacio contribuye en la construcción de la identidad argentina

Movimientos sociales, territorio e identidad : El movimiento de Madres y Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo aportar desde el campo de la Geografía al estudio sobre los movimientos sociales o socioterritoriales. En este sentido, más específicamente, nos interesa reflexionar sobre la importancia que adquiere el territorio en el desarrollo del Movimiento de Madres y Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo considerándolo como un movimiento socioterritorial que produce espacialidad. Es decir, interesa cómo su lucha a través del tiempo y, principalmente, mediante la apropiación de un lugar simbólico como es la Plaza de Mayo, tan significativa en la historia de la sociedad argentina, se interrelaciona con la construcción de su identidad como movimiento y, asimismo, cómo su institucionalización social en el espacio contribuye en la construcción de la identidad argentina

Literature, translation and national identity: Christina Rossetti and Rosalía de Castro in the work of Plácido Castro

Plácido Castro‘s work has aroused our interest, because it evolves around the question of Galician personality and identity. While working as a journalist and a translator or while writing essays on different literary issues, Plácido Castro has never forgotten his roots or his nation. One could even say that his whole life turns around Galicia. Our purpose is to make a critical analysis of his work, especially as a translator, and try to show how he used translation in order to develop national conscience and identity and to see how far his ideology interfered in the interpretation and translation of Rossetti‘s poetry, in which he found a great similarity with Rosalìa de Castro‘s work.

Identity dynamics in non-profit organizations: Ideological and methodological identity orientations

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

School health promotion and teacher professional identity

PURPOSE – Health and education are inextricably linked. Health promotion sits somewhat uncomfortably within schools, often remaining a marginal aspect of teachers’ work. The purpose of this paper is to examine the compatibility of an HP-initiative with teacher professional identity. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH – A qualitative research design was adopted consisting of semi-structured interviews. In total, 49 teachers in two school districts in the Auvergne region in central France were interviewed in depth post having completed three years’ involvement in a health promoting schools initiative called “Learning to Live Better Together” (“Apprendre a Mieux Vivre Ensemble”). FINDINGS – Teachers in the study had a broad conceptualisation of their role in health promotion. In keeping with international trends, there was more success at classroom than at whole school level. While generally teachers can be reluctant to engage with health promotion, the teachers in this study identified having little difficulty in understanding their professional identity as health promoters and identified strong compatibility with the HP-initiative. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS – Teachers generally viewed professional development in health promotion in a positive light when its underlying values were commensurate with their own and when the context was seen as compatible with the school mission. The promotion of health in schools needs to be sensitive to professional identity and be tailored specifically to blend more successfully with current teacher identity and practice. ORIGINALITY/VALUE – The promotion of health in schools needs to be sensitive to professional identity and be tailored specifically to blend more successfully with current teacher identity and practice.

Identidad nacional, lengua y escuela = National identity, language and school

La globalización cuestiona la existencia de una relación mimética entre ciudadanía y Estado-nación. Las identidades homogéneas, sustentadas ideológicamente en nociones como «lengua nacional», plantean problemas en sociedades en las que ha crecido espectacularmente la diversidad lingüística e identitaria. Cataluña es un territorio en el que una parte de la población afirma una identidad catalana distinta a la española y viceversa. Además, se ha teorizado que la identidad catalana y la lengua catalana coexisten mutuamente. Por eso, se suceden voces que defienden la presencia del catalán en la educación escolar como fuente de la identidad nacional catalana, mientras que otras voces defienden su presencia simplemente como una buena manera de aprender el catalán cuando no se puede aprender en el medio social y familiar. En los últimos años, Cataluña ha recibido casi un millón de personas extranjeras que han modificado notablemente su situación sociolingüística. Las últimas encuestas manifiestan que un 6,3% de la población utiliza habitualmente una lengua distinta del catalán y del castellano. En este marco, mostramos las construcciones identitarias de un grupo de adolescentes de origen extranjero que están en el segundo ciclo de la ESO. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante dos grupos de discusión de seis-siete estudiantes de distinto origen, lengua propia y tiempo de residencia en Cataluña. Los resultados muestran la importancia del lugar de origen en la construcción de la identidad. Además, los participantes que afirman sentimientos catalanes o españoles no los relacionan con la lengua sino con los intercambios sociales que han establecido con sus iguales de origen naciona. Las intervenciones muestran también las dificultades para promover identidades múltiples desde el contexto escolar que eviten actitudes racistas y xenófobas y sirvan para promover proyectos colectivos de futuro en los que se pueda vivir desde una cierta diferencia

Planning and Implementing a New Corporate Identity in a Global Service Company, Case: TNT International Express

Tutkielman tavoitteena on tarkastella uuden yritysidentiteetin suunnittelua ja käyttöönottoa maailmanlaajuisessa palveluyrityksessä. Tutkielma jakaantuu teoreettiseen ja empiiriseen osaan. Teoreettisessa osassa käsitellään yritysidentiteetin käsitettä sekä tarkastellaan uuden yritysidenteetin suunnittelua ja käyttöönottoa. Teoriaa tarkastellaan keskeisten kirjallisten lähteiden perusteella, jotka käsittelevät markkinoinnin johtamista, palveluyritystä, yritysidentiteettiä, imagoa ja brändiä. Empiirinen tarkastelu pohjautuu yritysesimerkkiin. Yritysesimerkkinä on maailmanlaajuinen palveluyritys, ja sen uuden yritysidentiteetin suunnittelu- ja lanseeraustoimenpiteet. Empiirinen aineisto perustuu markkinointipäälliköiden haastatteluihin Australiassa ja Suomessa sekä yrityksen sisäiseen suunnittelu- ja lanseerausmateriaaliin. Tutkielmassa tulee esille yritysidentiteettikäsitteen monimuotoisuus. Yritysidentiteetin rakentaminen lähtee visiosta, missiosta ja yrityksen tavoitteista, jotka pitää olla selkeät ja johdonmukaiset. Yritysidentiteetti käsittää visuaalisen ilmeen lisäksi kaikki ne prosessit, joissa ollaan tekemisissä sidosryhmien kanssa. Yritysidentiteetin rakentaminen ja ylläpitäminen vaatii, että jokainen liiketoimintafunktio ymmärtää yritysidenteetin sisällön ja toimii sen mukaisesti kaikissa tilanteissa. Yrityksen on viestittävä henkilöstölle ja ulkoisille sidosryhmilleen, miksi se on olemassa. Henkilöstön tulee ymmärtää yrityksen tapa toimia, jotta he pystyvät vastaamaan yrityksen asettamiin haasteisiin kohdatessaan asiakkaan. Uuden yritysidentiteetin suunnitteluun on panostettava. Onnistumisen edellytykseksi osoittautui, että suunnitellaan tarkasti toimenpiteet ennen käyttöönottoa, käyttöönoton aikana sekä käyttöönoton jälkeen.

Creating and Internalizing Corporate Brand Identity, Case Wärtsilä

Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli paremmin ymmärtää yritysbrandin identiteetin käsitettä sekä tutkia, miten brandi-identiteetti voidaan luoda ja sisäistää globaalissa konsernissa. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli myös selvittää mahdollisia eroavuuksia case-yritys Wärtsilän todellisen ja toivotun brandi-identiteetin välillä. Kattavan kirjallisuuskatsauksen avulla tarkasteltiin yritysbrandin käsitettä ja sen merkitystä liiketoiminnassa sekä sitä, minkälaisen prosessin avulla yritysbrandi voidaan rakentaa. Myös brandi-identiteetin sisäistämiskeinoja pyrittiin löytämään kirjallisuuskatsauksen avulla. Wärtsilän toivottua brandi-identiteettiä tutkittiin teemahaastattelujen avulla. Henkilöstön mielikuvia eli todellista sisäistä brandi-identiteettiä selvitettiin kvantitatiivisella kyselytutkimuksella. Tutkimus osoitti, että yritysbrandin identiteetti on käsitteenä monitahoinen ja että sillä on yhtymäkohtia useisiin rinnakkaisiin käsitteisiin, kuten yrityksen identiteettiin, uskottavuuteen, maineeseen, liiketoimintastrategiaan, visioon ja missioon. Tämä tutkimus esittääkin, että yritysbrandin identiteetin käsittelyn tulisi aina olla kokonaisvaltaista, jotta saavutettaisiin jotakin rakentavaa ja arvokasta. Tutkimuksessa todetaan myös, että yritysbrandin rooli tulee tulevaisuudessa kasvamaan, koska kestävän kilpailuedun saavuttaminen tulee entistä vaikeammaksi. Tutkimus tähdentää myös henkilöstön roolin merkitystä yritysbrandin kehittämisessä. Tämän tutkimuksen mukaan yritysbrandin identiteetti voidaan luoda portaittaisen mallin avulla: Ensin tehdään strategiset brandianalyysit, määritellään toivotut mielikuvat ja positiointi, toisin sanoen brandin olemus, ja lopuksi nämä kaikki yhdistetään brandilupaukseksi. Yrityksen henkilöstön tulee sisäistää brandilupaus, jotta sen viestiminen ulospäin olisi mahdollisimman yhdenmukaista. Sisäistämistä voidaan edesauttaa mm. luomalla brandikirja, video, yritystarina, roolimalleja, käyttämällä yrityksen Intranettiä sekä pitämällä seminaareja ja ”workshopeja”. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että luomisprosessiin vaikuttavat monenlaiset tekijät, kuten muuttuva globaali liiketoimintaympäristö, organisatoriset asiat sekä moninaiset sidosryhmät.