El área de Matemáticas y su didáctica en las Escuelas Universitarias de Formación del Profesorado de EGB.

Estudiar el área de Matemáticas y su didáctica en las Escuelas Universitarias de Formación del Profesorado de EGB referido esencialmente al profesorado de las mismas, planes de estudio y recursos materiales. 18 seminarios de Matemáticas y su didáctica de 13 Escuelas Universitarias de Formación del Profesorado de EGB estatales (Albacete, Ávila, Bilbao, Cáceres, Cuenca, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, La Coruña, La Laguna, Madrid -Pablo Montesinos-, Murcia, Palencia, Salamanca, Soria, Valladolid, Tarragona y Zamora). El número de profesores que engloban es de 82. Se ofrece un informe objetivo del área de Matemáticas y su didáctica, este informe esta dividido en varios capítulos: En el capítulo II se estudian las distintas denominaciones de esta materia. El capítulo III está dedicado al profesorado. Se realiza un análisis exhaustivo de las formas de acceso a la docencia según las diferentes leyes de educación desde 1945 y se estudia la situación actual en el marco de la Ley de Reforma Universitaria (1983); asimismo se describe la actividad investigadora, congresos y reuniones más significativas a las que ha asistido el profesorado en los últimos años y sus opiniones acerca de cómo instrumentar la formacion psicopedagógica inicial y específica en Didáctica de la Matemática de los candidatos a profesores de Escuela Universitaria en esta materia. Los planes de estudios ocupan el capitulo IV; allí se describen los planes de estudio de 1950 y 1967 en lo que se refiere a Matemáticas y se presenta el plan de 1971 tal y como se desarrolla en las distintas escuelas, además de los contenidos se incluyen datos sobre la metodología didáctica, sistemas de evaluación, prácticas de enseñanza y coordinación con otros seminarios, Selectividad en las escuelas, etc. Y el capítulo V trata de los recursos materiales con que cuentan los seminarios de Matemáticas de las escuelas. Leyes, Órdenes Ministeriales, documentos del MEC. Porcentajes. La situación actual del profesorado de Matemáticas es la siguiente: el número de profesores que ha ejercido docencia en EGB es del 66,6 por ciento; la relacion de congresos, reuniones, etc. a las que han asistido en los últimos 3 años es del 38 por ciento; en cuanto a publicaciones, el 50 por ciento ha realizado alguna. Otros aspetos son: la preparación psicopedagógica inicial, donde el 83,5 por ciento del profesorado opina que es necesaria y debe por lo tanto institucionalizarse y la preparación específica inicial, donde el 94,5 por ciento debe instrumentarse en Didáctica de la Matemática, para el acceso a la docencia a este nivel. Los profesores creen que es necesaria una reforma global del actual plan de estudio. Las directrices que señalan tienden a un plan de estudios más profesionalizado, con mayor peso de la Didáctica de las Matemáticas, haciéndolo extensivo al resto de las especialidades, conexión de los contenidos científicos con la didáctica, introducción generalizada de la Informática y de la Estadística aplicadas a la educación, y el cambio en las prácticas de enseñanza. Denuncian también la falta de recursos materiales sin los cuales es difícil llevar a cabo la labor. Y para la constitución de los Departamentos debe darse autonomía a las escuelas.

La fiesta de la Historia : experiencias relacionadas con la did??ctica de la historia y patrimonio

El art??culo forma parte de una secci??n dedicada a experiencias

Celia Viñas : personalidad y actividad pedagógica-cultural en Almería (1943-54).

Realizar un estudio de investigación sobre Celia Viñas desde el punto de vista pedagógico, para comprobar si realizó o no un acto de renovación pedagógica frente a la pedagogía tradicional del momento. El objeto de estudio es puntualizar el modelo educativo de Celia Viñas en base al planteamiento sociocultural de la época y valorar las actividades educativas y su contribución a la Historia de la Educación en Almeria. Exposición con un orden cronológico desde la visión histórico cultural de esos años en España y Almería hasta llegar a las actividades educativas de Celia Viñas. Fuentes primarias manuscritas; consulta de libros escritos por Celia Viñas; libros, publicaciones y entrevistas sobre Celia Viñas; cartas personales; consulta de archivos y bibliografía general. Valoración, selección y relación de los datos para un análisis teórico del tema. Celia Viñas dio un nuevo contenido a la enseñanza; realiza una actitud de renovación pedagógica potenciando la significación, el valor, la dignidad, el respeto y el desarrollo de la personalidad del alumno. Implanta una nueva dinámica metodológica utilizando procedimientos, criterios y recursos inusuales en la época. Propaga una relación de afecto y camaradería entre profesor y alumno. Proyecta la actividad cultural fuera de las clases mediante cursillos, conferencias, etc.. El estudio comprueba la existencia e influencia de la línea pedagógica de Celia Viñas en el medio sociocultural de Almería.

La formación del educador ambiental : análisis histórico y diseño pedagógico.

Destacar el papel que juega la Educación en la solución de la crisis ambiental. Analizar históricamente qué se ha venido haciendo en este sentido, tanto en España como en América Latina, y de igual modo, en el campo de la formación del profesor en esta temática. Proponer un diseño pedagógico de Formación de Educadores Ambientales. Se parte de la hipótesis de que las actividades de formación del profesorado para la Educación en favor del Medio Ambiente, son escasas. Materias de Educación Ambiental o similares en los programas de Formación de Profesores. Otros programas y-o actividades de formación. Estudio que realiza un análisis de planes de estudio y revisión bibliográfica y de fuentes documentales primarias (actas de congresos, encuentros, etc.). Recogida de información de los planes de estudio publicados en el Boletín Oficial del Estado. Petición de programas de Educación Ambiental o materias afines al profesorado de Escuelas Universitarias de Magisterio y de Facultades de Educación. Las principales actividades de Educación Ambiental se han venido desarrollando (y ello a partir de las década de los setenta) en el campo de la Educación no Formal. Es importante incluir la Educación Ambiental en las escuelas, para ello el profesor debe estar formado y hasta el momento la formación que se proporciona es insuficiente. Hay que incluir más asignaturas de Educación Ambiental en los Planes de estudio destinados a maestros para la Educación Infantil, Primaria y también en la licenciatura de Ciencias Ambientales, para los profesores de Secundaria, así como en el tercer ciclo. La sociedad del próximo milenio, amenazada por una cada vez más grave crisis ambiental, necesita del apoyo de la Educación. Es preciso formar, adecuadamente, educadores ambientales.

Hypo- and hyperthyroidism affect NEI concentration in discrete brain areas of adult male rats

To date, there has been only one in vitro study of the relationship between neuropeptide EI (NEI) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. To investigate the possible relationship between NEI and the HPT axis, we developed a rat model of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism that allows us to determine whether NEI content is altered in selected brain areas after treatment, as well as whether such alterations are related to the time of day. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, induced in male rats, with 6-propyl-1-thiouracil and L-thyroxine, respectively, were confirmed by determination of triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, and thyrotropin levels. All groups were studied at the morning and the afternoon. In rats with hypothyroidism, NEI concentration, evaluated on postinduction days 7 and 24, was unchanged or slightly elevated on day 7 but was decreased on day 24. In rats with hyperthyroidism, NEI content, which was evaluated after 4 days of L-thyroxine administration, was slightly elevated, principally in the preoptic area in the morning and in the median eminence-arcuate nucleus and pineal gland in the afternoon, the morning and afternoon NEI contents being similar in the controls. These results provide the bases to pursue the study of the interaction between NEI and the HPT axis. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Crystallographic Structure of Phosphofructokinase-2 from Escherichia coli in Complex with Two ATP Molecules. Implications for Substrate Inhibition

Phosphofructokinase-1 and -2 (Pfk-1 and Pfk-2, respectively) from Escherichia coli belong to different homologous superfamilies. However, in spite of the lack of a common ancestor, they share the ability to catalyze the same reaction and are inhibited by the substrate MgATP. Pfk-2, an ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase member of the ribokinase-like superfamily, is a homodimer of 66 kDa subunits whose oligomerization state is necessary for catalysis and stability. The presence of MgATP favors the tetrameric form of the enzyme. In this work, we describe the structure of Pfk-2 in its inhibited tetrameric form, with each subunit bound to two ATP molecules and two Mg ions. The present structure indicates that substrate inhibition occurs due to the sequential binding of two MgATP molecules per subunit, the first at the usual site occupied by the nucleotide in homologous enzymes and the second at the allosteric site, making a number of direct and Mg-mediated interactions with the first. Two configurations are observed for the second MgATP, one of which involves interactions with Tyr23 from the adjacent subunit in the dimer and the other making an unusual non-Watson-Crick base pairing with the adenine in the substrate ATP. The oligomeric state observed in the crystal is tetrameric, and some of the structural elements involved in the binding of the Substrate and allosteric ATPs are also participating in the dimer-dimer interface. This structure also provides the grounds to compare analogous features of the nonhomologous phosphofructokinases from E. coli. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Thermodynamic characterization of the palm tree Roystonea regia peroxidase stability

The structural stability of a peroxidase, a dimeric protein from royal palm tree (Roystonea regia) leaves, has been characterized by high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry, circular dichroism, steady-state tryptophan fluorescence and analytical ultracentifugation under different solvent conditions. It is shown that the thermal and chemical (using guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl)) folding/unfolding of royal palm tree peroxidase (RPTP) at pH 7 is a reversible process involving a highly cooperative transition between the folded dimer and unfolded monomers, with a free stabilization energy of about 23 kcal per mol of monomer at 25 degrees C. The structural stability of RPTP is pH-dependent. At pH 3, where ion pairs have disappeared due to protonation, the thermally induced denaturation of RPTP is irreversible and strongly dependent upon the scan rate, suggesting that this process is under kinetic control. Moreover, thermally induced transitions at this pH value are dependent on the protein concentration, allowing it to be concluded that in solution RPTP behaves as dimer, which undergoes thermal denaturation coupled with dissociation. Analysis of the kinetic parameters of RPTP denaturation at pH 3 was accomplished on the basis of the simple kinetic scheme N ->(k) D, where k is a first-order kinetic constant that changes with temperature, as given by the Arrhenius equation; N is the native state, and D is the denatured state, and thermodynamic information was obtained by extrapolation of the kinetic transition parameters to an infinite heating rate. Obtained in this way, the value of RPTP stability at 25 degrees C is ca. 8 kcal per mole of monomer lower than at pH 7. In all probability, this quantity reflects the contribution of ion pair interactions to the structural stability of RPTP. From a comparison of the stability of RPTP with other plant peroxidases it is proposed that one of the main factors responsible for the unusually high stability of RPTP which enhances its potential use for biotechnological purposes, is its dimerization. (c) 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

The Crystal Complex of Phosphofructokinase-2 of Escherichia coli with Fructose-6-phosphate KINETIC AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE ALLOSTERIC ATP INHIBITION

Substrate inhibition by ATP is a regulatory feature of the phosphofructokinases isoenzymes from Escherichia coli (Pfk-1 and Pfk-2). Under gluconeogenic conditions, the loss of this regulation in Pfk-2 causes substrate cycling of fructose-6-phosphate (fructose-6-P) and futile consumption of ATP delaying growth. In the present work, we have broached the mechanism of ATP-induced inhibition of Pfk-2 from both structural and kinetic perspectives. The crystal structure of Pfk-2 in complex with fructose-6-P is reported to a resolution of 2 angstrom. The comparison of this structure with the previously reported inhibited form of the enzyme suggests a negative interplay between fructose-6-P binding and allosteric binding of MgATP. Initial velocity experiments show a linear increase of the apparent K(0.5) for fructose-6-P and a decrease in the apparent k(cat) as a function of MgATP concentration. These effects occur simultaneously with the induction of a sigmoidal kinetic behavior (n(H) of approximately 2). Differences and resemblances in the patterns of fructose-6-P binding and the mechanism of inhibition are discussed for Pfk-1 and Pfk-2, as an example of evolutionary convergence, because these enzymes do not share a common ancestor.

Synthesis, molecular structure and physicochemical properties of bis(3 `-azido-3 `-deoxythymidin-5 `-yl) carbonate

3`-Azido-3`-deoxythymidine (zidovudine, AZT), a synthetic analog of natural nucleoside thymidine, has been used extensively in AIDS treatments. We report here the synthesis. X-ray crystal and molecular structure, NMR, IR and Raman spectra and the thermal behavior of a novel carbonate of AZT [(AZT-O)(2)C=O], prepared by the reaction of zidovudine with carbonyldiimidazole. The carbonate compound, C(21)H(24)N(10)O(9), crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P4(1)2(1)2 with a = b = 15.284(1), c = 21.695(1) angstrom, and Z = 8 molecules per unit cell. It consists of two AZT moieties of closely related conformations which are bridged by a carbonyl group to adopt a folded Z-like shape. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The basement of the Punta del Este Terrane (Uruguay): an African Mesoproterozoic fragment at the eastern border of the South American Rio de La Plata craton

The Punta del Este Terrane (eastern Uruguay) lies in a complex Neoproterozoic (Brasiliano/Pan-African) orogenic zone considered to contain a suture between South American terranes to the west of Major Gercino-Sierra Ballena Suture Zone and eastern African affinities terranes. Zircon cores from Punta del Este Terrane basement orthogneisses have U-Pb ages of ca. 1,000 Ma, which indicate an lineage with the Namaqua Belt in Southwestern Africa. U-Pb zircon ages also provide the following information on the Punta del Este terrane: the orthogneisses containing the ca. 1,000 Ma inheritance formed at ca. 750 Ma; in contrast to the related terranes now in Africa, reworking of the Punta del Este Terrane during Brasiliano/Pan-African orogenesis was very intense, reaching granulite facies at ca. 640 Ma. The termination of the Brasiliano/Pan-African orogeny is marked by formation of acid volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks at ca. 570 Ma (Sierra de Aguirre Formation), formation of late sedimentary basins (San Carlos Formation) and then intrusion at ca. 535 Ma of post-tectonic granitoids (Santa Teresa and Jos, Ignacio batholiths). The Punta del Este Terrane and unrelated western terranes represented by the Dom Feliciano Belt and the Rio de La Plata Craton were in their present positions by ca. 535 Ma.

Manejo de la investigación agrícola = Agricultural research management

Incluye Bibliografía

Hydroxychloroquine reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal evaluation of the lipid-lowering effect

The influence of antimalarials on lipids in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been identified in several studies but not in many prospective cohorts. The aim of this study was to longitudinally determine the effect of antimalarials on the lipoprotein profile in SLE. Patients and methods: Fasting total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) plasma levels were determined at entry and after 3 months of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment in a longitudinal evaluation of 24 patients with SLE. Results: a significant decrease in TC (198 +/- 33.7 vs. 183 +/- 30.3 mg/dl, p = 0.023) and LDL levels (117 +/- 31.3 vs. 101 +/- 26.2 mg/dl, p = 0.023) were detected after the 3 months of HCQ therapy. The reduction of 7.6% in TC (p = 0.055) and 13.7% in LDL levels (p = 0.036) determined a significant decrease in the frequency of dyslipidemia (26% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.013) after HCQ therapy. Conclusion: This longitudinal study demonstrated the beneficial effect of antimalarials on lipids in SLE since this therapy induced a reduction of atherogenic lipoproteins. Lupus (2012) 21, 1178-1182.

Vitamin or mineral supplement intake and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the INHANCE consortium

To investigate the potential role of vitamin or mineral supplementation on the risk of head and neck cancer (HNC), we analyzed individual-level pooled data from 12 casecontrol studies (7,002 HNC cases and 8,383 controls) participating in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology consortium. There were a total of 2,028 oral cavity cancer, 2,465 pharyngeal cancer, 874 unspecified oral/pharynx cancer, 1,329 laryngeal cancer and 306 overlapping HNC cases. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for self reported ever use of any vitamins, multivitamins, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and calcium, beta-carotene, iron, selenium and zinc supplements were assessed. We further examined frequency, duration and cumulative exposure of each vitamin or mineral when possible and stratified by smoking and drinking status. All ORs were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, study center, education level, pack-years of smoking, frequency of alcohol drinking and fruit/vegetable intake. A decreased risk of HNC was observed with ever use of vitamin C (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.590.96) and with ever use of calcium supplement (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.420.97). The inverse association with HNC risk was also observed for 10 or more years of vitamin C use (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.540.97) and more than 365 tablets of cumulative calcium intake (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.160.83), but linear trends were not observed for the frequency or duration of any supplement intake. We did not observe any strong associations between vitamin or mineral supplement intake and the risk of HNC.

The spectrum of high-energy cosmic rays measured with KASCADE-Grande

The energy spectrum of cosmic rays between 10(16) eV and 10(18) eV, derived from measurements of the shower size (total number of charged particles) and the total muon number of extensive air showers by the KASCADE-Grande experiment, is described. The resulting all-particle energy spectrum exhibits strong hints for a hardening of the spectrum at approximately 2 . 10(16) eV and a significant steepening at approximate to 8 . 10(16) eV. These observations challenge the view that the spectrum is a single power law between knee and ankle. Possible scenarios generating such features are discussed in terms of astrophysical processes that may explain the transition region from galactic to extragalactic origin of cosmic rays. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

NADPH Phagocyte Oxidase Knockout Mice Control Trypanosoma cruzi Proliferation, but Develop Circulatory Collapse and Succumb to Infection

(NO)-N-center dot is considered to be a key macrophage-derived cytotoxic effector during Trypanosoma cruzi infection. On the other hand, the microbicidal properties of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well recognized, but little importance has been attributed to them during in vivo infection with T. cruzi. In order to investigate the role of ROS in T. cruzi infection, mice deficient in NADPH phagocyte oxidase (gp91(phox-/-) or phox KO) were infected with Y strain of T. cruzi and the course of infection was followed. phox KO mice had similar parasitemia, similar tissue parasitism and similar levels of IFN-gamma and TNF in serum and spleen cell culture supernatants, when compared to wild-type controls. However, all phox KO mice succumbed to infection between day 15 and 21 after inoculation with the parasite, while 60% of wild-type mice were alive 50 days after infection. Further investigation demonstrated increased serum levels of nitrite and nitrate (NOx) at day 15 of infection in phox KO animals, associated with a drop in blood pressure. Treatment with a NOS2 inhibitor corrected the blood pressure, implicating NOS2 in this phenomenon. We postulate that superoxide reacts with (NO)-N-center dot in vivo, preventing blood pressure drops in wild type mice. Hence, whilst superoxide from phagocytes did not play a critical role in parasite control in the phox KO animals, its production would have an important protective effect against blood pressure decline during infection with T. cruzi.