Développement d'un nouveau critère pour déterminer les limites d'utilisation des détecteurs en dosimétrie non standard

Depuis quelques années, il y a un intérêt de la communauté en dosimétrie d'actualiser les protocoles de dosimétrie des faisceaux larges tels que le TG-51 (AAPM) et le TRS-398 (IAEA) aux champs non standard qui requièrent un facteur de correction additionnel. Or, ces facteurs de correction sont difficiles à déterminer précisément dans un temps acceptable. Pour les petits champs, ces facteurs augmentent rapidement avec la taille de champ tandis que pour les champs d'IMRT, les incertitudes de positionnement du détecteur rendent une correction cas par cas impraticable. Dans cette étude, un critère théorique basé sur la fonction de réponse dosimétrique des détecteurs est développé pour déterminer dans quelles situations les dosimètres peuvent être utilisés sans correction. Les réponses de quatre chambres à ionisation, d'une chambre liquide, d'un détecteur au diamant, d'une diode, d'un détecteur à l'alanine et d'un détecteur à scintillation sont caractérisées à 6 MV et 25 MV. Plusieurs stratégies sont également suggérées pour diminuer/éliminer les facteurs de correction telles que de rapporter la dose absorbée à un volume et de modifier les matériaux non sensibles du détecteur pour pallier l'effet de densité massique. Une nouvelle méthode de compensation de la densité basée sur une fonction de perturbation est présentée. Finalement, les résultats démontrent que le détecteur à scintillation peut mesurer les champs non standard utilisés en clinique avec une correction inférieure à 1%.

Le rôle de la qualité alimentaire dans la prévention du déclin de l’autonomie fonctionnelle chez les personnes âgées atteintes du diabète type II faisant partie de la cohorte NuAge

La population mondiale est en train de vieillir. Le vieillissement augmente le risque des pertes de la force musculaire (FM), du diabète type II (T2D) et du déclin de la capacité fonctionnelle (CF). Indépendamment de l’âge, les personnes âgées diabétiques ont un risque accru des pertes de la FM et du déclin de la CF comparées aux non-diabétiques. La nutrition est un facteur déterminant d’un vieillissement optimal et joue un rôle primordial dans la prise en charge du diabète, minimise les pertes de FM et peut moduler le déclin de la CF. De plus, l’activité physique (AP) offre des bénéfices semblables à ceux de la nutrition. Ainsi, l’objectif principal de cette thèse est de déterminer le rôle de la qualité alimentaire (QA) dans le maintien de la CF chez les personnes âgées diabétiques vivant dans la communauté, par le biais des analyses secondaires réalisées sur la base de données de la cohorte NuAge. En vue de la réalisation de cet objectif, une caractérisation de plusieurs variables en lien avec la CF était nécessaire. Ainsi, une description globale de l’alimentation des personnes âgées diabétiques fut effectuée. Ensuite, chacun des articles présentés a testé un objectif spécifique chez ces personnes âgées diabétiques, afin de : 1) déterminer si la QA seule, ou combinée à l’AP est associée au maintien des forces musculaires (FM) ; 2) déterminer si la QA seule, ou combinée à l’AP est associée à la prévention du déclin de la CF ; et 3) examiner l’association entre la suffisance en apports énergétique et protéique et le maintien des FM et la CF. De plus, l’association entre la QA, l’AP et la performance physique (PP) a été examinée. Cette thèse de doctorat est la première à examiner le rôle de la QA dans la CF chez la population âgée diabétique. En particulier, les résultats ont montré que la population diabétique de NuAge se caractérise par une bonne alimentation globale et de bonnes habitudes alimentaires, avec des apports en macronutriments conformes aux recommandations nutritionnelles. Néanmoins, ces participants devraient augmenter leurs apports en micronutriments qui étaient inférieurs aux recommandations chez la majorité. En outre, aucune association significative n’a été observée entre la QA seule et le maintien des FM, ni le déclin de la PP et la CF. Cependant, la QA combinée à l’AP a été associée aux FM des membres supérieurs. Spécifiquement, les hommes diabétiques ayant une bonne QA combinée à une stabilité de l’AP pendant les trois ans de suivi ont subi des pertes minimes de la FM comparés aux autres. Toutefois, aucune association n’a été observée pour les FM des membres inférieurs. De plus, la QA combinée à l’AP n’était associée ni à la PP ni à la CF chez ces participants. Finalement, les analyses ont démontré que la suffisance en apports énergétiques et protéiques est associée au maintien de la CF. En effet, un apport en énergie égal ou supérieur à 30 kcal/kg poids corporel a minimisé le déclin de la CF comparativement à un apport inférieur à 30 kcal/kg chez les hommes, alors que les femmes ayant un apport protéique égal ou supérieur à 1g/kg poids corporel ont subi un déclin minime de la CF comparées à celles ayant des apports en protéines inférieurs à 1g/kg. Enfin, il a été démontré qu’un apport suffisant en protéines a minimisé les pertes de FM des membres inférieurs chez les femmes diabétiques de la cohorte NuAge. Collectivement, les résultats de cette thèse fournissent des données probantes indiquant qu’une bonne QA, des apports suffisants en énergie et en protéines et une bonne pratique de l’AP sont nécessaires afin de minimiser les pertes de la FM reliées au vieillissement et accélérées par la présence du diabète et par la suite maintenir la CF des personnes âgées diabétiques. Cependant, d’autres études seront nécessaires pour confirmer ces résultats.

Development of a New Transform:MRT

Fourier transform methods are employed heavily in digital signal processing. Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is among the most commonly used digital signal transforms. The exponential kernel of the DFT has the properties of symmetry and periodicity. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) methods for fast DFT computation exploit these kernel properties in different ways. In this thesis, an approach of grouping data on the basis of the corresponding phase of the exponential kernel of the DFT is exploited to introduce a new digital signal transform, named the M-dimensional Real Transform (MRT), for l-D and 2-D signals. The new transform is developed using number theoretic principles as regards its specific features. A few properties of the transform are explored, and an inverse transform presented. A fundamental assumption is that the size of the input signal be even. The transform computation involves only real additions. The MRT is an integer-to-integer transform. There are two kinds of redundancy, complete redundancy & derived redundancy, in MRT. Redundancy is analyzed and removed to arrive at a more compact version called the Unique MRT (UMRT). l-D UMRT is a non-expansive transform for all signal sizes, while the 2-D UMRT is non-expansive for signal sizes that are powers of 2. The 2-D UMRT is applied in image processing applications like image compression and orientation analysis. The MRT & UMRT, being general transforms, will find potential applications in various fields of signal and image processing.

El sector funerario está muy vivo: análisis del sector funerario en Colombia en la década 2000-2010

Debido a la importancia del sector funerario en Colombia, el trabajo que se presenta a continuación, describe el sector funerario de acuerdo a tres temas de interés. El primer capítulo, comprende la descripción de la industria y sus servicios. El segundo capítulo analiza los indicadores de concentración y financieros en los años del 2000 al 2010. Finalmente, la tercera sección muestra los aspectos internacionales del sector como lo son las instituciones y asociaciones del gremio, la regulación y la innovación a nivel global.

Teleconsultation in sexual and reproductive health for young adults through mobile devices: Experience in Colombia

Background: Sexual risk behaviors associated with poor information on sexuality have contributed to major public health problems in the area of sexual and reproductive health in teenagers and young adults in Colombia. Objective: To measure the perception of changes in sexual and reproductive risk behavior after the use of a teleconsultation service via mobile devices in a sample of young adults. Methods: A before and after observational study was designed, where a mobile application to inquire about sexual and reproductive health was developed. The perception of changes in sexual and reproductive health risk behaviors in a sample of young adults after the use of the application was measured using the validated survey “Family Health International (FHI) – Behavioral Surveillance Survey (BSS) – Survey for Adults between 15 to 40 Years”. Non-probabilistic convenience recruitment was undertaken through the study´s web page. Participants answered the survey online before and after the use of the mobile application for a six month period (intervention). For the inferential analysis, data was divided into three groups (dichotomous data, discrete quantitative data, and ordinal data), to compare the results of the questions between the first and the second survey. For all tests, a confidence interval of 95% was established. For dichotomous data, the Chi-squared test was used. For quantitative data, we used the Student’s t-test, and for ordinal data, the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test. Results: A total of 257 subjects were registered in the study and met the selection criteria. The pre-intervention survey was answered by 232 subjects, and 127 completely answered the post-intervention survey, of which 54.3% did not use the application, leaving an effective population of 58 subjects for analysis. 53% (n=31) were female, and 47% (n=27) were male. The mean age was 21 years, ranging between 18 and 40 years. The differences between the answers on the first and the second survey were not statistically significant. The main risk behaviors identified in the population were homosexual relations, non-use of condoms, sexual relations with non-regular and commercial partners, the use of psychoactive substances, and ignorance about the symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV transmission. Conclusions: Although there were no differences between the pre- and post-intervention results, the study revealed different risk behaviors among the participating subjects. These findings highlight the importance of promoting educational strategies on this matter and the importance of providing patients with easily accessible tools with reliable health information.

Foro de Cooperación Latinoamérica – Asia del Este (Focalae) y Pequeñas y MedianasEmpresas (Pymes)

Este estudio pretende analizar las ventajas que le puede brindar el proyecto de Focalae para Pymes a la pequeña y mediana empresa colombiana a la hora de explorar nuevos mercados en Asia del Este, en particular el coreano.

Eficiencia de los sistema de salud en los países de América Latina y del Caribe desde el indicador de esperanza de vida al nacer para los años 1990 y 2012 frente al gasto total en salud como porcentaje del producto interno bruto para el año 1995 y 2012 “una oportunidad de brenchmarking para el sistema de protección social colombiano”

Para los países emergentes en América Latina y El Caribe se hace necesario determinar la eficiencia de su sistema de salud para generar beneficios a su población desde el indicador de esperanza de vida al nacer y los recursos que se hacen uso desde Colombia en comparación con sus homólogos. Se evidencia que a pesar de Colombia poseer una economía fuerte durante el análisis de los dos momentos se mantiene en la tendencia general de los demás países y con los mismos resultados del indicador. A su vez se concluye que el momento en que se tomaron las decisiones de cambio del sistema de salud es un factor diferenciador en los resultados obtenidos como fue el caso de Costa Rica identificado con el de mejor desempeño en la relación Indicador de esperanza de vida al nacer y Porcentaje de gasto en salud como parte del Producto interno bruto.

Las empresas sociales del estado y el derecho fundamental a la salud. Estudio de caso hospital simón bolívar E.S.E (2002-2014)

El presente trabajo busca hacer un análisis sobre los arreglos institucionales introducidos con la ley 100 de 1993 a las Empresas Sociales del Estado (ESE), y cómo estos han afectado la prestación del servicio de salud y la garantía del derecho; para lo cual se escoge como ejemplo el Hospital Simón Bolívar E.S.E de Bogotá durante los años 2002 a 2014. Se explica como con la implementación de la descentralización, el modelo de aseguramiento y la autonomía financiera se afectó la prestación del servicio de salud, teniendo en cuenta la introducción de un eslabón dentro del sistema de salud: las Empresas Promotoras de Salud (EPS).

Prediction of global and local model quality in CASP8 using the ModFOLD server

The development of effective methods for predicting the quality of three-dimensional (3D) models is fundamentally important for the success of tertiary structure (TS) prediction strategies. Since CASP7, the Quality Assessment (QA) category has existed to gauge the ability of various model quality assessment programs (MQAPs) at predicting the relative quality of individual 3D models. For the CASP8 experiment, automated predictions were submitted in the QA category using two methods from the ModFOLD server-ModFOLD version 1.1 and ModFOLDclust. ModFOLD version 1.1 is a single-model machine learning based method, which was used for automated predictions of global model quality (QMODE1). ModFOLDclust is a simple clustering based method, which was used for automated predictions of both global and local quality (QMODE2). In addition, manual predictions of model quality were made using ModFOLD version 2.0-an experimental method that combines the scores from ModFOLDclust and ModFOLD v1.1. Predictions from the ModFOLDclust method were the most successful of the three in terms of the global model quality, whilst the ModFOLD v1.1 method was comparable in performance to other single-model based methods. In addition, the ModFOLDclust method performed well at predicting the per-residue, or local, model quality scores. Predictions of the per-residue errors in our own 3D models, selected using the ModFOLD v2.0 method, were also the most accurate compared with those from other methods. All of the MQAPs described are publicly accessible via the ModFOLD server at: http://www.reading.ac.uk/bioinf/ModFOLD/. The methods are also freely available to download from: http://www.reading.ac.uk/bioinf/downloads/.

Finding the smallest eigenvalue by the inverse Monte Carlo method with refinement

Finding the smallest eigenvalue of a given square matrix A of order n is computationally very intensive problem. The most popular method for this problem is the Inverse Power Method which uses LU-decomposition and forward and backward solving of the factored system at every iteration step. An alternative to this method is the Resolvent Monte Carlo method which uses representation of the resolvent matrix [I -qA](-m) as a series and then performs Monte Carlo iterations (random walks) on the elements of the matrix. This leads to great savings in computations, but the method has many restrictions and a very slow convergence. In this paper we propose a method that includes fast Monte Carlo procedure for finding the inverse matrix, refinement procedure to improve approximation of the inverse if necessary, and Monte Carlo power iterations to compute the smallest eigenvalue. We provide not only theoretical estimations about accuracy and convergence but also results from numerical tests performed on a number of test matrices.

A vector approach to the assessment of undergraduate engineering courses

In any undergraduate engineering programme there is a need to assess the balance and flavour of the various educational strands. In order for a quality assurance of these programmes to be met there is a need to evaluate the course load, academic content and the assessment marks of each course in the undergraduate programme. The existing ranges of QA methods for these programmes are focused on one or two of these issues and do not provide a comprehensive assessment procedure. Following a review of the existing QA methods, this paper will define a three-dimensional approach to the assessment of the educational aspects of an undergraduate course. Various features of this method will be described and potential benefits explained.

The 22-Year Hale Cycle in cosmic ray flux: evidence for direct heliospheric modulation

The ability to predict times of greater galactic cosmic ray (GCR) fluxes is important for reducing the hazards caused by these particles to satellite communications, aviation, or astronauts. The 11-year solar-cycle variation in cosmic rays is highly correlated with the strength of the heliospheric magnetic field. Differences in GCR flux during alternate solar cycles yield a 22-year cycle, known as the Hale Cycle, which is thought to be due to different particle drift patterns when the northern solar pole has predominantly positive (denoted as qA>0 cycle) or negative (qA<0) polarities. This results in the onset of the peak cosmic-ray flux at Earth occurring earlier during qA>0 cycles than for qA<0 cycles, which in turn causes the peak to be more dome-shaped for qA>0 and more sharply peaked for qA<0. In this study, we demonstrate that properties of the large-scale heliospheric magnetic field are different during the declining phase of the qA<0 and qA>0 solar cycles, when the difference in GCR flux is most apparent. This suggests that particle drifts may not be the sole mechanism responsible for the Hale Cycle in GCR flux at Earth. However, we also demonstrate that these polarity-dependent heliospheric differences are evident during the space-age but are much less clear in earlier data: using geomagnetic reconstructions, we show that for the period of 1905 - 1965, alternate polarities do not give as significant a difference during the declining phase of the solar cycle. Thus we suggest that the 22-year cycle in cosmic-ray flux is at least partly the result of direct modulation by the heliospheric magnetic field and that this effect may be primarily limited to the grand solar maximum of the space-age.

Assessing the quality of modelled 3D protein structures using the ModFOLD server

Model quality assessment programs (MQAPs) aim to assess the quality of modelled 3D protein structures. The provision of quality scores, describing both global and local (per-residue) accuracy are extremely important, as without quality scores we are unable to determine the usefulness of a 3D model for further computational and experimental wet lab studies.Here, we briefly discuss protein tertiary structure prediction, along with the biennial Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP) competition and their key role in driving the field of protein model quality assessment methods (MQAPs). We also briefly discuss the top MQAPs from the previous CASP competitions. Additionally, we describe our downloadable and webserver-based model quality assessment methods: ModFOLD3, ModFOLDclust, ModFOLDclustQ, ModFOLDclust2, and IntFOLD-QA. We provide a practical step-by-step guide on using our downloadable and webserver-based tools and include examples of their application for improving tertiary structure prediction, ligand binding site residue prediction, and oligomer predictions.

Levanta, sacode a poeira, da volta por cima um estudo sobre resiliência e desempenho

A sociedade pós-moderna introduziu elementos de complexidade e turbulência em todos os domínios da existência humana. No cotidiano laboral, há um incessante crescimento do número de fatores tensionantes e potencializadores de rupturas e sofrimento. No contexto comercial, a despeito da maior disponibilidade de produtos com maior qualidade e ofertados numa gama crescente de canais de vendas, as experiências de consumo estão se degradando e os incidentes, nas intermediações mercadológicas, aumentando. O vendedor, ator coadjuvante e imprescindível destas relações, enfrenta em escala crescente, adversidades que dificultam o exercício da sua atividade. Desta forma, com a perspectiva do consumo como um processo de resolução de problemas, investigamos qual seria a competência essencial do vendedor para lidar com conflitos, atender aos anseios dos clientes com a plena satisfação de suas necessidades, e assim, maximizar a eficiência e eficácia da organização. Por razões que serão delineadas neste relatório, capturamos o atributo da resiliência, aplicando um dos atuais mecanismos de mensuração - o Quociente de Adversidade (QA). Do confronto de inúmeros conceitos, adotamos que resiliência é a capacidade de o indivíduo lidar com problemas, superar obstáculos ou resistir à pressão de situações adversas, aperfeiçoandose com as experiências vivenciadas. Desta forma, munidos com o QA de 99 consultores de vendas de automóveis da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, verificamos, através de regressões múltiplas, a sua correlação com a média do volume de vendas mensal e com a avaliação funcional realizada por seus supervisores diretos. Encontramos positiva correlação com duas das dimensões do QA, controle e resistência, indicando que a medição do quociente de adversidade pode contribuir com a análise dos candidatos durante a fase de seleção de novos funcionários e o seu incremento pode melhorar a qualidade de vida dos empregados, melhorar o clima organizacional, aumentar a eficiência das negociações mercadológicas e assim estabelecer uma notável vantagem estratégica organizacional

Efeito in vitro de quinureninas sobre vários parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em córtex cerebral de ratos jovens

A via das quinureninas é a principal rota de degradação do aminoácido triptofano. Os metabólitos dessa via, comumente chamados de quinureninas, estão envolvidos em vários processos fisiológicos e patológicos e, recentemente, algumas quinureninas foram relacionadas à fisiopatologia de várias doenças neurodegenerativas. Tendo em vista que dados da literatura são contraditórios no que se refere à geração de espécies reativas a partir de algumas quinureninas e considerando que as concentrações de alguns desses metabólitos estão elevadas em várias doenças neurodegenerativas, este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar os efeitos in vitro de alguns intermediários da via das quinureninas, particularmente a 3-hidroxiquinurenina (3HKyn), a quinurenina (Kyn), o ácido 3-hidroxiantranílico (3HAA), o ácido antranílico (AA) e o ácido quinolínico (QA) sobre alguns parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em córtex cerebral de ratos de 30 dias de idade. Verificamos que a 3HKyn e o 3HAA diminuíram as substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA-RS) e a quimiluminescência em córtex cerebral de ratos jovens, o que indica um efeito antioxidante desses compostos, ao passo que a Kyn e o AA não alteraram os parâmetros de lipoperoxidação. Por outro lado, o QA aumentou a peroxidação lipídica nesta estrutura cerebral por aumentar significativamente as medidas de TBA-RS e quimiluminescência. Além disso, se pode verificar uma prevenção significativa da oxidação da GSH causada pelo 3HAA, enquanto o QA, na presença de íon ferroso e ácido ascórbico, diminuiu significativamente as concentrações de glutationa reduzida, o que indica que esse efeito seja mediado por radicais hidroxila gerados através da reação de Fenton. Já a 3HKyn, a Kyn e o AA não alteraram significativamente as concentrações de GSH. Também se verificou que a 3HKyn diminuiu a oxidação do diacetato de 2, 7-diclorofluoresceína, além de mostrar a propriedade de seqüestrar radicais peroxila e hidroxila. Por outro lado, o 3HAA somente seqüestrou radicais peroxila, sugerindo que a estrutura orto-aminofenólica é essencial para o composto possuir propriedades antioxidantes. Com o objetivo de verificar se o tempo de exposição à 3HKyn alterava a sua atividade antioxidante, determinamos a reatividade antioxidante total (TAR) e os valores de TBA-RS em células C6 cultivadas de glioma de ratos ao longo de 48 h na ausência (controle) ou presença de 3HKyn. Os resultados demonstraram um aumento da TAR e uma diminuição das TBA-RS pela 3HKyn em tempos curtos de exposição (1-6 horas), sendo que o metabólito não alterou significativamente esses parâmetros em tempos maiores de exposição, sugerindo uma diminuição da capacidade antioxidante da 3HKyn ao longo do tempo. Também verificamos uma diminuição do potencial antioxidante total (TRAP) e da TAR pelo QA em homogeneizado de córtex cerebral Finalmente, foi evidenciado qua a 3HKyn, na concentração de 100 µM, foi capaz de prevenir os efeitos tóxicos causados pelo QA e pelo ácido glutárico (GA). O GA é a principal neurotoxina que se encontra acumulada na acidemia glutárica tipo I. Em resumo, nossos resultados sugerem um efeito antioxidante da 3HKyn e do 3HAA e um efeito pró-oxidante do QA in vitro em córtex cerebral de ratos jovens. As alterações provocadas pelas várias quinureninas foram obtidas nas concentrações de 10, 100 e 500 µM. Embora não saibamos as concentrações dessas substâncias em doenças neurodegenerativas em que eles se acumulam, é possível que, em uma situação in vivo, a produção de substâncias antioxidantes através da rota das quinureninas poderia contrabalançar os efeitos tóxicos causados por outros metabólitos como o QA.