IEA Bioenergy Task 40 “Sustainable International Bioenergy Trade: Securing supply and demand” Country report of Finland 2008

This study considered the current situation of biofuels markets in Finland. The fact that industry consumes more than half of the total primary energy, widely applied combined heat and power production and a high share of solid biomass fuels in the total energy consumption are specific to the Finnish energy system. Wood is the most important source of bioenergy in Finland, representing 21% of the total energy consumption in 2006. Almost 80% of the wood-based energy is recovered from industrial by-products and residues. Finland has commitment itself to maintaining its greenhouse gas emissions at the 1990 level, at the highest, during the period 2008–2012. The energy and climate policy carried out in recent years has been based on the National Energy and Climate introduced in 2005. The Finnish energy policy aims to achieve the target, and a variety of measures are taken to promote the use of renewable energy sources and especially wood fuels. In 2007, the government started to prepare a new long-term (up to the year 2050) climate and energy strategy that will meet EU’s new targets for the reduction of green house gas emissions and the promotion of renewable energy sources. The new strategy will be introduced during 2008. The international biofuels trade has a substantial importance for the utilisation of bioenergy in Finland. In 2006, the total international trading of solid and liquid biofuels was approximately 64 PJ of which import was 61 PJ. Most of the import is indirect and takes place within the forest industry’s raw wood imports. In 2006, as much as 24% of wood energy was based on foreignorigin wood. Wood pellets and tall oil form the majority of export streams of biofuels. The indirect import of wood fuels increased almost 10% in 2004–2006, while the direct trade of solid and liquid biofuels has been almost constant.

Symphony no. 40 : in g minor, K. 550

Soitinnus: ork.

Market of biomass fuels in Finland : IEA Bioenergy Task 40 and EUBIONET III - Country report of Finland 2009

This study considered the current situation of solid and liquid biomass fuels in Finland. The fact that industry consumes more than half of the total primary energy, widely applied combined heat and power production and a high share of solid biomass fuels in the total energy consumption are specific to the Finnish energy system. Wood is the most important source of bioenergy in Finland, representing 20% of the total energy consumption in 2007. Almost 80% of the woodbased energy is recovered from industrial by-products and residues. As a member of the European Union, Finland has committed itself to the Union’s climate and energy targets, such as reducing its overall emissions of green house gases to at least 20% below 1990 levels by 2020, and increasing the share of renewable energy in the gross final consumption. The renewable energy target approved for Finland is 38%. The present National Climate and Energy Strategy was introduced in November 2008. The strategy covers climate and energy policy measures up to 2020, and in brief thereafter, up to 2050. In recent years, the actual emissions have exceeded the Kyoto commitment and the trend of emissions is on the increase. In 2007, the share of renewable energy in the gross final energy consumption was approximately 25% (360 PJ). Without new energy policy measures, the final consumption of renewable energy would increase to 380 PJ, which would be approximately only 31% of the final energy consumption. In addition, green house gas emissions would exceed the 1990 levels by 20%. Meeting the targets will need the adoption of more active energy policy measures in coming years. The international trade of biomass fuels has a substantial importance for the utilisation of bioenergy in Finland. In 2007, the total international trading of solid and liquid biomass fuels was approximately 77 PJ, of which import was 62 PJ. Most of the import is indirect and takes place within the forest industry’s raw wood imports. In 2007, as much as 21% of wood energy was based on foreign-origin wood. Wood pellets and tall oil form the majority of export streams of biomass fuels. The indirect import of wood fuels peaked in 2006 to 61 PJ. The foreseeable decline in raw wood import to Finland will decrease the indirect import of wood fuels. In 2004– 2007, the direct trade of solid and liquid biomass fuels has been on a moderate growth path. In 2007, the import of palm oil and export of bio-diesel emerged, as a large, 170 000 t/yr biodiesel plant came into operation in Porvoo.

Calculation of the critical crack size for cold form rectangular hollow section tube (CRHS) under bending load at -40º C temperature

To predict the capacity of the structure or the point which is followed by instability, calculation of the critical crack size is important. Structures usually contain several cracks but not necessarily all of these cracks lead to failure or reach the critical size. So, defining the harmful cracks or the crack size which is the most leading one to failure provides criteria for structure’s capacity at elevated temperature. The scope of this thesis was to calculate fracture parameters like stress intensity factor, the J integral and plastic and ultimate capacity of the structure to estimate critical crack size for this specific structure. Several three dimensional (3D) simulations using finite element method by Ansys program and boundary element method by Frank 3D program were carried out to calculate fracture parameters and results with the aid of laboratory tests (loaddisplacement curve, the J resistance curve and yield or ultimate stress) leaded to extract critical size of the crack. Two types of the fracture which is usually affected by temperature, Elastic and Elasti-Plastic fractures were simulated by performing several linear elastic and nonlinear elastic analyses. Geometry details of the weldment; flank angle and toe radius were also studied independently to estimate the location of crack initiation and simulate stress field in early stages of crack extension in structure. In this work also overview of the structure’s capacity in room temperature (20 ºC) was studied. Comparison of the results in different temperature (20 ºC and -40 ºC) provides a threshold of the structure’s behavior within the defined range.

Espressivo op.40 no 1

Digitoitu 29. 5. 2008.

Pensée melodique, Op.40 nro.6

Soitinnus: Piano.

Otimização e validação de métodos analíticos para determinação de BTEX em água utilizando extração por headspace e microextração em fase sólida

Three analytical methods for the determination of BTEX in water were optimized and validated. With the best method the analytes were extracted of 10 mL of sample with 2.50 g of NaCl in headspace vial of 20 mL by HS and SPME to 40 ºC for 30 min for adsorption and to 250 ºC for 4 min for desorption and were analyzed by GC-MS. The recovery was between 97.9% and 104.3%, and the limit of detection was 2.4 ng L-1 for o-xylene. This method was using to analyze BTEX in water supply and surface water in Ouro Preto city. No sample had concentrations of BTEX above the legislation.

HS-SPME-GC-MS ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE AND SEMI-VOLATILE COMPOUNDS FROM DRIED LEAVES OF Mikania glomerata Sprengel

This paper reports on the identification of volatile and semi-volatile compounds and a comparison of the chromatographic profiles obtained by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction/Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry detection (HS-SPME-GC-MS) of dried leaves of Mikania glomerata Sprengel (Asteraceae), also known as 'guaco.' Three different types of commercial SPME fibers were tested: polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) and polyacrylate (PA). Fifty-nine compounds were fully identified by HS-SPME-HRGC-MS, including coumarin, a marker for the quality control of guaco-based phytomedicines; most of the other identified compounds were mono- and sesquiterpenes. PA fibers performed better in the analysis of coumarin, while PDMS-DVB proved to be the best choice for a general and non-selective analysis of volatile and semi-volatile guaco-based compounds. The SPME method is faster and requires a smaller sample than conventional hydrodistillation of essential oils, providing a general overview of the volatile and semi-volatile compounds of M. glomerata.

Gutenberg 1900:40

Gutenberg-lehti ilmestyi vuosina 1893-1915. Se oli perustettu ammattilehdeksi ja yhdyssiteeksi Suomen kirjanpainajille sekä äänenkannattajaksi Suomen kirjaltajaliitolle.

Redovisningens värderelevans i svenska fastighetsbolag före och efter införandet av IAS 40

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka om införandet av IAS 40 - Förvaltningsfastigheter har bidragit till en mera värderelevant redovisning. Vid värderelevansstudier är det företagets börsvärde/aktiekurs som skall relateras till något eller några redovisningsmått i företagets redovisning. I denna studie har det blivit företagets redovisade egna kapital som blivit detta mått. Undersökningen innefattar således en analys av förhållandet mellan variablerna börsvärde och redovisat eget kapital, men också en analys av hur variablerna var för sig uppträtt före och efter införandet av IAS 40. Värdering till verkligt värde har inneburit en omedelbar och avsevärd anpassning av företagens redovisade egna kapital till företagens värde på börsen just vid vergången. Tiden efter det att regeländringen genomförts har ökade kursrörelser konstaterats på företagens rapporteringsdagar. Likaså har variationen i redovisat eget kapital ökat och även samvariationen mellan variablerna ”börsvärde” och ”redovisat eget kapital”. Det kan konstateras att det finns ett beroendeförhållande mellan den publicerade redovisningsinformationen och aktiekurser på kort sikt, där aktiekursen beror av informationen. Studien påstår dock inte att reaktionerna är en konsekvens av införandet av IAS 40. På lång sikt är förhållandet mera komplicerat. Samvariationen mellan variablerna har förbättrats efter den 1 januari 2005. Om detta beror på att aktieplacerarna anpassat aktiekursen till redovisat eget kapital eller om det är så att företagen anpassat redovisningen till aktiekursen kan inte bedömas (en sådan anpassning var uppenbar just vid övergången till IAS 2 40). Det kan dock konstateras att aktiekursen varit i stigande både före och efter den 1 januari år 2005 samtidigt som kvoten börsvärde/redovisat eget kapital upphört att stiga därefter. Av detta skäl finns det anledning att anta att aktiekursen på lång sikt har sin utveckling oberoende av balansräkningens redovisning av ”redovisat eget kapital”. Det torde också vara naturligt att det är på detta sätt eftersom fastigheternas verkliga värde varit kända i redovisningen även när dessa inte redovisats i balansräkningen.

Validação dos sistemas de alerta Machardy e Colpam 40® para previsão da requeima do tomateiro em Caçador, SC

Foram validados dois sistemas de alerta na requeima do tomateiro, no município de Caçador-SC em dois ciclos de cultivo. No primeiro ciclo, os métodos de MacHardy modificado e Colpam 40®, este com valor de severidade acumulado da doença (VS) igual a 10, como alerta para a pulverização de fungicidas de contato e comparados ao sistema convencional de calendário no híbrido Carmen e na cultivar Santa Clara. Em relação ao convencional, a indicação de pulverizações pelos sistemas de alerta permitiu uma redução na aplicação de fungicidas de 33,3% e 48,1%, pelos métodos de MacHardy modificado e Colpam 40®, respectivamente. A produtividade foi maior no híbrido Carmen do que na cv. S. Clara, mas em cada um destes materiais não houve diferença entre os sistemas de alerta e o convencional. Na cv. Carmen não houve diferença no controle da requeima na comparação do sistema convencional com o Colpam 40®. No segundo ciclo, usou-se o híbrido Carmen e os sistemas de alerta McHardy e Colpam 40 ® este com VS igual a 8 e 10 comparando-os ao sistema convencional. Não houve diferença na produtividade entre os tratamentos. Em relação ao número de pulverizações houve redução de 42,8% e 60,7% para VS igual a 8 e 10, respectivamente, com o sistema de alerta do Colpam 40® e de 39,2% com o de McHardy. Na avaliação da requeima, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos, exceto para o maior VS de alerta monitorado segundo o Colpam 40® cuja intensidade da doença foi maior. Este trabalho demonstrou que o uso destes dois sistemas de alerta da requeima, MacHardy e Colpam 40, poderiam ser ferramentas úteis para os produtores de tomate na tomada de decisão da pulverização em tomate na região de Caçador, SC.

[Sinfonia nro 40] : [g-molli]

Konserttitaltiointi Turun musiikkijuhlilta.

Soldatmässa op. 40

Ruotsinkielinen radio-ohjelma, joka käsittelee Rautavaaran teosta Sotilasmessu, musiikkinäyttein.