Amygdala-prefrontal coupling underlies individual differences in emotion regulation

Despite growing evidence on the neural bases of emotion regulation, little is known about the mechanisms underlying individual differences in cognitive regulation of negative emotion, and few studies have used objective measures to quantify regulatory success. Using a trait-like psychophysiological measure of emotion regulation, corrugator electromyography, we obtained an objective index of the ability to cognitively reappraise negative emotion in 56 healthy men (session 1), who returned 1.3 years later to perform the same regulation task using fMRI (session 2). Results indicated that the corrugator measure of regulatory skill predicted amygdala-prefrontal functional connectivity. Individuals with greater ability to down-regulate negative emotion as indexed by corrugator at session 1 showed not only greater amygdala attenuation but also greater inverse connectivity between the amygdala and several sectors of the prefrontal cortex while down-regulating negative emotion at session 2. Our results demonstrate that individual differences in emotion regulation are stable over time and underscore the important role of amygdala-prefrontal coupling for successful regulation of negative emotion.

Relationships between changes in sustained fronto-striatal connectivity and positive affect with antidepressant treatment in major depression

Objective: Deficits in positive affect and their neural bases have been associated with major depression. However, whether reductions in positive affect result solely from an overall reduction in nucleus accumbens activity and fronto-striatal connectivity or the additional inability to sustain engagement of this network over time is unknown. The authors sought to determine whether treatment-induced changes in the ability to sustain nucleus accumbens activity and fronto-striatal connectivity during the regulation of positive affect are associated with gains in positive affect. Method: Using fMRI, the authors assessed the ability to sustain activity in reward-related networks when attempting to increase positive emotion during per- formance of an emotion regulation para- digm in 21 depressed patients before and after 2 months of antidepressant treat- ment. Over the same interval, 14 healthy comparison subjects underwent scanning as well. Results: After 2 months of treatment, self-reported positive affect increased. The patients who demonstrated the largest increases in sustained nucleus accumbens activity over the 2 months were those who demonstrated the largest increases in positive affect. In addition, the patients who demonstrated the largest increases in sustained fronto-striatal connectivity were also those who demonstrated the largest increases in positive affect when control- ling for negative affect. None of these associations were observed in healthy comparison subjects. Conclusions: Treatment-induced change in the sustained engagement of fronto- striatal circuitry tracks the experience of positive emotion in daily life. Studies examining reduced positive affect in a va- riety of psychiatric disorders might benefit from examining the temporal dynamics of brain activity when attempting to under- stand changes in daily positive affect.

Increases in prefrontal cortex activity when regulating negative emotion predicts symptom severity trajectory over six months in depression

Context: Emotion regulation is critically disrupted in depression and use of paradigms tapping these processes may uncover essential changes in neurobiology during treatment. In addition, as neuroimaging outcome studies of depression commonly utilize solely baseline and endpoint data – which is more prone to week-to week noise in symptomatology – we sought to use all data points over the course of a six month trial. Objective: To examine changes in neurobiology resulting from successful treatment. Design: Double-blind trial examining changes in the neural circuits involved in emotion regulation resulting from one of two antidepressant treatments over a six month trial. Participants were scanned pretreatment, at 2 months and 6 months posttreatment. Setting: University functional magnetic resonance imaging facility. Participants: 21 patients with Major Depressive Disorder and without other Axis I or Axis II diagnoses and 14 healthy controls. Interventions: Venlafaxine XR (doses up to 300mg) or Fluoxetine (doses up to 80mg). Main Outcome Measure: Neural activity, as measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging during performance of an emotion regulation paradigm as well as regular assessments of symptom severity by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. To utilize all data points, slope trajectories were calculated for rate of change in depression severity as well as rate of change of neural engagement. Results: Those depressed individuals showing the steepest decrease in depression severity over the six months were those individuals showing the most rapid increases in BA10 and right DLPFC activity when regulating negative affect over the same time frame. This relationship was more robust than when using solely the baseline and endpoint data. Conclusions: Changes in PFC engagement when regulating negative affect correlate with changes in depression severity over six months. These results are buttressed by calculating these statistics which are more reliable and robust to week-to-week variation than difference scores.

Sustained striatal activity predicts eudaimonic well-being and cortisol output

Eudaimonic well-being—a sense of purpose, meaning, and engagement with life—is protective against psychopathology and predicts physical health, including lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol. Although it has been suggested that the ability to engage the neural circuitry of reward may promote well-being and mediate the relationship between well-being and health, this hypothesis has remained untested. To test this hypothesis, we had participants view positive, neutral, and negative images while fMRI data were collected. Individuals with sustained activity in the striatum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to positive stimuli over the course of the scan session reported greater well-being and had lower cortisol output. This suggests that sustained engagement of reward circuitry in response to positive events underlies well-being and adaptive regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Protease-activated receptors: mechanisms by which proteases sensitize TRPV channels to induce neurogenic inflammation and pain

Proteolytic enzymes comprise approximately 2 percent of the human genome [1]. Given their abundance, it is not surprising that proteases have diverse biological functions, ranging from the degradation of proteins in lysosomes to the control of physiological processes such as the coagulation cascade. However, a subset of serine proteases (possessing serine residues within their catalytic sites), which may be soluble in the extracellular fluid or tethered to the plasma membrane, are signaling molecules that can specifically regulate cells by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs), a family of four G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These serine proteases include members of the coagulation cascade (e.g., thrombin, factor VIIa, and factor Xa), proteases from inflammatory cells (e.g., mast cell tryptase, neutrophil cathepsin G), and proteases from epithelial tissues and neurons (e.g., trypsins). They are often generated or released during injury and inflammation, and they cleave PARs on multiple cell types, including platelets, endothelial and epithelial cells, myocytes, fibroblasts, and cells of the nervous system. Activated PARs regulate many essential physiological processes, such as hemostasis, inflammation, pain, and healing. These proteases and their receptors have been implicated in human disease and are potentially important targets for therapy. Proteases and PARs participate in regulating most organ systems and are the subject of several comprehensive reviews [2, 3]. Within the central and peripheral nervous systems, proteases and PARs can control neuronal and astrocyte survival, proliferation and morphology, release of neurotransmitters, and the function and activity of ion channels, topics that have also been comprehensively reviewed [4, 5]. This chapter specifically concerns the ability of PARs to regulate TRPV channels of sensory neurons and thereby affect neurogenic inflammation and pain transmission [6, 7].

Characterization of virus-like particles associated with the human faecal and caecal microbiota

This work represents an investigation into the presence, abundance and diversity of virus-like particles (VLPs) associated with human faecal and caecal samples. Various methodologies for the recovery of VLPs from faeces were tested and optimized, including successful down-stream processing of such samples for the purpose of an in-depth electron microscopic analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and efficient DNA recovery. The applicability of the developed VLP characterization method beyond the use of faecal samples was then verified using samples obtained from human caecal fluid.

Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae–bacteriophage combination from the caecal effluent of a healthy woman

A sample of caecal effluent was obtained from a female patient who had undergone a routine colonoscopic examination. Bacteria were isolated anaerobically from the sample, and screened against the remaining filtered caecal effluent in an attempt to isolate bacteriophages (phages). A lytic phage, named KLPN1, was isolated on a strain identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae (capsular type K2, rmpA+). This Siphoviridae phage presents a rosette-like tail tip and exhibits depolymerase activity, as demonstrated by the formation of plaque-surrounding haloes that increased in size over the course of incubation. When screened against a panel of clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, phage KLPN1 was shown to infect and lyse capsular type K2 strains, though it did not exhibit depolymerase activity on such hosts. The genome of KLPN1 was determined to be 49,037 bp (50.53 %GC) in length, encompassing 73 predicted ORFs, of which 23 represented genes associated with structure, host recognition, packaging, DNA replication and cell lysis. On the basis of sequence analyses, phages KLPN1 (GenBank: KR262148) and 1513 (a member of the family Siphoviridae, GenBank: KP658157) were found to be two new members of the genus “Kp36likevirus”.

Bathymetric distribution of the shrimp Rimapenaeus constrictus (Stimpson, 1874) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in two locations off the southeastern Brazilian coast

The distribution of benthic organisms is directly or indirectly associated with the physical and chemical properties of the water and sediment. This study analysed the spatial and temporal distribution of Rimapenaeus constrictus in unconsolidated sublittoral sediments of two areas off the northern coast of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. We also analysed the association of environmental factors with the occurrence of this species. Shrimp were collected monthly from July 2001 to June 2003, with a fishing boat equipped with two double-rig nets, in the regions of Ubatuba (UBA) and Caraguatatuba (CA). The collections were made during the day, along five transects with mean depths of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 m. We obtained a total of 5478 individuals, 3403 (UBA = 2025 and CA = 1378) during the first year, and 2075 (UBA = 875 and CA = 1200) during the second year. Significant differences in abundance were observed in relation to depth, season of the year, and also in the interaction between region and depth. Higher abundances occurred in fall and winter, independently of the sampling year. The largest numbers of shrimp were caught on the 20-m transect in UBA and the 25-m transect in CA. It is concluded that the distribution pattern of this species is closely related to environmental factors, and the temperature of the bottom water and the sediment texture were the most significant variables affecting the distribution.

The magnetized steel and scintillator calorimeters of the MINOS experiment

The Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS) experiment uses an accelerator-produced neutrino beam to perform precision measurements of the neutrino oscillation parameters in the ""atmospheric neutrino"" sector associated with muon neutrino disappearance. This long-baseline experiment measures neutrino interactions in Fermilab`s NuMI neutrino beam with a near detector at Fermilab and again 735 km downstream with a far detector in the Soudan Underground Laboratory in northern Minnesota. The two detectors are magnetized steel-scintillator tracking calorimeters. They are designed to be as similar as possible in order to ensure that differences in detector response have minimal impact on the comparisons of event rates, energy spectra and topologies that are essential to MINOS measurements of oscillation parameters. The design, construction, calibration and performance of the far and near detectors are described in this paper. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Development of a fast capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of propranolol-Total analysis time reduction strategies

The aim of this study was to develop a fast capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of propranolol in pharmaceutical preparations. In the method development the pH and constituents of the background electrolyte were selected using the effective mobility versus pH curves. Benzylamine was used as the internal standard. The background electrolyte was composed of 60 mmol L(-1) tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and 30 mmol L(-1) 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid,at pH 8.1. Separation was conducted in a fused-silica capillary (32 cm total length and 8.5 cm effective length, 50 mu m I.D.) with a short-end injection configuration and direct UV detection at 214 nm. The run time was only 14 s. Three different strategies were studied in order to develop a fast CE method with low total analysis time for propranolol analysis: low flush time (Lflush) 35 runs/h, without flush (Wflush) 52 runs/h, and Invert (switched polarity) 45 runs/h. Since the three strategies developed are statistically equivalent, Mush was selected due to the higher analytical frequency in comparison with the other methods. A few figures of merit of the proposed method include: good linearity (R(2) > 0.9999); limit of detection of 0.5 mg L(-1): inter-day precision better than 1.03% (n = 9) and recovery in the range of 95.1-104.5%. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Utredning av nyttan med applicering av mobil enhet i organisationen : Utveckling av en handdator applikation

Denna examensrapport på magisternivå genomfördes under våren 2004, hos AB Borlänge Energi.Borlänge Energis servicetekniker behövde ett hjälpmedel för att effektivisera deras arbetsuppgifter. Tidigare sparades driftjournaler för varje servicekund lokalt hos kunden. Serviceteknikern behövde också åka tillbaka till huvudkontoret för att slutföra ett uppdrag. Borlänge Energi hade inte heller någon möjlighet att föra statistik över servicekunderna då alla driftjournaler sparades hos servicekunden.Vi utvecklade en prototyp av ett inrapporteringsverktyg för en handdator. I detta verktyg får serviceteknikern tillgång till all relevant information gällande serviceuppdraget. Efter slutfört uppdrag skickas driftjournalen in till en databas hos Borlänge Energi, samtidigt skickas ett email till servicekunden att serviceuppdraget är utfört.Utöver målet utredde vi nyttan med applicering av mobil enhet i organisationen. Borlänge Energi vill med detta veta om arbetet blev effektivare, samt om arbetsrutinerna förändrades. Resultatet vi kom fram till var att arbetet effektiviseras med användning av prototypen. Viktiga faktorer för att få serviceteknikern att använda prototypen var användarvänlighet samt förändring av arbetsrutiner.

Förutsättningar för specialiserade musikproduktioner för personer med cochleaimplantat

Denna studies syfte är att finna sätt att producera musikinspelningar som passar lyssnare med cochleaimplantat. Frågeställningen är: Vilka perceptuella egenskaper hos cochleaimplantat bör man som musikproducent tänka på för att kunna anpassa musikinspelningar för människor med CI?För att finna de perceptuella egenskaper som cochleaimplantat, CI, har vid musiklyssning gjordes en litteraturstudie av det som skrivits kopplat till musiklyssning med CI.Resultaten visar att inspelningarna bör mixas i mono och att melodierna i musiken bör innehålla toner med stora intervall. Grundtonen i komplexa toner bör höras, och övertonerna bör kontrolleras, så att övertonsserierna inte blir alltför långa och går för högt i frekvensspektrumet. Det dynamiska omfånget i inspelningen bör inte vara alltför stort, och frekvensomfånget bör hålla sig runt 200-5000 Hz. Syntetisk rumssimulering, som t.ex. reverb, bör inte heller användas. Vidare presenteras en idé till hur man skulle kunna styra implantaten direkt elektroniskt, för att skapa musik.

Interkulturellt synsätt i konflikt med konstruktionen av "De andra" : En textanalys av läroböcker i engelska för gymnasiet utgivna i Sverige under åren 1995-2003

Syftet med denna uppsats är att genom textanalys granska ett antal läroböcker i Engelska A för gymnasiet, utgivna i Sverige under tiden 1995-2003, för att därigenom utforska i vilken mån ett interkulturellt synsätt kommer till uttryck i dessa läroböcker. Slutsatserna som dras utifrån studien visar att ett interkulturellt synsätt betonar ett dynamiskt möte, där mötet leder till en djupare förståelse av sig själv och andra. För att mötet skall vara framgångsrikt förordas en plats utanför den egna och den andres kultur, vilken möjliggör ett utvidgande av den egna horisonten. Vidare visar textanalysen av läroböckerna att en vanligt förekommande skildring av kulturer i den övriga världen, är konstruktionen av ”de andra”, som skiljer sig mot hur den engelsktalande vita kulturen skildras som ”oss”. Den dolda värdering som konstruerar västvärlden till ”oss” och den övriga världen till ”dem”, är värderingar som inte medverkar till ett interkulturellt synsätt. De texter i läroböckerna som understödjer konstruktionen av ”de andra”, motverkar ett interkulturellt synsätt. Här skall också nämnas att ett icke omnämnande av andra kulturer än den vita västerländska och därutöver ett omnämnande av dessa i relation till problem och rasism, inte heller kan ses som medverkande till ett interkulturellt synsätt. Dock finns därutöver några texter i läroböckerna som nyanserat beskriver det mänskliga ”oss” och inte betonar ”vi och de andra”, och dessa kan sägas medverka till ett interkulturellt synsätt.

Industriarvet i skärningspunkten mellan kulturarv och turism

I detta arbete studerar jag vilken bild av det industriella kulturarvet som förmedlas när kulturarv och turism tillsammans skapar kulturarvsturism, i synnerhet vid Världsarvet i Falun. Jag har för att ta reda på detta gjort litteraturstudier, genomfört intervjuer och studerat förmedlandet av världsarvet i text och på plats vid gruvområdet i Falun.Kulturarvsturismen faller mellan å ena sidan kulturmiljövården och å andra sidan turismnäringen och samarbete mellan dessa två sektorer har ofta visat sig vara problematiskt. De olika aktörerna arbetar med olika tidsperspektiv, har olika utbildning och olika uppdrag vilket ofta lett till konflikter. För att tydliggöra denna konflikt talar jag i detta arbete om ett bevarande- och ett turismutvecklingsperspektiv. Vid Världsarvet Falun – industrilandskapet kring Stora Koppargruvan - har man tidigt skapat ett gemensamt världsarvsråd med ett samarbete som uppfattas som positivt av de intervjuade. Huvudmotivet för samarbetet i Falun har varit den gemensamma nämnaren mellan de olika perspektiven: att förmedla kulturarvet till besökare. Detta motiv har gått före turismutvecklingsperspektivets motiv att skapa regional utveckling eller ökade inkomster och bevarandeperspektivets motiv att vårda, förvalta och ge en rättvis bild av historien. Viljan att locka fler besökare har ibland blivit viktigare än att utveckla kulturarvsplatsen i sig och möjligheten att tyst vandra omkring i historien utan en anhopning av bildspel, skyltar, guider och aktiviteter har med denna besöksanpassning delvis försvunnit. Vid Världsarvet Falun presenterar man idag en förenklad bild av sitt industriella arv. Detta gör att man når många som inte skulle kunna ta till sig ett mer komplext och fördjupande material. Samtidigt misslyckas man med att erbjuda den intresserade eller insatta besökaren något att bita i: mer komplicerade och komplexa delar av världsarvet förmedlas inte. Man lyckas inte heller förmedla ett industriellt kulturarv som tillhör vardagen och därmed även ställer nutida frågor på sin spets och som mer än andra kulturarv handlar om makten över historien, samtiden och framtiden. Det gäller att med det goda samarbete man utvecklat i organisationen och med sin medvetenhet om både risker och möjligheter vara varsam när man vidareutvecklar Världsarvet Falun som besöksmål. Med mycket små förändringar kan en industrihistoriskt präglad upplevelse gå upp i rök. Världsarvsrådet måste också som kulturarvsskapande aktörer rikta blicken mot och kritiskt granska den historia som är möjlig att berätta utifrån den egna presentationen.