892 resultados para GUERRA FRÍA


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El colapso de la Unión Soviética a inicios de los años noventa del siglo pasado, constituyó para Rusia un punto de partida para su reconfiguración y reestructuración como un país independiente. En este proceso de reconfiguración y reestructuración Rusia ha adoptado diferentes elementos de la cultura política occidental; situación que resulta de gran interés, toda vez que en los años de la Guerra Fría la Rusia comunista encarnaba la antítesis de Occidente a nivel ideológico, político y económico. Esta investigación pretende estudiar la oposición política en Rusia entre los años 2004 y 2012, y, con ello, presentar algunos elementos clave en la comprensión de las acciones, relaciones e influencia de los diferentes actores del nuevo sistema político de esta potencia mundial.

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Con el fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y el escenario que planteaba la Guerra Fría, la manera de entender y explicar la seguridad en la comunidad internacional se amplió, y pasó de ser concebida únicamente en términos políticos y militares, a incluir aspectos como el medio ambiente, la economía y la sociedad. Por esta razón el concepto de seguridad se complejizó dando paso a la construcción de distintas definiciones y debates alrededor de la ampliación de la agenda de seguridad y los temas que en ella se debían tratar. Así pues el fin principal del presente trabajo es el análisis de un fenómeno socialmente relevante en el marco de las relaciones internacionales como lo es la configuración de seguridad, a partir de intervenciones de terceros actores que involucran poblaciones afectadas como en el caso somalí, la cual enfrentó una situación de crisis como producto de la emergencia de seguridad que se produce en el año 1991 con la expulsión de Siad Barre del poder. Su importancia radica en la reivindicación de la trascendencia tanto de los derechos humanos, como de la relevancia del papel de las organizaciones internacionales y de los Estados más poderosos del Sistema Internacional, en la protección de esos derechos y de las comunidades vulnerables que conforman dicho sistema.

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IntroducciónLa disolución de la Unión Soviética en 1989 y el subsiguiente final de la guerra fría impactaron el globo entero. Un detalle de este cambio en la política internacional incidió entre la comunidad académica, ya que sus miembros tuvieron la esperanza de tener acceso a los inexpugnables archivos rusos. Como el gobierno soviético guardaba sigilosamente toda su documentación, los universitarios estaban ansiosos. Ellos conocían las características  de la burocracia soviética y sospechaban que una voluminosa cantidad de documentos se habían producido y guardado. Mientras que algunos de los archivos quedaron cerrados por razones de seguridad nacional, y otros eran inaccesibles a pesar de que estaban abiertos, muchas de las instituciones se han abierto y cantidades sustanciales de información aparecían para confirmar que los archivos rusos serán una fuente importante de evidencia histórica en los años venideros

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El rol de la geocconomía como una poderosa herramienta condicionante al interior de la organización de “lo global”, permanece sin la suficiente investigación en lo relativo a los trabajos sustentados en la tradición geopolítica. Las Banderas de Conveniencia (BDCs, en adelante) son destacadas como un ejemplo de la importancia que posee el enfrentamiento entre la geopolítica y la geoeconomía en la geoeconomía política, y las dificultades asociadas con el manejo de “lo global”. Banderas de Conveniencia es la expresión que define la utilización por parte de una empresa mercantil naviera de la bandera de un país que no es el suyo, con la finalidad de beneficiarse de la regulación menos estricta que rige en dicho país. El mecanismo a través del cual se realiza esta acción está constituido por el registro de la nave en el país que la va a beneficiar con su regulación. El presente artículo se preocupa de la geopolítica, de manera preferente, como de las interrelaciones de las naciones-estados (lo internacional). Por contraste, la geoeconomía sugiere una preocupación acerca de la fluidez de las transferencias y los flujos de capital y productos al interior y entre las empresas y los mercados, a una escala global. Los desarrollos en la geoeconomía durante la Guerra Fría han tenido como resultado la evolución de un oecúmene geoeconóm leo. Dicho oecúmenc se caracteriza por la flexibilidad del intercambio mundial, y la relativa facilidad de los movimientos y flujos transfronterizos. Estableciendo un enfrentamiento entre la geopolítica y la geocconomía, el concepto de una geoeconomía política globalizada se hace más difícil y las operaciones de las BDCS demuestran los problemas vinculados con el manejo y control en este nivel.Abstract:The role ofgeoeconomics in the organization of “the global” has received comparatively little attention comparcd with traditional geopolitics; in contrast to the inter-state focus of gcopolitics, geoeconomics focuses on the global transfers of capital and goods in and between firms and markets. In this paper, “Flags of Convenience” are used as examples of the merging of geopolitics and geocconomics within an evolving glohalised “geopolitical cconomy”; they also reveal the complex issues associated with thc control and management of globalised activities. Geoeconomic changes during the Coid War have given rise to increased intcrconncctcdness at the global level. These connections are characterized by flexibility, transfers, ease of movement and transboundary flows. By linking gcopolitics and geoeconomics within a concept of a globalised geopolitical economy, it may be possible to understand these changes better, also the ways in which their negative and positive impacts can be reduccd or enhanced respectively.

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En la Segunda Guerra Mundial la propaganda se convirtió en un campo de batalla más: en el caso de Italia era necesario crear en una opinión pública favorable a la guerra sin crear alarmismos. Para ello se utilizó uno de los instrumentos más eficaces para la propaganda del fascismo: el noticiario cinematográfico Luce. Este artículo analiza la representación que los noticiarios producidos desde 1940 hasta 1945 ofrecen de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Se apuntan los temas más recurrentes, las características de las noticias sobre la guerra y se señalan las grandes ausencias debidas a la censura del Régimen de Mussolini.

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Todas las cartas se presentan en su idioma original (francés) y su traducción al castellano. - Contiene índice onomástico, de cartas, reseñas biográficas de personajes citados en la correspondencia y a modo de epílogo una reflexión sobre la Restauración Borbónica en España 175 años después

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Se describe una experiencia de uso del cómic La Guerra del Helado de Frambuesa publicado por la Oficina de Publicaciones Oficiales de la Comunidad Europea, en las clases de Francés de segundo ciclo de la ESO. Se diseña una unidad didáctica con los siguientes objetivos: conocer el funcionamiento de la Comunidad Europea, producir textos escritos a partir del contenido del cómic, formar una opinión positiva acerca de la ciudadanía europea y descubrir a los personajes que la han hecho posible. Se describen los contenidos, los ejercicios y los criterios de evaluación propuestos.

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El artículo forma parte de un monográfico de la revista dedicado a enseñar el presente.- Resumen tomado parcialmente de la revista

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Fra Bernat Hug de Rocabertí (c.1420-1485) was a prominent member of the Order of the Hospital in the Crown of Aragon in which to attain the dignity of Castilian of Amposta, the most important dignity in the Crown. This work is a historical biography of him, since he entered into the Order by the hand of his brotherin- law, fra Joan de Vilagut, until he became a confidant of King Joan II and his side took part in Catalan Civil War in the fifteenth century. In parallel, Rocabertí also devoted himself to poetry and wrote at least two pieces, the Estrampa, so far unpublished, here this work is published critically, and La glòria d’amor, a long narrative poem, which is a study of possible chronology. Moreover, also studied other people linked to Bernat Hug, like his brothers, authors of some interesting battle letters, also published for the first time, or their brothers-inlaw, among them Joan de Vilagut, also a poet, and Guillem Tinter, who had a poetic Exchange with Vilagut. The whole work is accompanied by transcription of an interesting collection of documents.

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The publication of the book The interior, in 1902, would change the course of thinking about the War of Canudos, who for many years, had been known simply as' the history of Euclid. President Getulio Vargas became interested in the backwoods bloodbath after reading the book avenger-Euclidean. Liked the work he visited the place of occurrence of war promising enjoy the river poured-Barris with the construction of the weir Cocorobo. Euclides da Cunha lived and produced his work in a time of great change in thought, politics and technology. Despite having worked in the press throughout his life, was best known as an engineer, for having exercised the office during the reconstruction of the bridge, in Sao Jose do Rio Pardo. This article aims to illuminate the event of war in light of the Euclidean work. We will examine the trajectory of Euclides da Cunha in journalism. Your learning process to execute the office newsreader and war correspondent, the newspaper O Estado de S. Paul, as well as their reports and work-monument the hinterlands. Resumo: A publicação da obra Os sertões, em 1902, mudaria os rumos do pensamento sobre a Guerra de Canudos, que, por muitos anos, ficara conhecida, simplesmente, como ‘história de Euclides’. O presidente Getúlio Vargas interessou-se pela hecatombe sertaneja após ter lido o livro-vingador euclidiano. Gostou tanto da obra que visitou o lugar de acontecimento da guerra prometendo aproveitar as águas do rio Vaza-Barris com a construção do açude de Cocorobó. Euclides da Cunha viveu e produziu a sua obra em um momento de grandes transformações no pensamento, na política e na tecnologia. Apesar de ter atuado na imprensa ao longo de toda a sua vida, ficou mais conhecido como engenheiro, por ter exercido o ofício, durante a reconstrução da ponte, em São José do Rio Pardo. O presente artigo visa iluminar o acontecimento da guerra à luz da obra euclidiana. Examinaremos a trajetória de Euclides da Cunha no jornalismo. O seu processo de aprendizagem para exercer o ofício de noticiarista e correspondente de guerra, pelo jornal O Estado de S. Paulo, bem como, as suas reportagens e obra-monumento Os sertões.

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Background The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk–outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990–2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8–58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1–43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5–89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.

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Abstract (A journey through Danish literature translated into Finnish after 1945): Nearly 80 per cent of all literary translations from Danish into Finnish are done after the Second World War. These translations are obviously only a small selection of the Danish national literature, but nevertheless capture important trends and currents in it. Based on a selection of translated works, the article allows a broad introduction to Danish literature available in Finnish. It focuses on children's and youth literature, feminist literature and realistic, magic and civilization critical novels.

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This paper reports the results of employing an artificial bee colony search algorithm for synthesizing a mutually coupled lumped-parameter ladder-network representation of a transformer winding, starting from its measured magnitude frequency response. The existing bee colony algorithm is suitably adopted by appropriately defining constraints, inequalities, and bounds to restrict the search space and thereby ensure synthesis of a nearly unique ladder network corresponding to each frequency response. Ensuring near-uniqueness while constructing the reference circuit (i.e., representation of healthy winding) is the objective. Furthermore, the synthesized circuits must exhibit physical realizability. The proposed method is easy to implement, time efficient, and problems associated with the supply of initial guess in existing methods are circumvented. Experimental results are reported on two types of actual, single, and isolated transformer windings (continuous disc and interleaved disc).

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This paper reports the results of employing an artificial bee colony search algorithm for synthesizing a mutually coupled lumped-parameter ladder-network representation of a transformer winding, starting from its measured magnitude frequency response. The existing bee colony algorithm is suitably adopted by appropriately defining constraints, inequalities, and bounds to restrict the search space and thereby ensure synthesis of a nearly unique ladder network corresponding to each frequency response. Ensuring near-uniqueness while constructing the reference circuit (i.e., representation of healthy winding) is the objective. Furthermore, the synthesized circuits must exhibit physical realizability. The proposed method is easy to implement, time efficient, and problems associated with the supply of initial guess in existing methods are circumvented. Experimental results are reported on two types of actual, single, and isolated transformer windings (continuous disc and interleaved disc).