The Feasibility of Applying EU Data Protection Law to Biological Materials: Challenging ‘Data’ as Exclusively Informational

Though controversial the question of applying data protection laws to biological materials has only gotten a little attention in data privacy discourse. This article aims to contribute to this dearth by arguing that despite absence of positive intention from the architects to apply the EU Data privacy law to biological materials, a range of developments in Molecular Biology and nano-technology—usually mediated by advances in ICT—may provide persuasive grounds to do so. In addition, paucity of sufficient explication of key terms like ‘data/information’ in these legislations may fuel such tendency whereby laws originally intended for the informational world may end up applying to the biological world. The article also analyzes various predicaments that may arise from applying data privacy laws to biological materials. A focus is made on legislative sources at the EU level though national laws are relied on when pertinent.

Law Relating to Admission in Minority Educational Institutions in India

This Study pertains to the law relating to admission in minority educational institutions in India. This is an area which needs certainty. Every year, admissions to various institutions are challenged. The future of umpteen number of students are at stake. Only when clarity with regard to the nature of the rights and conditions to be fulfilled to get the rights are made, conflicts can be prevented. Awareness in this area has to be developed. Considering the peculiar nature of rights provided under Article 30 to the minorities, there is an argument that Article 30 is absolute in nature and restrictions on this right can be only in the interests of the minorities. But there is also a counter argument that minority rights are not absolute and that all rights are absolute only to the extent of their logical extreme. Thus reasonable restrictions can be placed over Article 30. The Legal framework is not comprehensive and conflicting judicial responses add to the dilemma. Legal frame work has pitfalls which creates confusions. Though there are decisions by the highest court of the land regarding admission rights, various parts of the decisions are quoted in isolation by interested parties to assert their sides. Many States try to frame legislations regulating admissions inspired by the judicial pronouncements, which are later declared as violative of minority rights and held unconstitutional. This state of affairs has prompted me to select this area as the subject for study. Study is an analysis for a better regime of law relating to admissions in minority educational institutions in India balancing the interests of various stakeholders viz. minority and non minority educational institutions, both professional and elementary, students, parents and the State.

Predictive Analytics and Decision Support for Heart Failure patients

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Trafficking in human beings for for forced labour in domestic and international law: a comparative legal study of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom

This thesis examines the effect of combating of human trafficking as a crime. Special emphasis has been placed on forced labour and the rights of trafficked victims and their protection. The study explores various legislations undertaken at regional, national and international levels and considers rights of trafficked victims under international human rights and Islamic rights. The aim of the thesis is to provide a critical and comparative analysis of the legal systems of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Kingdom (UK) in terms of human trafficking. The thesis consists of eight chapter; each covering a different aspect of the study. It begins by providing background information regarding the issue of human trafficking and proceeds to examine developments of legal frameworks across the two jurisdictions to combat this crime and penalize the criminals. It seeks to examine the legal system pertaining to human trafficking for forced labour and analyse the three distinct platforms, that is, prevention, protection, and punishment, by comparing the legal systems of the KSA and the UK. The examination of both countries aims to identify the strength and weaknesses of the KSA system as compared to the UK system. Thus, it concludes that the KSA can improve its ranking from Tier 2 watch list to Tier 1 if reforms are introduced in the legislation and enforcement domains. The study also demonstrates how the UK and the KSA portray ‘human trafficking’ in their regional laws. A problem often faced during the information-gathering and investigation stages is the lack of available evidence against traffickers, a particular issue in the KSA. The thesis concludes that the transnational aspect of this phenomenon makes it necessary to establish a thorough and comprehensive legal framework to cover all matters pertaining to this crime, including the protection of victims and punishment of criminals in the KSA and the UK, including immigration and ‘kafala’ strategies that may be of value in future researches.

The outset of mental torture. Through the lens of the Ticking Time Bomb Scenario

No doubt shall be placed when qualifying torture as one of the cruellest crime offences against human beings. It is widely known that the first torture practices go back to the Middle Ages, where torture mechanisms and devices were used as a legitimate means of punishment, extraction of confessions or executions. Brutal techniques such as ‘Judas Cradle’, ‘The Rack’ or the ‘Rat Torture’ were indeed, the ones commonly used. Moreover, some centuries onwards, torture warrants were permitted and authorised by Privy Councils in legislations such as the English one. However, examples like that were the only ones which public accountability was given to, whereas off-the-book practices remained in silence in other countries for long lasting years. Nowadays, in the 21st century, there are innumerable enforced laws and provisions that prohibit the act of torture, to be precise, physical and psychological torture. Nonetheless, not only are these legislations necessary for fighting torture, but also ad hoc courts and specialised committees continuously report the existence of this crime offence.

Nuevos horizontes en materia de viajes combinados

Los viajes combinados han ocupado tradicionalmente un lugar destacado dentro de la amplia gama de servicios ofrecidos por los operadores turísticos. Por ello, el Consejo de la Unión Europea adoptó en 1990 la Directiva 90/314/CEE, de 13 de junio, relativa a los viajes combinados, las vacaciones combinadas y los circuitos combinados, con el fin de eliminar, o cuanto menos mitigar, la especial situación de indefensión en que se encontraba aquél que los contrataba. Desde la aprobación de esta Directiva han pasado casi veinticinco años y ante el surgimiento de problemas derivados de la aparición de nuevos modelos de negocio y formas de contratación de los servicios turísticos que ni siquiera se plantearon en aquel momento, se ha hecho necesaria la revisión de una normativa a todas luces obsoleta e incapaz de proteger adecuadamente a los usuarios de estos servicios. Así, el 9 de julio de 2013 la Comisión Europea aprobó la Propuesta de Directiva del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo relativa a los viajes combinados y los servicios asistidos de viaje, por la que se modifican el Reglamento (CE) nº 2006/2004 y la Directiva 2011/83/UE y por la que se deroga la Directiva 90/314/CEE. El objetivo de este trabajo se centra en analizar las modificaciones propuestas por la C C omisión respecto al ámbito de aplicación de la Directiva 90/314/CEE y su posible repercusión en las legislaciones internas, sobre todo teniendo en cuenta el enfoque de armonización máxima que se pretende dar al nuevo texto.

A reestruturação logística dos serviços no Exército : Estudo de caso: O fardamento.

O Exército tem vindo a sofrer inúmeras reestruturações em virtude das revisões de que foi alvo o Conceito Estratégico de Defesa Nacional (2013). A atual orgânica, aprovada pela Resolução do Conselho de Ministro n.º 26/2013, de 19 abril, estabeleceu como linhas de ação prioritárias (de entre outras) a adaptação e racionalização de estruturas e a rentabilização de meios e capacidades, por forma a obter ganhos de eficiência, economias de escala e inovação de procedimentos a curto, médio e longo prazo. Com o intuito de adaptar, racionalizar e rentabilizar as estruturas edificadas e as capacidades logísticas, desenvolveu-se o projeto “Defesa 2020”, que visa implementar um modelo sustentável potenciador da racionalização da supracitada despesa pública e incrementador da eficiência na utilização dos recursos. Hodiernamente, as entidades não primam somente pela adoção de estratégias a nível de melhorias de eficiência económica, mas também a nível do acompanhamento da evolução tecnológica. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objeto de estudo a nova orgânica do Exército e os novos procedimentos do Sistema Logístico na gestão do Fardamento, com o fim de verificar as eventuais oportunidades de melhoria que os mesmos poderão ser alvo. Decorrente do expresso acima, derivam os objetivos deste que se consubstanciam na viabilidade e melhorias possíveis de aplicar aos serviços Logísticos do Exército na gestão do Fardamento, com a génese no estudo benchmarking dos serviços Logísticos do Ejército de Tierra (Espanha) por força da sua proximidade geográfica e da sua maior maturidade. Para o estudo da problemática levantada e para a concretização dos objetivos citados, realizou-se uma recolha de dados que teve como base o método hipotético-dedutivo. Os resultados obtidos nesta investigação demonstram que a gestão do fardamento no Exército Português se encontra numa fase embrionária, o que permite a adoção de melhorias que possibilitem um desempenho mais favorável e funcionamento mais eficaz, deparando-se com conspectos que podem ser melhorados, nomeadamente o planeamento de rede de transportes, a acessibilidade de vendas aos militares e a partilha de informação de artigos disponíveis e suas características. Conclui-se que é possível aperfeiçoar procedimentos no Sistema Logístico tendo em conta a eficiência e eficácia necessária à organização, no meio onde se insere.

Fast Detection and Chemical Characterization of Gunshot Residues by CMV-GC-MS and LIBS

Gunshot residue (GSR) is the term used to describe the particles originating from different parts of the firearm and ammunition during the discharge. A fast and practical field tool to detect the presence of GSR can assist law enforcement in the accurate identification of subjects. A novel field sampling device is presented for the first time for the fast detection and quantitation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV) is a headspace sampling technique that provides fast results (< 2 min. sampling time) and is reported as a versatile and high-efficiency sampling tool. The CMV device can be coupled to a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) instrument by installation of a thermal separation probe in the injection port of the GC. An analytical method using the CMV device was developed for the detection of 17 compounds commonly found in polluted environments. The acceptability of the CMV as a field sampling method for the detection of VOCs is demonstrated by following the criteria established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) compendium method TO-17. The CMV device was used, for the first time, for the detection of VOCs on swabs from the hands of shooters, and non-shooters and spent cartridges from different types of ammunition (i.e., pistol, rifle, and shotgun). The proposed method consists in the headspace extraction of VOCs in smokeless powders present in the propellant of ammunition. The sensitivity of this method was demonstrated with method detection limits (MDLs) 4-26 ng for diphenylamine (DPA), nitroglycerine (NG), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), and ethyl centralite (EC). In addition, a fast method was developed for the detection of the inorganic components (i.e., Ba, Pb, and Sb) characteristic of GSR presence by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Advantages of LIBS include fast analysis (~ 12 seconds per sample) and good sensitivity, with expected MDLs in the range of 0.1-20 ng for target elements. Statistical analysis of the results using both techniques was performed to determine any correlation between the variables analyzed. This work demonstrates that the information collected from the analysis of organic components has the potential to improve the detection of GSR.

Perceção da terminologia legal e dos procedimentos judiciais por menores em conflito com a lei

Todos os seres humanos, independentemente da sua fase no ciclo vital ou qualquer tipo de condição, são seres plenos de direitos e merecem ser tratados com dignidade e respeito. Os jovens, por se encontrarem numa etapa inicial do desenvolvimento humano, requerem atenção e assistência especiais. A presença de crianças e jovens envolvidos no sistema de justiça é cada vez mais frequente e devido à sua idade precoce, inúmeras leis e documentos foram desenvolvidos para proteger os menores, com o objetivo de fornecer uma justiça adaptada à sua maturidade cognitiva e emocional em todas as fases do processo judicial (antes, durante e após). Quando estas questões são referentes a jovens na qualidade de ofensores, tomam particular pertinência, devido à possibilidade do seu direito de defesa ficar comprometido. Uma vez que, em Portugal, a literatura existente acerca de como o sistema de justiça interage com os jovens em conflito com a Lei é escassa, o presente estudo é revestido de particular pertinência. Assim, esta investigação visa apresentar um estudo quantitativo que pretende compreender a perceção que os jovens em conflito com a Lei têm da terminologia legal e dos procedimentos judiciais. A recolha de dados realizou-se baseada no método de inquérito suportado pela técnica de questionário fechado. Elaborou-se um instrumento constituído por 69 questões dicotómicas, com um tempo de realização estimado de 15 minutos. Para a realização da investigação foram obtidas as autorizações necessárias (i.e. Comissão de Ética da Universidade Fernando Pessoa e Direção Geral de Reinserção e Serviços Prisionais) e os respetivos consentimentos informados dos participantes. Os resultados revelam que, em geral, os jovens inquiridos têm um relativo bom conhecimento da terminologia legal e dos procedimentos judiciais que ocorreram durante o processo tutelar de que foram alvo. Verificou-se uma diferença de conhecimento/experiência significativa entre os Centros Educativos do Porto e da Guarda, sendo que os jovens do Porto revelarem maiores conhecimentos que os jovens da Guarda. Apesar dos jovens apresentarem conhecimento acerca do sistema, existem determinadas lacunas às quais se deve atentar. Assim, depreende-se que o sistema jurídico português possa estar a empenhar-se de forma a cumprir as normas e legislações nacionais e internacionais e garantir o bem-estar e esclarecimento do jovem em conflito com a lei. Contudo, reconhece-se que é da responsabilidade dos intervenientes judiciais com contacto direto com a criança (e.g. advogado, juiz) esta função, pelo que os lapsos identificados devem ser colmatados de forma a garantir que o jovem seja (como é) um cidadão pleno de direitos e dignidade quando contacta com o sistema jurídico.

Mental health and human rights in forensic psychiatry in the European Union

One of the most important events which characterizes the process of transitioning to the European Union is the ratification of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by the European Council in 1950. Since then, the topic of human rights has become the inspiring principle in the construction of the European Community and afterwards the institutional apparatus which constitutes the Union. The primary objective of the European Union States currently is to promote a harmonization of the national legislations on mental health, favoring a central health policy which reduces inequalities amongst the member States. For this reason Europe is a region of the world in which is more abundant the normative one about mental health, especially in form of Recommendations directed to the States by the Council of Europe, although norms of direct application also exist. Special interest has the sentences dictated by the European Court of Human Rights and the conclusions of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. It should be mentioned the work of European Union equally and of the Office for Europe of the World Organization of the Health. This group of juridical instruments configures the most complete regulation on the mental patient's rights.