10 kVp rule – An anthropomorphic pelvis phantom imaging study using a CR system: impact on image quality and effective dose using AEC and manual mode

Purpose - This study aims to investigate the influence of tube potential (kVp) variation in relation to perceptual image quality and effective dose (E) for pelvis using automatic exposure control (AEC) and non-AEC in a Computed Radiography (CR) system. Methods and materials - To determine the effects of using AEC and non-AEC by applying the 10 kVp rule in two experiments using an anthropomorphic pelvis phantom. Images were acquired using 10 kVp increments (60–120 kVp) for both experiments. The first experiment, based on seven AEC combinations, produced 49 images. The mean mAs from each kVp increment were used as a baseline for the second experiment producing 35 images. A total of 84 images were produced and a panel of 5 experienced observers participated for the image scoring using the two alternative forced choice (2AFC) visual grading software. PCXMC software was used to estimate E. Results - A decrease in perceptual image quality as the kVp increases was observed both in non-AEC and AEC experiments, however no significant statistical differences (p > 0.05) were found. Image quality scores from all observers at 10 kVp increments for all mAs values using non-AEC mode demonstrates a better score up to 90 kVp. E results show a statistically significant decrease (p = 0.000) on the 75th quartile from 0.37 mSv at 60 kVp to 0.13 mSv at 120 kVp when applying the 10 kVp rule in non-AEC mode. Conclusion - Using the 10 kVp rule, no significant reduction in perceptual image quality is observed when increasing kVp whilst a marked and significant E reduction is observed.

O viés da comunicação [de] Harold A. Innis [recensão crítica]

Recensão crítica do livro "Innis, H.(2011[1951]) O viés da comunicação. Petropólis, Vozes".

Image quality and dose analysis for a PA chest X-ray: comparison between AEC mode acquisition and manual mode using the 10 kVp ‘rule’

Purpose - To compare the image quality and effective dose applying the 10 kVp rule with manual mode acquisition and AEC mode in PA chest X-ray. Method - 68 images (with and without lesions) were acquired using an anthropomorphic chest phantom using a Wolverson Arcoma X-ray unit. These images were compared against a reference image using the 2 alternative forced choice (2AFC) method. The effective dose (E) was calculated using PCXMC software using the exposure parameters and the DAP. The exposure index (lgM provided by Agfa systems) was recorded. Results - Exposure time decreases more when applying the 10 kVp rule with manual mode (50%–28%) when compared with automatic mode (36%–23%). Statistical differences for E between several ionization chambers' combinations for AEC mode were found (p = 0.002). E is lower when using only the right AEC ionization chamber. Considering the image quality there are no statistical differences (p = 0.348) between the different ionization chambers' combinations for AEC mode for images with no lesions. Considering lgM values, it was demonstrated that they were higher when the AEC mode was used compared to the manual mode. It was also observed that lgM values obtained with AEC mode increased as kVp value went up. The image quality scores did not demonstrate statistical significant differences (p = 0.343) for the images with lesions comparing manual with AEC mode. Conclusion - In general the E is lower when manual mode is used. By using the right AEC ionising chamber under the lung the E will be the lowest in comparison to other ionising chambers. The use of the 10 kVp rule did not affect the visibility of the lesions or image quality.

Increasing source to image distance for AP pelvis imaging: impact on radiation dose and image quality

Aim - A quantative primary study to determine whether increasing source to image distance (SID), with and without the use of automatic exposure control (AEC) for antero-posterior (AP) pelvis imaging, reduces dose whilst still producing an image of diagnostic quality. Methods - Using a computed radiography (CR) system, an anthropomorphic pelvic phantom was positioned for an AP examination using the table bucky. SID was initially set at 110 cm, with tube potential set at a constant 75 kVp, with two outer chambers selected and a fine focal spot of 0.6 mm. SID was then varied from 90 cm to 140 cm with two exposures made at each 5 cm interval, one using the AEC and another with a constant 16 mAs derived from the initial exposure. Effective dose (E) and entrance surface dose (ESD) were calculated for each acquisition. Seven experienced observers blindly graded image quality using a 5-point Likert scale and 2 Alternative Forced Choice software. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) was calculated for comparison. For each acquisition, femoral head diameter was also measured for magnification indication. Results - Results demonstrated that when increasing SID from 110 cm to 140 cm, both E and ESD reduced by 3.7% and 17.3% respectively when using AEC and 50.13% and 41.79% respectively, when the constant mAs was used. No significant statistical (T-test) difference (p = 0.967) between image quality was detected when increasing SID, with an intra-observer correlation of 0.77 (95% confidence level). SNR reduced slightly for both AEC (38%) and no AEC (36%) with increasing SID. Conclusion - For CR, increasing SID significantly reduces both E and ESD for AP pelvis imaging without adversely affecting image quality.

Qualidade da imagem radiográfica e otimização da dose de radiação

A linha condutora desta obra enquadra-se bem nesta citação de Thomas Edison pois reúne um conjunto de saberes e experiências dos vários autores, numa simbiose entre o ensino e a prática profissional, com o objetivo de ser um contributo para o reconhecimento da profissão. Os últimos trinta anos têm marcado as tecnologias da saúde pelo grande avanço que permitiram, nomeadamente na área da radiologia. A diversidade de técnicas radiográficas e as diferentes aplicações clínicas justificam uma descrição dos procedimentos e técnicas radiográficas mais comummente usadas na prática clínica. Daí a necessidade de uma obra em língua portuguesa que descreva os princípios fundamentais para a execução de exames radiográficos e explique as considerações técnicas com vista à melhoria da qualidade das imagens radiográficas. O conhecimento é apresentado de forma lógica e sequencial, de modo a facilitar a compreensão das diferentes técnicas radiográficas. Além de uma descrição teórica, todas as incidências descritas são demonstradas através de um amplo leque de figuras organizadas por regiões anatómicas. Inclui a descrição dos procedimentos necessários para a execução de incidências radiográficas do foro osteoarticular, com ilustrações quer do posicionamento quer da imagem radiográfica resultante. Estamos certos de que este livro será uma importante ferramenta auxiliar quer para o ensino da técnica radiológica quer para consulta de todos os técnicos de radiologia que necessitem destes conhecimentos para o desempenho da sua atividade profissional diária.

O poder caiu na rua: crise de estado e acções colectivas na revolução portuguesa [de] Diego Palacios Cerezales [recensão crítica]

Recensão crítica do livro "PALACIOS CEREZALES, Diego - O poder caiu na rua: crise de estado e acções colectivas na revolução portuguesa. Lisboa: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, 2003”.

Efeito dos parâmetros técnicos na dose e qualidade de imagem num sistema de radiografia computorizada

Mestrado em Radiações Aplicadas às Tecnologias da Saúde - Ramo de especialização: Imagem Digital com Radiação X

Developing corporate image in higher education sector: a case study of University of East Anglia Norwich, United Kingdom’ [de] Muhammad Amjad, Muhammad Moazam Fraz [recensão crítica]

Recensão crítica do livro "AMJAD, Muhammad; FRAZ, Muhammad Moazam - Developing corporate image in higher education sector: a case study of University of East Anglia Norwich, United Kingdom. Lisboa: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2012”.

10 kVp rule – An anthropomorphic pelvis phantom imaging study using a CR system: impact on image quality and effective dose using AEC and manual mode

Background - Pelvis and hip radiography are consistently found to be amongst the highest contributors to the collective effective dose (E) in all ten DOSE DATAMED countries in Europe, representing 2.8 to 9.4% of total collective dose (S) in the TOP 20 exams list. The level of image quality should provide all the diagnostic information in order not to jeopardise the diagnosis, but being able to provide the needed clinical information with the minimum dose. A recent study suggests further research to determine whether the “10 kVp rule” would have value for a range of examinations using Computed Radiography (CR) systems. As a “rule of thumb” increasing the kVp by 10 whilst halving the mAs is suggested to give a similar perceptual image quality when compared to the original exposure factors. Aims - In light of the 10kVp rule, this study aims to investigate the influence of tube potential (kVp) variation in relation to perceptual image quality and E for pelvis imaging using automatic exposure control (AEC) and non-AEC in a Computed Radiography (CR) system. Research questions - Does the 10kVp rule works for the pelvis in relation to image quality in a CR system? Does the image quality differs when the AEC is used instead of manual mode using the 10kVp rule and how this impacts on E?

Radioterapia adaptativa: utilização do cone-beam computed tomography para o cálculo de dose em radioterapia

Mestrado em Radiações Aplicadas às Tecnologias da Saúde - Ramo de especialização: Terapia com Radiações

A positividade aplicada às organizações: uma reflexão crítica sobre o contributo do comportamento organizacional positivo para a segurança no trabalho

Com origem na esfera de positividade promovida pela psicologia positiva, o comportamento organizacional positivo tem revelado constituir uma mais - valia para os processos e pr áticas organizacionais. Um construto central n este campo é o capital psicológico, composto por quatro capacidades psicológicas positivas – o optimismo, a resiliência, a esperança e a auto - eficácia. A evidência empírica sugere que este construto está associ ado a resultados individuais e organizacionais benéficos, quer para o indivíduo quer para a organização. A presente comunicação constitui uma reflexão crítica acerca dos principais contributos e relevância que este construto pode t er para o s campo s da segu rança e da saúde no trabalho . Os avanços neste novo campo do saber, ao nível teórico e empírico , fornecem a base para pesquisas futuras que examinem a relação entre o capital psicológico e a criação de ambientes de trabalho mais saudáveis e com maior segur ança. A partir da proposta teórica de Salanova (2008) e de estudos empíricos que mostram o papel que o capital psicológico pode ter na promoção de factores associados à saúde no trabalho, como o bem - estar (Avey, Luthans, Smith & Palmer, 2010; Little, Gooty & Nelson, 2007) e a qualidade de vida no trabalho (Nguyen & Nguyen , 2011), será analisada a importância deste construto ímpar e são sugeridas futuras vias de investigação que articulem com maior clareza o capital psicológico e a saúde no trabalho. O s trabalhos pioneiros de Eid, Mearns, Larsson, Laberg and Johnsen (2012) dão o mote para uma análise crítica sobre os contributos do capital psicológico para a compreensão dos factores individuais que afectam a segurança no trabalho.

Avaliação da distribuição de dose em doentes com cancro da mama: cobertura e homogeneidade no volume alvo e dose nos órgãos de risco

Mestrado em Radioterapia

Educação, desenvolvimento e participação política dos professores: contributo para uma análise crítica da política educativa portuguesa dos anos oitenta

Dissertação de mestrado em Ciências da Educação: área de Educação e Desenvolvimento

A survey in Portuguese X-ray fluoroscopy equipment: dose rates and image quality

X-ray fluoroscopy is essential in both diagnosis and medical intervention, although it may contribute to significant radiation doses to patients that have to be optimised and justified. Therefore, it is crucial to the patient to be exposed to the lowest achievable dose without compromising the image quality. The purpose of this study was to perform an analysis of the quality control measurements, particularly dose rates, contrast and spatial resolution of Portuguese fluoroscopy equipment and also to provide a contribution to the establishment of reference levels for the equipment performance parameters. Measurements carried out between 2007 and 2013 on 143 fluoroscopy equipment distributed by 34 nationwide health units were analysed. The measurements suggest that image quality and dose rates of Portuguese equipment are congruent with other studies, and in general, they are as per the Portuguese law. However, there is still a possibility of improvements intending optimisation at a national level.

Uma leitura pedagógica da construção histórica do conceito de energia: contributo para uma didáctica crítica

Tese de doutoramento em Ciêncas da Educação, área da Teoria Curricular e Ensino das Ciências