Multidisciplinary practice vs. inter-firm collaboration in professional services market

Yritysten välinen yhteistyö kasvaa asiantuntijamarkkinoilla. Suppean palvelutarjooman omaavat yritykset muodostavat laajempia palveluita yhdistämällä osaamisiaan kumppaneidensa kanssa. Näin muodostuvat yritysryhmittymät uhkaavat alaa hallitsevia monipuolisen palvelutarjooman omaavia kansainvälisiä moniosaajayrityksiä. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena on selvittää minkälaisia hyötyjä moniosaajayritys voi saada näitä ryhmittymiä vastaan lisäämällä omaa yhteistyötään. Tavoitteeseen pääsemiseksi markkinoilla olevat yritysryhmittymät tunnistetaan ja selvitetään minkälaisia asioita asiakas pitää tärkeänä ostaessaan asiantuntijapalveluita. Toimialan trendit ja aikaisemmat tutkimukset yritysten välisestä yhteistyöstä sekä asiakkaan ostokäyttäytymisestä osoittavat, että yhteistyön avulla yrityksellä on mahdollisuus saavuttaa monia hyötyjä. Tietoa olemassa olevista yritysryhmittymistä ja asiakkaiden ostokäyttäytymisestä kerättiin haastattelemalla yhden kansainvälisen moniosaajayrityksen henkilöstöä sekä asiakkaita. Tuloksena löytyi yritysryhmittymiä, joista osa uhkaa moniosaajayrityksen kilpailuetua. Asiakkaiden ostokäyttäyminen suosi hieman enemmän asiantuntijapalveluiden hankkimista yritysryhmittymältä moniosaajayrityksen sijaan. Tekemällä yhteistyötä ja tarjoamalla tiettyjä palveluita yhdessä kumppanin kanssa, moniosaajayritys voi saavuttaa hyötyjä yritysryhmittymiä vastaan ja vaikuttaa positiivisesti asiakkaan ostokäyttäytymiseen.

Inter-limb coordination and energy cost in swimming.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the relationship between inter-arm coordination and the energy cost of locomotion in front crawl and breaststroke and explored swimmers' flexibility in adapting their motor organization away from their preferred movement pattern. DESIGN: Nine front-crawlers performed three 300-m in front crawl and 8 breaststrokers performed three 200-m in breaststroke at constant submaximal intensity and with 5-min rests. Each trial was performed randomly in a different coordination pattern: freely chosen, 'maximal glide' and 'minimal glide'. Two underwater cameras videotaped frontal and side views to analyze speed, stroke rate, stroke length and inter-limb coordination. METHODS: In front crawl, inter-arm coordination was quantified by the index of coordination (IdC) and the leg beat kicks were counted. In breaststroke, four time gaps quantified the arm to leg coordination (i.e., time between leg and arm propulsions; time between beginning, 90° flexion and end of arm and leg recoveries). The energy cost of locomotion was calculated from gas exchanges and blood lactate concentration. RESULTS: In both front crawl and breaststroke, the freely chosen coordination corresponded to glide pattern and showed the lowest energy cost (12.8 and 17.1Jkg(-1)m(-1), respectively). Both front-crawlers and breaststrokers were able to reach 'maximal glide' condition (respectively, +35% and +28%) but not 'minimal glide' condition for front crawl. CONCLUSIONS: The freely chosen pattern appeared more economic because more trained. When coordination was constrained, the swimmers had higher coordination flexibility in breaststroke than in front crawl, suggesting that breaststroke coordination was easier to regulate by changing glide time.

[Magnificentiores selectioresque Urbis Venetiarum prospectus quos olim Michael Marieschi, Venetus pictor et architectus in plerisque tabulis depinxit, nunc vero ab ipsomet acurate delineante, incidente, tyspisque mandante, iterum in sexdecim aereis tabulis in lucem aeduntur]. [3], Foscarorum ades ad levam, et e conspectu altera Balborum ambo praeter canalem magnum ; ubi etiam solemne nauticum certamen, et maxima prequentia cymbarum vel auro vel argento vel alio ornatu obductarum, fictasque formas exhibentium cernuntur, nec non lintres naviculariorum pro brabrio certantium. Inter easdem aedes exornata ad maiorem spectaculi dignitatm meta super acquas erigitur. : [estampe] / Mich.l Marieschi del.t et inci.t

Référence bibliographique : Toledano, Marieschi, 35d

Inter-relações genéticas entre espécies do gênero Spondias com base em marcadores AFLP

O objetivo deste trabalho foi construir um fenograma de trinta indivíduos de seis espécies de Spondias, amostradas em três diferentes locais, baseado em 120 marcadores AFLP das combinações de primers EcoR1/Mse1 para esclarecer as inter-relações entre as espécies, subsidiar a exploração das espécies como porta-enxerto e fornecer informações genômicas dessas espécies. O fenograma UPGMA do coeficiente de Jaccard apresentou boa definição, com valor co-fenético de 0,925 e localização externa de dois "outgroups" das espécies Mangifera indica e Schinopsis brasiliensis da família Anacardeaceae. Todos os indivíduos de S. cytherea, S. tuberosa e S. purpurea foram agrupados dentro de cada espécie, independentemente do local de amostragem, enquanto quatro dos seis indivíduos de Spondias sp (umbu-cajá) e S. mombin foram agrupadas, e outros dois indivíduos foram posicionados fora dos agrupamentos dessas espécies. Os dois indivíduos de Spondias sp (umbuguela) não se posicionaram próximos no fenograma. A posição do umbu-cajá e da umbuguela (PE) entre umbuzeiro e cajazeira, e similaridades entre 50% e 60% sugerem que as mesmas possam ser híbridas entre as duas espécies. O fenograma sugeriu que S. cytherea foi a espécie mais divergente das estudadas.

The effects of inter-crop cultivation Between rows of citrus crop on spreading of Guignardia citricarpa Ascospores and in the citrus black spot occurrence

This study highlighted the effect of planting coast-cross grass and forage peanut cv. Amarilis between rows of Natal oranges on spreading of Guignardia citricarpa ascospores and consequent citrus black spot control. Treatments evaluated were: 1- conventional cultivation, free of fungicides; 2- conventional cultivation, using protective fungicides; 3- inter-crop cultivation of coast-cross grass between rows of citrus crops and; 4- inter-cropping cultivation of forage peanut between the rows of citrus crops. Quest Volumetric Spore SystemTM traps were set in order to determine the number of ascospores released. A total of 33 inspections were conducted weekly, from the end of August until early September the following year. A diagrammatic scale was used to determine the severity of the disease as well as the percentage of fruits having a commercial standard. The coast-cross grass was more effective in reducing the number of ascospores produced, whose average statistics were lower than in the conventional treatments, free-fungicides. The inter-crop and conventional cultivation method coupled with fungicide treatment was more effective in reducing the severity of citrus black spot symptoms, and differs statistically from the fungicide-free control method. These methods also resulted in a higher percentage of fruits of a commercial standard, ranging from the 89% through the 91% percentile, and the cultivation, free of fungicides, fell within the 73%.

Heterosis in papaya: inter and intragroup analysis

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a typical crop of tropical areas, and Brazil is one of the leading world producers. In recent decades, papaya culture has expanded to different regions of the country, but the number of cultivars available is still limited. In the present study, a complete diallel cross was carried out using eight accessions of papaya from the UENF/Caliman germplasm bank. Four genotypes belong to the Formosa heterotic group and four, to the Solo group. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and viability of exploring heterosis in heterotic intragroup hybrids. Fifty-six hybrid progenies were generated and evaluated. Among the Formosa intragroup hybrids, two hybrid combinations (MR x J4 and MR x SK) showed heterosis for all traits, as well as good average total fruit production. Among the Solo intragroup hybrids, three hybrid combinations (WM x GG, WM x SS and WM x SM) stand out for fruit production and high content of soluble solids. In Formosa x Solo hybrids, all hybrid combinations with the parent JS (JS x WM, JS x GG, JS x SS and JS x SM) showed high fruit quality and good average for fruit production. The heterotic profile of the hybrids tested allowed the identification of promising hybrids within Formosa and Solo heterotic groups. The analysis of the canonical variables also allowed the visualization of distinct groups of hybrids, depending on the provenance of the parents.

VARIABILIDAD GENÉTICA DE PARENTALES Y POBLACIONES F1 INTER E INTRAESPECÍFICAS DE Physalis peruviana L. Y P. floridana Rydb.

RESUMENLa uchuva, Physalis peruviana, es un frutal andino de importancia para la exportación; el principal limitante de su producción en Colombia es el marchitamiento vascular ocasionado por Fusarium oxysporum. En el presente trabajo se propuso generar poblaciones F1 entre parentales contrastantes por su respuesta a éste patógeno y evaluarlas molecularmente como apoyo al conocimiento y uso de los recursos genéticos de la especie. Para ello, cuatro genotipos de P. peruviana y uno de la especie relacionada P. floridana, fueron caracterizados a nivel morfo-agronómico empleando 34 variables cualitativas y 20 cuantitativas, y a nivel molecular con 328 marcadores tipoCOSII y 154 IRGs. Dichos genotipos se utilizaron como parentales para la generación y caracterización molecular de poblaciones F1. Las variables cuantitativas permitieron diferenciar las especies P. floridana y P. peruviana así como genotipos cultivados y silvestres dentro de P. peruviana. Se encontró un 100% de viabilidad en cruces F1 intraespecíficos y un 50% en interespecíficos, siendo viables aquellos donde P. floridana fue receptor de polen. A nivel molecular no se identificaron polimorfismos dentro de P. peruviana pero sí entre P. floridana y P. Peruviana. En una población F1 de 51 individuos generada entre las especies se encontró un total de 127 alelos con un promedio de 3,18 por locus, un PIC de 0,358 y altos valores de heterocigocidad (Ho: 0,737 y He: 0,449). Los análisis de PCA y agrupamiento permitieron discriminar la población F1 en tres grupos, en su mayoría con mayor similitud al parental P. floridana. Lo anterior se reflejó en una distorsión mendeliana del 75% favorecida por la presencia de un 63,75% de alelos maternos. El estudio aporta conocimiento sobre la cruzabilidad en uchuva y la variabilidad genética de genotipos parentales y poblaciones F1.

HIBRIDAÇÕES CONTROLADAS INTER E INTRAESPECÍFICAS PARA O MELHORAMENTO GENÉTICO DE PORTA-ENXERTOS DE PEREIRA

RESUMO O objetivo da pesquisa foi a averiguação da compatibilidade de pólen em pereira com marmeleiro (hibridações interespecíficas)e com cultivares de pereira (hibridações intraespecíficas). Foram usadas: ‘Packham’s Triumph’ (genitorfeminino) e ‘William’s’ e ‘Clapp’s Favorite’, ‘Maçã’ e ‘Portugal’ (genitores masculinos). Foi determinada frutificação efetiva (%) no campo aos 40 dias após as hibridações e a germinação in vivopor meio deatribuição de notas, seguindo escala de posição do tubo polínico no ovário. Obteve-se maior frutificaçãoefetiva entre as pereiras ‘Packham’s Triumph’ x ‘Clapp’s Favorite’. Nos cruzamentos interespecíficos, a maiorfrutificação efetiva foi obtida entre ‘Packham’s Triumph’ x ‘Portugal’. Na germinação in vivo, o estádio de desenvolvimento do tubo polínico apresentou variações significativas entre as combinações, porém não se obteve penetração de tubo polínico no óvulo. Como se observou frutificação em todos os cruzamentos, existe possível compatibilidade entre os genótipos estudados. Os resultados indicam que as cultivares doadoras de pólen da espécie P. communis são compatíveis com ‘Packham’s Triumph’. Outros estudos devem ser realizados com pólen de marmeleiro a fim de confirmar essa compatibilidade.

Inter-rater Reliability of Criteria-Based Content Analysis of Children's Statements of Abuse.

The evaluation of children's statements of sexual abuse cases in forensic cases is critically important and must and reliable. Criteria-based content analysis (CBCA) is the main component of the statement validity assessment (SVA), which is the most frequently used approach in this setting. This study investigated the inter-rater reliability (IRR) of CBCA in a forensic context. Three independent raters evaluated the transcripts of 95 statements of sexual abuse. IRR was calculated for each criterion, total score, and overall evaluation. The IRR was variable for the criteria, with several being unsatisfactory. But high IRR was found for the total CBCA scores (Kendall's W = 0.84) and for overall evaluation (Kendall's W = 0.65). Despite some shortcomings, SVA remains a robust method to be used in the comprehensive evaluation of children's statements of sexual abuse in the forensic setting. However, the low IRR of some CBCA criteria could justify some technical improvements.

Standardisation of elemental analytical techniques applied to provenance studies of archaeological ceramics: an inter laboratory calibration study

Chemical analysis is a well-established procedure for the provenancing of archaeological ceramics. Various analytical techniques are routinely used and large amounts of data have been accumulated so far in data banks. However, in order to exchange results obtained by different laboratories, the respective analytical procedures need to be tested in terms of their inter-comparability. In this study, the schemes of analysis used in four laboratories that are involved in archaeological pottery studies on a routine basis were compared. The techniques investigated were neutron activation analysis (NAA), X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). For this comparison series of measurements on different geological standard reference materials (SRM) were carried out and the results were statistically evaluated. An attempt was also made towards the establishment of calibration factors between pairs of analytical setups in order to smooth the systematic differences among the results.