Etnofaulismos e os dicionários monolíngues brasileiros

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Análise da gíria na música Vida loka 1 do Racionais MC's

This study proposes an analysis of slang words which are present in the lyrics of the song Vida Loka I, composed by the group of rap Racionais MC's from São Paulo, from a Sociolinguistic stylistic perspective, in order to understand the transition of some words which are nowadays considered as informal language to became present in dictionaries

Análise da gíria na música Vida loka 1 do Racionais MC's

This study proposes an analysis of slang words which are present in the lyrics of the song Vida Loka I, composed by the group of rap Racionais MC's from São Paulo, from a Sociolinguistic stylistic perspective, in order to understand the transition of some words which are nowadays considered as informal language to became present in dictionaries

El tratamiento de la terminología médica en un diccionario inglés del siglo XVII: An English Expositor (John Bullokar, 1616)

[ES]El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar los términos médicos en uno de los primeros diccionarios monolingües y de temática general que se publicaron en Inglaterra a comienzos del siglo XVII: An English Expositor (John Bullokar, 1616). Para ello, se prestará atención a las categorías en las que se pueden clasificar, el volumen de entradas léxicas y el contenido de las definiciones.

Las lenguas de extremo oriente y el español: los diccionarios y gramáticas como primeros instrumentos para la comunicación en Filipinas y China

[ES]En este trabajo mostraremos cómo desde los inicios de la Edad Moderna la lexicografía española se constituyó en uno de los vínculos que unían Europa, América y el Extremo Oriente. La modernización de la lexicografía en el continente europeo vino de la mano de Nebrija. Y, así, las nuevas gramáticas y diccionarios escritos para favorecer la comunicación entre los españoles y los pueblos del Extremo Oriente (Filipinas y China) llevaron más allá de las fronteras de España el modelo de Nebrija. Asimismo, ofrecemos un panorama de estas obras desde el siglo XVI hasta comienzos del siglo XX.

Una scossa all'economia: le conseguenze del sisma dell'Aquilano. Traduzione dall'inglese in italiano di un articolo di ricerca economica ed esperienza di collaborazione con gli autori.

The aim of this dissertation is to provide a translation from English into Italian of a specialised scientific article published in the Cambridge Working Papers in Economics series. In this text, the authors estimate the economic consequences of the earthquake that hit the Abruzzo region in 2009. An extract of this translation will be published as part of conference proceedings. The main reason behind this choice is a personal interest in specialised translation in the economic domain. Moreover, the subject of the article is of particular interest to the Italian readership. The aim of this study is to show how a non-specialised translator can tackle with such a highly specialised translation with the use of appropriate terminology resources and the collaboration of field experts. The translation could be of help to other Italian linguists looking for translated material in this particular domain where English seems to be the dominant language. In order to ensure consistent terminology and adequate style, the document has been translated with the use of different resources, such as dictionaries, glossaries and specialised corpora. I also contacted field experts and the authors of text. The collaboration with the authors proved to be an invaluable resource yet one to be carefully managed. This work is divided into 5 chapters. The first deals with domain-specific sublanguages. The second gives an overview of corpus linguistics and describes the corpora designed for the translation. The third provides an analysis of the article, focusing on syntactical, lexical and structural features while the fourth presents the translation, side-by-side with the source text. The fifth comments on the main difficulties encountered in the translation and the strategies used, as well as the relationship with the authors and their review of the published text. Appendix I contains the econometric glossary English – Italian.

Esperienza di creazione di entrate lessicografiche combinatorie: metodi e dati dal progetto CombiNet

The present dissertation aims at simulating the construction of lexicographic layouts for an Italian combinatory dictionary based on real linguistic data, extracted from corpora by using computational methods. This work is based on the assumption that the intuition of the native speaker, or the lexicographer, who manually extracts and classifies all the relevant data, are not adequate to provide sufficient information on the meaning and use of words. Therefore, a study of the real use of language is required and this is particularly true for dictionaries that collect the combinatory behaviour of words, where the task of the lexicographer is to identify typical combinations where a word occurs. This study is conducted in the framework of the CombiNet project aimed at studying Italian Word Combinationsand and at building an online, corpus-based combinatory lexicographic resource for the Italian language. This work is divided into three chapters. Chapter 1 describes the criteria considered for the classification of word combinations according to the work of Ježek (2011). Chapter 1 also contains a brief comparison between the most important Italian combinatory dictionaries and the BBI Dictionary of Word Combinations in order to describe how word combinations are considered in these lexicographic resources. Chapter 2 describes the main computational methods used for the extraction of word combinations from corpora, taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods. Chapter 3 mainly focuses on the practical word carried out in the framework of the CombiNet project, with reference to the tools and resources used (EXTra, LexIt and "La Repubblica" corpus). Finally, the data extracted and the lexicographic layout of the lemmas to be included in the combinatory dictionary are commented, namely the words "acqua" (water), "braccio" (arm) and "colpo" (blow, shot, stroke).

Wortlautgrenze und Wörterbuch

Kriterien für die Angemessenheit einer Interpretation gibt es in vielen textbezogenen Wissenschaften. Die Juristen sind auf eine angemessene Interpretation des Gesetzes sogar von der Verfassung her verpflichtet. Die Gesetzesbindung soll eingelöst werden mit dem Kriterium der Wortlautgrenze. Wenn man diese Grenze im Wörterbuch finden will, überschätzt man seine Leistung. Wenn man sie ohne Wörterbuch finden will, unterschätzt man diese. Erst wenn man sich klar macht, dass die Wortlautgrenze nicht im Buch steht, sondern im Streit, kann man die Leistung der Wörterbücher richtig schätzen.

The macro level effects of gender - (un)fair language in Polish

A recent analysis of more than 100 countries found that the extent to which their languages grammatically allowed for an asymmetric treatment of men and women correlated with socio-economic indices of gender inequality (Prewitt-Freilino, Caswell, & Laakso, 2012). In a set of four studies we examine whether the availability of feminine forms as indicated by the most recent dictionaries (1) predicts the actual percentage of women and gender wage gap for all professions registered in Poland; (2) predicts the longitudinal pattern of use of the occupational job-titles; (3) relates to social perception of the sample of 150 professions.

The Olive Tree, Vol. 1 Number 1, 1992

The Summer 1992 issue of The Olive Tree features articles about library projects, collections, technological innovations, and events at Fogler Library, University of Maine.

Language ideologies: the formation and legitimisation of New Zealand English

New Zealand English first emerged at the beginning of the 19th century as a result of the dialect contact of British (51%), Scottish (27.3%) and Irish (22%) migrants (Hay and Gordon 2008:6). This variety has subsequently developed into an autonomous and legitimised national variety and enjoys a distinct socio-political status, recognition and codification. In fact, a number of dictionaries of New Zealand English have been published1 and the variety is routinely used as the official medium on TV, radio and other media. This however, has not always been the case, as for long only British standard norms were deemed suitable for media broadcasting. While there is some work already on lay commentary about New Zealand English (see for example Gordon 1983, 1994; Hundt 1998), there is much more to be done especially concerning more recent periods of the history of this variety and the ideologies underlying its development and legitimisation. Consequently, the current project aims at investigating the metalinguistic discourses during the period of transition from a British norm to a New Zealand norm in the media context, this will be done by focusing on debates about language in light of the advent of radio and television. The main purpose of this investigation is thus to examine the (language) ideologies that have shaped and underlain these discourses (e.g. discussions about the appropriateness of New Zealand English vis à vis external, British models of language) and their related practices in these media (e.g. broadcasting norms). The sociolinguistic and pragmatic effects of these ideologies will also be taken into account. Furthermore, a comparison will be carried out, at a later stage in the project, between New Zealand English and a more problematic and less legitimised variety: Estuary English. Despite plenty of evidence of media and other public discourses on Estuary English, in fact, there has been very little metalinguistic analysis of this evidence, nor examinations of the underlying ideologies in these discourses. The comparison will seek to discover whether similar themes emerge in the ideologies played out in publish discourses about these varieties, themes which serve to legitimise one variety, whilst denying such legitimacy to the other.

Contact, Mobility and Authenticity: Language Ideologies in Koineisation

New Zealand English first emerged at the beginning of the 19th century as a result of the dialect contact of British (51%), Scottish (27.3%) and Irish (22%) migrants (Hay and Gordon 2008:6). This variety has subsequently developed into an autonomous and legitimised national variety and enjoys a distinct socio-political status, recognition and codification. In fact, a number of dictionaries of New Zealand English have been published1 and the variety is routinely used as the official medium on TV, radio and other media. This however, has not always been the case, as for long only British standard norms were deemed suitable for media broadcasting. While there is some work already on lay commentary about New Zealand English (see for example Gordon 1983, 1994; Hundt 1998), there is much more to be done especially concerning more recent periods of the history of this variety and the ideologies underlying its development and legitimisation. Consequently, the current project aims at investigating the metalinguistic discourses during the period of transition from a British norm to a New Zealand norm in the media context, this will be done by focusing on debates about language in light of the advent of radio and television. The main purpose of this investigation is thus to examine the (language) ideologies that have shaped and underlain these discourses (e.g. discussions about the appropriateness of New Zealand English vis à vis external, British models of language) and their related practices in these media (e.g. broadcasting norms). The sociolinguistic and pragmatic effects of these ideologies will also be taken into account. Furthermore, a comparison will be carried out, at a later stage in the project, between New Zealand English and a more problematic and less legitimised variety: Estuary English. Despite plenty of evidence of media and other public discourses on Estuary English, in fact, there has been very little metalinguistic analysis of this evidence, nor examinations of the underlying ideologies in these discourses. The comparison will seek to discover whether similar themes emerge in the ideologies played out in publish discourses about these varieties, themes which serve to legitimise one variety, whilst denying such legitimacy to the other.

Crowdsourcing language change with smartphone applications

Crowdsourcing linguistic phenomena with smartphone applications is relatively new. In linguistics, apps have predominantly been developed to create pronunciation dictionaries, to train acoustic models, and to archive endangered languages. This paper presents the first account of how apps can be used to collect data suitable for documenting language change: we created an app, Dialäkt Äpp (DÄ), which predicts users’ dialects. For 16 linguistic variables, users select a dialectal variant from a drop-down menu. DÄ then geographically locates the user’s dialect by suggesting a list of communes where dialect variants most similar to their choices are used. Underlying this prediction are 16 maps from the historical Linguistic Atlas of German-speaking Switzerland, which documents the linguistic situation around 1950. Where users disagree with the prediction, they can indicate what they consider to be their dialect’s location. With this information, the 16 variables can be assessed for language change. Thanks to the playfulness of its functionality, DÄ has reached many users; our linguistic analyses are based on data from nearly 60,000 speakers. Results reveal a relative stability for phonetic variables, while lexical and morphological variables seem more prone to change. Crowdsourcing large amounts of dialect data with smartphone apps has the potential to complement existing data collection techniques and to provide evidence that traditional methods cannot, with normal resources, hope to gather. Nonetheless, it is important to emphasize a range of methodological caveats, including sparse knowledge of users’ linguistic backgrounds (users only indicate age, sex) and users’ self-declaration of their dialect. These are discussed and evaluated in detail here. Findings remain intriguing nevertheless: as a means of quality control, we report that traditional dialectological methods have revealed trends similar to those found by the app. This underlines the validity of the crowdsourcing method. We are presently extending DÄ architecture to other languages.

A Word. Palaver and Its Transferal Residues

The word 'palaver' is colloquially associated with useless verbiage and the nuisance of a tediously long, aimless and superfluous debate. At the same time, it insinuates an uncivilized culture of discourse beyond reason. Thus it appears to be of vaguely exotic origin but still firmly set in the European lexicon. Yet behind this contemporary meaning there lies a long history of linguistic and cultural transfers which is encased in a context of different usages of language and their intersections. By tracing the usage and semantics of 'palaver' in various encyclopaedias, glossaries and dictionaries of English, French, German, Portuguese and Spanish, the following article explores the rich history of this word. Moreover, it also regards the travelling semantics of the term 'palaver' as a process of cultural transfer that can be likened to the microcellular workings of a (retro)virus. Viral reproduction and evolution work through processes of transfer that enable the alteration of the host to adjust it to the replication and reproduction of the virus. In some cases, these processes also allow for the mutation or modification of the virus, making it suitable for transfer from one host to another. The virus is thus offered here as a vital model for cultural transfer: It not only encompasses the necessary adoption and adaption of contents or objects of cultural transfer in different contexts. It contributes to a conceptual understanding of the transferal residue that the transferred content is endowed with by its diversifying contexts. This model thereby surpasses an understanding of cultural transfer as literal translation or transmission: it conceptualizes cultural transfer as an agent of evolutionary processes, allowing for mutational effects of transfer as endowment.

Amílcar Urbano Sosa : el enseñar deleitando en Antología de meñique

En el panorama de la literatura infantil y juvenil muy enriquecido en la Argentina en las dos últimas décadas con obras de autores de gran trayectoria, cabe destacar en nuestra provincia el aporte a la poesía para la infancia de Amílcar Urbano Sosa con Antología de Meñique (1963). Profundamente comprometido con su quehacer docente y con la tierra cuyana, este poeta olvidado de las antologías, de los diccionarios específicos y de los estudios académicos hace propio el docere delectans de la tradición clásica. Es por ello que en su libro, teniendo en cuenta el joven destinatario, canta a las primeras vivencias del niño en su encuentro con el mundo de los afectos y con el mundo circundante. En este recorrido por los paulatinos despertares - las estaciones, la casa, las fiestas patrias - acierta a seguirse preguntando por la significación del maestro que es, entre otras, “aprender lo que se ha dado por sabido [...] y alumbrarnos, siendo hombres/ de aquellas cosas que tuvimos al ser niños". En este trabajo, además de recordar los doce títulos que componen su obra especialmente poética, desde la publicación de La rosa y la abeja (1947) hasta Melesca y Canto del descubrimiento, ambas de 1996, nos interesa recuperar para la literatura argentina, mendocina en especial, a quien en su momento fuera galardonado con diferentes premios provinciales y estimado por la crítica como poeta auténtico de la vida y del terruño.