976 resultados para Contratação bilateral


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Organizado por las Comisiones Nacionales de la Unesco de España y Francia

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Se reúnen los principales puntos tratados en las conversaciones franco-españolas para la revisión bilateral de los Manuales escolares de Historia. Las conversaciones fueron organizadas por las Comisiones Nacionales de la UNESCO de España y Francia, bajo los auspicios de la UNESCO. La reunión previa tuvo lugar en Madrid los días 4, 5 y 8 de abril de 1961. Se citan los representantes de ambos países que formaron parte de ambas Comisiones. Se llegó a un acuerdo sobre los principios y el procedimiento a seguir, que se formuló en los siguientes puntos: no se trata de llegar a conseguir la elaboración de manuales comunes de historia, ni de realizar un estudio crítico completo de los manuales de historia, sino de examinar cómo son presentados en los manuales, los períodos de más estrecha relación entre ambos países. También se tratará de señalar en los manuales: los errores de hecho, los olvidos, las interpretaciones capciosas y lo vocablos desafortunados. Otros aspectos que se destacan es el deseo de que en los manuales se llegue a conclusiones comunes, y el hecho de que las revisiones de los manuales se lleve a cabo en manuales de tipo medio, dirigidos a alumnos entre once y dieciocho años. En cumplimiento de este acuerdo, establecido en la citada reunión de representantes de las Comisiones Nacionales de la UNESCO Francesa y Española, se formó una Comisión mixta de historiadores de ambos países para proceder a la revisión de los mencionados manuales escolares. Las reuniones de esta Comisión mixta tuvieron lugar en Madrid, del 7 al 11 de noviembre de 1961. También se señalan los miembros que formaron parte de esta comisión. En ella se analizó como se muestra la historia de España en unos manuales escolares franceses determinados, y viceversa. Como elemento final se recogen una serie de conclusiones.

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Se recoge información relativa a las actividades educativas de cooperación bilateral y multilateral. Así, se reseña la firma de distintos convenios de cooperación cultural de carácter bilateral entre España y Bulgaria, España y Checoslovaquia, España e Irlanda; la celebración de comisiones mixtas de España-Austria, España-Hungría, España-Países Bajos, España-República Popular de Polonia, España-Turquía, España-URSS y España-Noruega. También, se incluyen las actividades educativas desarrolladas durante 1979 por el Consejo de Europa.

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Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

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Analiza la influencia del conflicto colombiano en los procesos de intercambio comercial de Colombia con Ecuador, centrándose en la profundización y localización del conflicto armado colombiano. El autor recopila de forma sistemática información referida a la evolución del intercambio comercial entre Ecuador y Colombia, para responder a su pregunta de investigación sobre los efectos generados por la dinámica del conflicto armado colombiano a partir de la implementación del Plan Colombia. El análisis de algunas manifestaciones del conflicto, como los cierres de carretera por parte de los grupos irregulares y los desplazamientos militares para controlarlos, le permite establecer su impacto en los flujos comerciales bilaterales por vía terrestre. El estudio se plantea, desde la perspectiva de las relaciones económicas internacionales, como una reflexión puntual, con un interés principalmente metodológico, que quiere dar cuenta de las formas en que las alteraciones del orden público y las respuestas estatales frente a ellas, afectan los intercambios y la cotidianidad de la región fronteriza entre los dos países.

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This paper sets out to conduct an empirical analysis of the post-Lisbon role of the European Parliament (EP) in the EU’s Common Commercial Policy through an examination of the ‘deep and comprehensive’ bilateral Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) currently negotiated as part of the EU’s Global Europe strategy. The EU-Korea and EU-India FTAs are used as case studies in order to determine the implications of the EP’s enhanced trade powers on the processes, actors and outcomes of EU bilateral trade policy. The EP is now endowed with the ‘hard power’ of consent in the ratification phase of FTAs, acting as a threat to strengthen its ‘soft power’ to influence negotiations. The EP is developing strategies to influence the mandate and now plays an important role in the implementation of FTAs. The entry of this new player on the Brussels trade policy field has brought about a shift in the institutional balance of power and opened up the EP as a new point of access for trade policy lobbyists. Finally, increased EP involvement in EU trade policy has brought about a politicisation of EU trade policy and greater normative outcomes of FTAs.

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It is now well established that subthalamic nucleus high-frequency stimulation (STN HFS) alleviates motor problems in Parkinson's disease. However, its efficacy for cognitive function remains a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of STN HFS in rats performing a visual attentional task. Bilateral STN HFS was applied in intact and in bilaterally dopamine (DA)-depleted rats. In all animals, STN HFS had a transient debilitating effect on all the variables measured in the task. In DA-depleted rats, STN HFS did not alleviate the deficits induced by the DA lesion such as omissions and latency to make correct responses, but induced perseverative approaches to the food magazine, an indicator of enhanced motivation. In sham-operated controls, STN HFS significantly reduced accuracy and induced perseverative behaviour, mimicking partially the effects of bilateral STN lesions in the same task. These results are in line with the hypothesis that STN HFS only partially mimics inactivation of STN produced by lesioning and confirm the motivational exacerbation induced by STN inactivation.

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This article investigates income and population biases in the distribution of aid and decomposes recipients by geographic region. Previous analyses aggregate recipients and assume biases have an equal impact. Results demonstrate that although while a bias towards middle-income and medium-sized countries persists in the full sample, the extent of such biases differs significantly by region.

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Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease involving progressive motor, cognitive and behavioural decline, leading to death approximately 20 years after motor onset. The disease is characterised pathologically by an early and progressive striatal neuronal cell loss and atrophy, which has provided the rationale for first clinical trials of neural repair using fetal striatal cell transplantation. Between 2000 and 2003, the 'NEST-UK' consortium carried out bilateral striatal transplants of human fetal striatal tissue in five HD patients. This paper describes the long-term follow up over a 3-10-year postoperative period of the patients, grafted and non-grafted, recruited to this cohort using the 'Core assessment program for intracerebral transplantations-HD' assessment protocol. No significant differences were found over time between the patients, grafted and non-grafted, on any subscore of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale, nor on the Mini Mental State Examination. There was a trend towards a slowing of progression on some timed motor tasks in four of the five patients with transplants, but overall, the trial showed no significant benefit of striatal allografts in comparison with a reference cohort of patients without grafts. Importantly, no significant adverse or placebo effects were seen. Notably, the raclopride positron emission tomography (PET) signal in individuals with transplants, indicated that there was no obvious surviving striatal graft tissue. This study concludes that fetal striatal allografting in HD is safe. While no sustained functional benefit was seen, we conclude that this may relate to the small amount of tissue that was grafted in this safety study compared with other reports of more successful transplants in patients with HD.

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Functional neuroimaging investigations of pain have discovered a reliable pattern of activation within limbic regions of a putative "pain matrix" that has been theorized to reflect the affective dimension of pain. To test this theory, we evaluated the experience of pain in a rare neurological patient with extensive bilateral lesions encompassing core limbic structures of the pain matrix, including the insula, anterior cingulate, and amygdala. Despite widespread damage to these regions, the patient's expression and experience of pain was intact, and at times excessive in nature. This finding was consistent across multiple pain measures including self-report, facial expression, vocalization, withdrawal reaction, and autonomic response. These results challenge the notion of a "pain matrix" and provide direct evidence that the insula, anterior cingulate, and amygdala are not necessary for feeling the suffering inherent to pain. The patient's heightened degree of pain affect further suggests that these regions may be more important for the regulation of pain rather than providing the decisive substrate for pain's conscious experience.