Interleukin-1beta induces human proximal tubule cell injury, alpha-smooth muscle actin expression and fibronectin production

BACKGROUND Tubulointerstitial lesions, characterized by tubular injury, interstitial fibrosis and the appearance of myofibroblasts, are the strongest predictors of the degree and progression of chronic renal failure. These lesions are typically preceded by macrophage infiltration of the tubulointerstitium, raising the possibility that these inflammatory cells promote progressive renal disease through fibrogenic actions on resident tubulointerstitial cells. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to investigate the potentially fibrogenic mechanisms of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), a macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory cytokine, on human proximal tubule cells (PTC). METHODS Confluent, quiescent, passage 2 PTC were established in primary culture from histologically normal segments of human renal cortex (N = 11) and then incubated in serum- and hormone-free media supplemented with either IL-1beta (0 to 4 ng/mL) or vehicle (control). RESULTS IL-1beta significantly enhanced fibronectin secretion by up to fourfold in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. This was accompanied by significant (2.5- to 6-fold) increases in alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta1) secretion, nitric oxide (NO) production, NO synthase 2 (NOS2) mRNA and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Cell proliferation was dose-dependently suppressed by IL-1beta. NG-methyl-l-arginine (L-NMMA; 1 mmol/L), a specific inhibitor of NOS, blocked NO production but did not alter basal or IL-1beta-stimulated fibronectin secretion. In contrast, a pan-specific TGF-beta neutralizing antibody significantly blocked the effects of IL-1beta on PTC fibronectin secretion (IL-1beta, 268.1 +/- 30.6 vs. IL-1beta+alphaTGF-beta 157.9 +/- 14.4%, of control values, P < 0.001) and DNA synthesis (IL-1beta 81.0 +/- 6.7% vs. IL-1beta+alphaTGF-beta 93.4 +/- 2.1%, of control values, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION IL-1beta acts on human PTC to suppress cell proliferation, enhance fibronectin production and promote alpha-smooth muscle actin expression. These actions appear to be mediated by a TGF-beta1 dependent mechanism and are independent of nitric oxide release.

Perspectives about exercise from adults with venous leg ulcers : an exploratory study

Objective Exercise has the potential to offer a range of health benefits in addition to improving healing outcomes for people with venous leg ulcers. However despite evidence based recommendations, most of these individuals do not engage in regular exercise. The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the perspectives of adults with venous leg ulcers, in relation to exercise. Method This was a qualitative design using semi-structured interviews and discussions. Ten participants with venous leg ulceration volunteered to participate. Recruitment was through a specialist wound clinic. Verbatim data were collected by an experienced moderator using a semi-structured guide. Data saturation was reached after three group discussions and two interviews. A random selection of transcripts was sent back to the participants for verification. Thematic content analysis was used to determine major themes and categories. Two transcripts were independently analysed, categories and themes independently developed, cross checked and found comparable. Remaining transcripts were analysed using developed categories and codes. Results Regardless of their current exercise routine, participants reported exercising prior to venous leg ulceration and expressed an interest in either becoming active or maintaining an active lifestyle. Overall four themes emerged from the findings: i) participant understanding of the relationship between chronic venous insufficiency and exercise patterns, ii) fear of harm impacts upon positive beliefs and attitudes to exercise, iii) perceived factors limit exercise and iv) structured management facilitates exercise. Conclusion The value of exercise in improving outcomes in venous leg ulcers lies in its capacity to promote venous return and reduce the risk of secondary conditions in this population. Despite motivation and interest in being exercise active, people with venous leg ulcers report many obstacles. Further exploration of mechanisms that assist this patient population and promote understanding about management of barriers, coupled with promotion of enabling factors is vital for improving their exercise participation.

The lipophilic opioids: Fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil and remifentanil

discusses fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil, and remifentanil which are synthetic opioid analgesics with high affinity for the mu opioid receptor. They have been widely adopted in anaesthetic practice for various surgical procedures (e.g. in cardiac surgery) and for long-term analgesia and sedation. Important pharmacokinetic differences between these analgesics have been described, and this chapter addresses how the pharmacokinetic profile of each analgesic is affected by many factors, including patient age, plasma protein content, acid–base balance status, cardiopulmonary bypass, changes in hepatic blood flow, and the co-administration of other drugs which compete for plasma protein carriers and metabolic pathways, although their profile is not significantly affected by renal insufficiency or compensated hepatic dysfunction, which has major clinical implications.

Colonoscopy preparation in children: Safety, efficacy, and tolerance of high- versus low-volume cleansing methods

Background: The use of large-volume electrolyte balanced solutions as preparation for colonoscopy often results in poor patient compliance and acceptance. The tolerance, safety, and efficacy of high-versus low volume colon-cleansing methods as preparation for colonoscopy in children were compared by randomized operator-blinded trial. Methods: Twenty-nine children ages 3.6-14.6 years had either high-volume nasogastric balanced polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage (20 ml/kg/h) until the effluent was clear (n = 15), or two oral doses of sodium phosphate solution (22.5-45 ml) separated by oral fluid intake (n = 14). Results: Both preparations were equally effective. The low-volume preparation was better tolerated and caused less discomfort that the high-volume preparation, judging by serial nurse observations. The incidence of abdominal symptoms, diarrhea, sleep disturbance, and vomiting was not significantly different between the two groups. Both groups had a small reduction in mean hematocrit and serum calcium levels. The sodium phosphate preparation caused increases in mean serum sodium concentrations from 140 to 145 mmol/L and serum phosphate concentrations from 1.41 to 2.53 mmol/L. Ten hours after the commencement of the preanesthetic fast, these concentrations had returned to normal. Conclusions: There are advantages in terms of tolerance, discomfort, and case of administration with acceptable colonic cleansing with the use of the less-invasive oral sodium phosphate low-volume colon-cleansing preparation in children. Safe use requires ensuring an adequate oral fluid intake during the preparation time and avoidance of use in patients with renal insufficiency.

Elimination of axial venous reflux

Chronic venous disease (CVD), including uncomplicated varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency, is one of the most common medical conditions in the Western world. The central feature of CVD is venous reflux, which may be primary, congenital, or result from an antecedent event, usually an acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT). When the history of DVT is clear, the clinical manifestations of secondary CVD are commonly referred to as the post-thrombotic syndrome. Regardless of the underlying etiology, the final pathway leading to symptoms is ambulatory venous hypertension. The spectrum of symptoms and signs of CVD ranges from minor cosmetic problems to venous ulceration, which results in considerable morbidity and increased medical costs. Aims of this study were to evaluate the outcome of superficial venous surgery performed with or without preoperative duplex evaluation and venous marking with hand-held doppler, to assess short-term outcome of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy in patients with axial superficial venous incompetence, as well as to compare reflux patterns after catheter-directed and systemic thrombolysis of deep ileofemoral venous thrombosis, and to evaluate the long-term outcome of deep venous reconstructions for severe chronic venous insufficiency. The study consists of five separate retrospective projects and includes 315 patients. Of this, 133 patients had undergone superficial venous surgery 2 to 5 years earlier according to preoperative duplex examination and venous marking, or according to clinical evaluation alone, or to a written plan without venous marking. A total of 112 patients had undergone ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy 5.5 to 16.5 months before. In addition, 32 patients had received either catheter-directed or systemic thrombolysis for DVT 2 to 3 years earlier, and 38 patients had undergone deep venous reconstructions 2 to 7 years earlier. In the present studies, some venous reflux was present postoperatively irrespective of the method of evaluation or ablation of the reflux. It seemed, however, that preoperative examination with duplex ultrasound and marking of reflux sites before the operation by the operating surgeon improves the outcome of superficial venous surgery. Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy is effective in elimination of venous reflux in selected cases in short-term follow-up. Catheter-directed thrombolysis for deep iliofemoral venous thrombosis reduces later reflux and most probably the development of post-thrombotic syndrome as well. The outcome of deep venous reconstructions, especially for post-thrombotic deep venous incompetence, is poor. Thus, prevention of valvular damage by active treatment of deep venous thrombosis is important.

Gastric motility: Measurement, symptoms and therapy

Gastric motility disorders, including delayed gastric emptying (gastroparesis), impaired postprandial fundic relaxation, and gastric myoelectrical disorders, can occur in type 1 diabetes, chronic renal failure, and functional dyspepsia (FD). Symptoms like upper abdominal pain, early satiation, bloating, nausea and vomiting may be related to gastroparesis. Diabetic gastroparesis is related to autonomic neuropathy. Scintigraphy is the gold standard in measuring gastric emptying, but it is expensive, requires specific equipment, and exposes patients to radiation. It also gives information about the intragastric distribution of the test meal. The 13C-octanoic acid breath test (OBT) is an alternative, indirect method of measuring gastric emptying with a stable isotope. Electrogastrography (EGG) registers the slow wave originating in the pacemaker area of the stomach and regulating the peristaltic contractions of the antrum. This study compares these three methods of measuring gastric motility in patients with type 1 diabetes, functional dyspepsia, and chronic renal failure. Currently no effective drugs for treating gastric motility disorders are available. We studied the effect of nizatidine on gastric emptying, because in preliminary studies this drug has proven to have a prokinetic effect due to its cholinergic properties. Of the type 1 patients, 26% had delayed gastric emptying of solids as measured by scintigraphy. Abnormal intragastric distribution of the test meal occurred in 37% of the patients, indicating impaired fundic relaxation. The autonomic neuropathy score correlated positively with the gastric emptying rate of solids (P = 0.006), but HbA1C, plasma glucose levels, or abdominal symptoms were unrelated to gastric emptying or intragastric distribution of the test meal. Gastric emptying of both solids and liquids was normal in all FD patients but abnormal intragastric distribution occurred in 38% of the patients. Nizatidine improved symptom scores and quality of life in FD patients, but not significantly. Instead of enhancing, nizatidine slowed gastric emptying in FD patients (P < 0.05). No significant difference appeared in the frequency of the gastric slow waves measured by EGG in the patients and controls. The correlation between gastric half-emptying times of solids measured by scintigraphy and OBT was poor both in type 1 diabetes and FD patients. According to this study, dynamic dual-tracer scintigraphy is more accurate than OBT or EGG in measuring gastric emptying of solids. Additionally it provides information about gastric emptying of liquids and the intragastric distribution of the ingested test meal.

High-risk patients and high-risk grafts in infrainguinal bypass for critical limb ischaemia

The main purpose of revascularization procedures for critical limb ischaemia (CLI) is to preserve the leg and sustain the patient s ambulatory status. Other goals are ischaemic pain relief and healing of ischaemic ulcers. Patients with CLI are usually old and have several comorbidities affecting the outcome. Revascularization for CLI is meaningless unless both life and limb are preserved. Therefore, the knowledge of both patient- and bypass-related risk factors is of paramount importance in clinical decision-making, patient selection and resource allocation. The aim of this study was to identify patient- and graft-related predictors of impaired outcome after infrainguinal bypass for CLI. The purpose was to assess the outcome of high-risk patients undergoing infrainguinal bypass and to evaluate the usefulness of specific risk scoring methods. The results of bypasses in the absence of optimal vein graft material were also evaluated, and the feasibility of the new method of scaffolding suboptimal vein grafts was assessed. The results of this study showed that renal insufficiency - not only renal failure but also moderate impairment in renal function - seems to be a significant risk factor for both limb loss and death after infrainguinal bypass in patients with CLI. Low estimated GFR (PIENEMPI KUIN 30 ml/min/1.73 m2) is a strong independent marker of poor prognosis. Furthermore, estimated GFR is a more accurate predictor of survival and leg salvage after infrainguinal bypass in CLI patients than serum creatinine level alone. We also found out that the life expectancy of octogenarians with CLI is short. In this patient group endovascular revascularization is associated with a better outcome than bypass in terms of survival, leg salvage and amputation-free survival especially in presence of coronary artery disease. This study was the first one to demonstrate that Finnvasc and modified Prevent III risk scoring methods both predict the long-term outcome of patients undergoing both surgical and endovascular infrainguinal revascularization for CLI. Both risk scoring methods are easy to use and might be helpful in clinical practice as an aid in preoperative patient selection and decision-making. Similarly than in previous studies, we found out that a single-segment great saphenous vein graft is superior to any other autologous vein graft in terms of mid-term patency and leg salvage. However, if optimal vein graft is lacking, arm vein conduits are superior to prosthetic grafts especially in infrapopliteal bypasses for CLI. We studied also the new method of scaffolding suboptimal quality vein grafts and found out that this method may enable the use of vein grafts of compromised quality otherwise unsuitable for bypass grafting. The remarkable finding was that patients with the combination of high operative risk due to severe comorbidities and risk graft have extremely poor survival, suggesting that only relatively fit patients should undergo complex bypasses with risk grafts. The results of this study can be used in clinical practice as an aid in preoperative patient selection and decision-making. In the future, the need of vascular surgery will increase significantly as the elderly and diabetic population increases, which emphasises the importance of focusing on those patients that will gain benefit from infrainguinal bypass. Therefore, the individual risk of the patient, ambulatory status, outcome expectations, the risk of bypass procedure as well as technical factors such as the suitability of outflow anatomy and the available vein material should all be assessed and taken into consideration when deciding on the best revascularization strategy.

Efficacy and safety of autologous platelet rich plasma for the treatment of vascular ulcers in primary care: Phase III study

Background: Vascular ulcers are commonly seen in daily practice at all levels of care and have great impact at personal, professional and social levels with a high cost in terms of human and material resources. Given that the application of autologous platelet rich plasma has been shown to decrease healing times in various different studies in the hospital setting, we considered that it would be interesting to assess the efficacy and feasibility of this treatment in primary care. The objectives of this study are to assess the potential efficacy and safety of autologous platelet rich plasma for the treatment of venous ulcers compared to the conventional treatment (moist wound care) in primary care patients with chronic venous insufficiency (C, clinical class, E, aetiology, A, anatomy and P, pathophysiology classification C6). Design: We will conduct a phase III, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, randomized study. The subjects will be 150 patients aged between 40 and 100 years of age with an at least 2-month history of a vascular venous ulcer assigned to ten primary care centres. For the treatment with autologous platelet rich plasma, all the following tasks will be performed in the primary care setting: blood collection, centrifugation, separation of platelet rich plasma, activation of coagulation adding calcium chloride and application of the PRP topically after gelification. The control group will receive standard moist wound care. The outcome variables to be measured at baseline, and at weeks 5 and 9 later include: reduction in the ulcer area, Chronic Venous Insufficiency Quality of Life Questionnaire score, and percentage of patients who require wound care only once a week. Discussion: The results of this study will be useful to improve the protocol for using platelet rich plasma in chronic vascular ulcers and to favour wider use of this treatment in primary care.

Perfis de resistência de cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas em urocultura e a correlação com os fatores de risco diversos para infecção do trato urinário

As infecções do trato urinário (ITUs) são uma das causas mais comuns de consultas médicas. No ambiente hospitalar estão entre as mais frequentes infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde (35 a 45%). Nos Estados Unidos da América, resultam em 3.600.000 consultas médicas anuais e mais de 100.000 hospitalizações. No Reino Unido, representam 23% das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde. Estudos mostram que a E. coli é a bactéria mais isolada em uroculturas (75% a 80%), tanto em pacientes hospitalizados quanto não hospitalizados. A antibioticoterapia para ITU é comumente iniciada empiricamente, antes da urocultura e do antibiograma, por isso, faz-se necessário conhecer a sensibilidade e resistência dos prováveis agentes etiológicos, deve-se considerar o histórico clínico epidemiológico do paciente. No presente estudo foi realizada a análise da resistência das cepas de E. coli isoladas em 261 uroculturas de pacientes assistidos no serviço ambulatorial e hospitalar do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (HUPE) e, também, de 81 cepas isoladas em uroculturas de pacientes assistidos no serviço ambulatorial de um Hospital Maternidade do Município do Rio de Janeiro (HMMRJ), no período de maio de 2010 a dezembro de 2010. A susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos foi determinada pela metodologia de disco difusão por Kirby e Bauer. Foram realizadas triagens fenotípicas para cepas produtoras de ESBL e para cepas produtoras de carbapenemases. Através dos dados contidos nos prontuários dos pacientes com uroculturas positivas para E. coli (≥ 105 ufc/mL), foi realizada a pesquisa clínica epidemiológica para se verificar a ocorrência de fatores de risco diversos, para ITU por E. coli. Observou-se que pacientes do sexo feminino são mais susceptíveis a ITU e o uso de antibiótico até 03 meses antes do episódio infeccioso (p= 0,04746), diabetes (p= 0,01683), trauma recente (p= 0,000238), cirurgia abdominal ou pélvica prévia (p= 0,00221), patologia crônica de bexiga (p= 0,002150), uso de cateter urinário (p=0,0002), insuficiência renal crônica (p= 0,02178), e hospitalização por até 06meses prévios (p= 0,01802) podem ser considerados fatores de risco para ITU por E. coli. Verificou-se que o uso de cateter urinário (p=0,000399), cirurgia abdominal ou pélvica prévia (p=0,004458) e o uso de antimicrobianos prévios ao processo infeccioso (p=0,002625), podem ser considerados fatores de risco importantes, para ITU por E. coli multirresistentes. Os pacientes do sexo masculino, apesar de minoria no estudo, representam a maioria dos pacientes com ITU por E. coli multirresistente. Verificou-se que a classe de antimicrobiano utilizado previamente ao episódio infeccioso, aumenta a chance de ocorrer ITU por E. coli multirresistente, principalmente quando associadas ao uso de cateter urinário e cirurgia abdominal ou pélvica prévia. Os perfis de resistência da cepas isoladas dos pacientes assistidos no serviço ambulatorial e hospitalar do HUPE apresentam semelhanças. Apesar do baixo número de cepas multirresistentes entre as isoladas dos pacientes assistidos no serviço ambulatorial do HMMRJ, essas apresentam perfil de resistência semelhante aos perfis das cepas isoladas dos pacientes assistidos no serviço ambulatorial e hospitalar do HUPE. A partir das evidências, percebe-se que o uso racional de antimicrobianos é muito importante para diminuir a problemática da resistência bacteriana

Segurança do paciente na utilização de heparina sódica intravenosa: cuidados de enfermagem baseados na análise dos fatores de risco para eventos hemorrágicos

O objeto deste estudo são os eventos hemorrágicos em pacientes críticos que utilizam infusão contínua de heparina sódica. Tem como objetivo geral propor cuidados de enfermagem para pacientes que recebem infusão contínua de heparina, a fim de aumentar a segurança do paciente e reduzir a ocorrência de hemorragia, com base nos fatores de risco. Esta pesquisa procura contribuir com a farmacovigilância da heparina e com a qualidade da assistência de enfermagem. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, com análise em prontuário, desenvolvido em unidade intensiva e semi-intensiva de um hospital público do Rio de Janeiro. Foram investigados 867 prontuários de 2010 a 2011, encontrando-se uma população de 79 pacientes que fizeram uso de heparina sódica em infusão contínua. As variáveis do estudo foram submetidas a tratamentos estatísticos não paramétricos e a medidas de associação. Os resultados apontam entre os pacientes três diagnósticos: fibrilação atrial, trombose venosa profunda e síndrome coronariana; percebe-se ainda predomínio do sexo feminino (58,23%) e de idosos (md=65 anos). A taxa de eventos hemorrágicos foi de 21,52% e se mostrou mais elevada quando comparada a outros estudos. Evidencia-se que pacientes com TTPa maior do que 100s tem um risco 9,29 vezes maior de apresentar eventos hemorrágicos. Todos os fatores de risco idade maior do que sessenta anos, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, TTPa maior do que 100s, uso prévio de anticoagulante e insuficiência renal apresentam associação positiva com a presença de evento hemorrágico. Entre os pacientes com eventos hemorrágicos, 94,16% apresentam um ou mais fatores de risco para sangramento. Os eventos hemorrágicos foram identificados na pele (47,37%), em sítio de punção, nas vias aéreas, no sistema geniturinário (15,79%) e no sistema gastrointestinal (10,53%). A maioria (55%) dos eventos hemorrágicos foi classificada com tipo 2 de BARC. Na associação entre o dispositivo invasivo utilizado e o tipo de sangramento, 100% dos pacientes com sangramento de via aérea ou do sistema gastrointestinal utilizavam sonda nasoentérica. Paciente com cateter vesical de demora (CVD) tem sete vezes mais risco de hematúria quando comparados com pacientes sem CVD; já pacientes com acesso venoso periférico tem menos risco de sangramento de sítio de punção quando comparados ao pacientes com acesso venoso central (RR= 0,74; 1,29). Essas associações norteiam a assistência de enfermagem e sugerem que o enfermeiro seja cauteloso ao realizar esses procedimentos nos pacientes com heparina sódica. Frente às variações no TTPa dosado, analisou-se o seguimento do protocolo e detectou-se que, nos pacientes com eventos hemorrágicos, a taxa de erro no ajuste da infusão foi maior (76,24%) quando comparada com os pacientes sem eventos hemorrágicos (39,05%). Ao se associar a taxa de erro da infusão com a presença de evento hemorrágico, evidencia-se que, quando a heparina não é ajustada segundo o protocolo, aumenta-se em 3,3 vezes o risco de evento hemorrágico. Portanto, para garantir o uso seguro na infusão de heparina, descrevem-se alguns cuidados específicos de enfermagem baseados nos fatores de risco e na indicação clínica de cada paciente.

复方治疗慢性肾衰海洋新药的初步研究

该论文在褐藻多糖硫酸酯已有研究工作的基础上,参考中药治肾病领域有关文献,结合中医药理论,组方成治疗慢性肾衰复方海洋新药-复方褐藻多糖硫酸酯,并进行了复方褐藻多糖硫酸酯的部分药学、初步药效学和急性毒性试验的研究.

治疗慢性肾功能衰竭的海洋复方新药初步研究

本论文在FPS研究的基础上，结合中医配伍理论，研究将FPS与几味传统中药－大黄、黄芪、泽泻、益母草的提取物组合成治疗慢性肾功能衰竭的海洋复方新药物。由于FPS研究相对成熟，故对复方药物中FPS外其它组分（以下简称复方）的提取、分离工艺以及制定复方质量的标准和检测方法等药学内容进行研究，为下一步新药的开发打下基础。 1. 对复方的醇提与水提进行了比较，确定了复方最佳提取方法－醇提。采用正交实验设计方法对醇提工艺进行优化，以复方中主要有效成分的含量为指标进行综合评价，得到了复方提取的最佳工艺：8倍量95％乙醇回流提取两次，1.5h/次，并对该提取工艺进行了验证实验，结果表明本工艺提取物中各主要有效成分的含量均较高，是可靠可行的。 2. 采用微波水提法，对复方中的单味药－黄芪的主要有效成分黄芪皂苷的提取进行了研究，通过正交实验设计方法优选出了最佳提取工艺为20倍量水、微波功率800 W、对60目黄芪提取两次、15 min/次。将该工艺与传统乙醇回流提取方法进行了对比，结果表明该工艺快速、经济、有较好的皂苷提取率，是黄芪皂苷提取的很好的方法。 3. 进行缺FPS的褐藻糖含量测定阴性对照实验，结果阴性无干扰，褐藻糖含量测定可以作为控制复方质量的一个指标。分别做缺大黄和缺黄芪阴性对照实验，结果总蒽醌和总皂苷含量测定阴性干扰较大，大黄素含量测定阴性无干扰，确定大黄素含量测定为控制复方质量的另一指标。 4. 进行复方提取物质量控制指标之一－大黄素含量测定的分析方法学研究，找到了一稳定可行的方法－HPLC方法，该方法测定条件为：流动相甲醇与0.1%磷酸比例为85：15，柱温40℃，通过ODS柱分离，用二极管阵列检测器在436 nm下测定含量。该方法测定复方提取物中大黄素含量精密度高、专一性好、干扰小，可用来控制复方的质量。

Infeções em Cateteres de Hemodialisados

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas

Genetic engineering of mesenchymal stem cells and its application in human disease therapy.

The use of stem cells for tissue regeneration and repair is advancing both at the bench and bedside. Stem cells isolated from bone marrow are currently being tested for their therapeutic potential in a variety of clinical conditions including cardiovascular injury, kidney failure, cancer, and neurological and bone disorders. Despite the advantages, stem cell therapy is still limited by low survival, engraftment, and homing to damage area as well as inefficiencies in differentiating into fully functional tissues. Genetic engineering of mesenchymal stem cells is being explored as a means to circumvent some of these problems. This review presents the current understanding of the use of genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells in human disease therapy with emphasis on genetic modifications aimed to improve survival, homing, angiogenesis, and heart function after myocardial infarction. Advancements in other disease areas are also discussed.

Factors associated with mortality in transplant patients with invasive aspergillosis.

BACKGROUND: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors associated with mortality in transplant patients with IA. METHODS: Transplant patients from 23 US centers were enrolled from March 2001 to October 2005 as part of the Transplant Associated Infection Surveillance Network. IA cases were identified prospectively in this cohort through March 2006, and data were collected. Factors associated with 12-week all-cause mortality were determined by logistic regression analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: Six-hundred forty-two cases of proven or probable IA were evaluated, of which 317 (49.4%) died by the study endpoint. All-cause mortality was greater in HSCT patients (239 [57.5%] of 415) than in SOT patients (78 [34.4%] of 227; P<.001). Independent poor prognostic factors in HSCT patients were neutropenia, renal insufficiency, hepatic insufficiency, early-onset IA, proven IA, and methylprednisolone use. In contrast, white race was associated with decreased risk of death. Among SOT patients, hepatic insufficiency, malnutrition, and central nervous system disease were poor prognostic indicators, whereas prednisone use was associated with decreased risk of death. Among HSCT or SOT patients who received antifungal therapy, use of an amphotericin B preparation as part of initial therapy was associated with increased risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: There are multiple variables associated with survival in transplant patients with IA. Understanding these prognostic factors may assist in the development of treatment algorithms and clinical trials.