Genotoxicity assessment of water soluble fractions of biodiesel and its diesel blends using the Salmonella assay and the in vitro MicroFlow (R) kit (Litron) assay

The designation of biodiesel as an environmental-friendly alternative to diesel oil has improved its commercialization and use. However, most biodiesel environmental safety studies refer to air pollution and so far there have been very few literature data about its impacts upon other biotic systems, e.g. water, and exposed organisms. Spill simulations in water were carried out with neat diesel and biodiesel and their blends aiming at assessing their genotoxic potentials should there be contaminations of water systems. The water soluble fractions (WSF) from the spill simulations were submitted to solid phase extraction with C-18 cartridge and the extracts obtained were evaluated carrying out genotoxic and mutagenic bioassays [the Salmonella assay and the in vitro MicroFlow (R) kit (Litron) assay]. Mutagenic and genotoxic effects were observed, respectively, in the Salmonella/microsome preincubation assay and the in vitro MN test carried out with the biodiesel WSF. This interesting result may be related to the presence of pollutants in biodiesel derived from the raw material source used in its production chain. The data showed that care while using biodiesel should be taken to avoid harmful effects on living organisms in cases of water pollution. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Proteomic and peptidomic study of proteolysis in quarter milk after infusion with lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus

Mastitic milk is associated with increased bovine protease activity, such as that from plasmin and somatic cell enzymes, which cause proteolysis of the caseins and may reduce cheese yield and quality. The aim of this work was to characterize the peptide profile resulting from proteolysis in a model mastitis system and to identify the proteases responsible. One quarter of each of 2 cows (A and B) was infused with lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus. The somatic cell counts of the infused quarters reached a peak 6h after infusion, whereas plasmin activity of those quarters also increased, reaching a peak after 48 and 12h for cow A and B, respectively. Urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretograms of milk samples of cow A and B obtained at different time points after infusion and incubated for up to 7 d showed almost full hydrolysis of beta- and alpha(S1)-casein during incubation of milk samples at peak somatic cell counts, with that of beta-casein being faster than that of alpha(S1)-casein. Two-dimensional gel electrophoretograms of milk 6h after infusion with the toxin confirmed hydrolysis of beta- and alpha(S1)-casein and the appearance of lower-molecular-weight products. Peptides were subsequently separated by reversed-phase HPLC and handmade nanoscale C(18) columns, and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Twenty different peptides were identified and shown to originate from alpha(s1)- and beta-casein. Plasmin, cathepsin B and D, elastase, and amino- and carboxypeptidases were suggested as possible responsible proteases based on the peptide cleavage sites. The presumptive activity of amino- and carboxypeptidases is surprising and may indicate the activity of cathepsin H, which has not been reported in milk previously.

Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. piscium subsp. nov., isolated from freshwater fish

Gram-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacteria were isolated from the intestines of freshwater fish on two separate occasions. Colonies of both strains, JF3835(T) and JF4413, produced non-diffusible green pigment following 4-5 days incubation on Luria-Bertani agar. The most abundant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C(16 : 1)ω7c and/or C(15 : 0) iso 2-OH), C(16 : 0) and C(18 : 1)ω7c. The DNA G+C content was 62.9 mol%. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicated 100 % sequence similarity between the two strains. In comparison with recognized species, the new strains exhibited the greatest degree of sequence similarity with members of the Pseudomonas chlororaphis subspecies: P. chlororaphis subsp. chlororaphis (99.84 %), P. chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca (99.75 %) and P. chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens (99.40 %). While DNA-DNA relatedness confirmed the placement of strains JF3835(T) and JF4413 as members of the species P. chlororaphis, multilocus sequencing indicated that the strains formed a distinct cluster within it. On the basis of genotypic and phenotypic evidence, strains JF3835(T) and JF4413 represent a novel subspecies of the species P. chlororaphis, for which the name Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. piscium subsp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JF3835(T) (=NCIMB 14478(T)=DSM 21509(T)).

Mus Hs 257 - Generalbaß-Übungen oder Beispiele, nach welchen bei gegebener Oberstimme und Bass mit Ziffern, die Mittelstimmen gefunden werden sollen ; von Bach, Kittel, Dröbs &. &.

[Anonymus]

Chronostratigraphy on sediment core CRP-2 from the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Strontium isotope stratigraphy was used to date 16 discrete horizons within the CRP-2/2A drillhole. Reworked Quaternary (<1.7 Ma) and possible Pliocene (<2.4 Ma) sediments overlie a major sequence boundary at 25.92 meters below sea floor (mbsf). This hiatus is estimated to account for c. 16 Myr of missing section. Early Miocene to ?earliest Oligocene (c. 18.6 to >31 Ma) deposits below this boundary were cut by multiple erosion surfaces of uncertain duration. Strontium isotope ages are combined with 40Ar/39Ar dates, diatom and calcareous nannofossil datum and a palaeomagnetic polarity zonation, to produce an age model for the core.

Pollen record and age determinations on four sites from Taymyr Peninsula, Russia

Pollen data from a Levinson-Lessing Lake sediment core (74°28'N, 98°38'E) and Cape Sabler, Taymyr Lake permafrost sequences (74°33'N, 100°32'E) reveal substantial environmental changes on the northern Taymyr Peninsula during the last c. 32 000 14C years. The continuous records confirm that a scarce steppe-like vegetation with Poaceae, Artemisia and Cyperaceae dominated c. 32 000-10 300 14C yr BP, while tundra-like vegetation with Oxyria, Ranunculaceae and Caryophyllaceae grew in wetter areas. The coldest interval occurred c. 18 000 yr BP. Lateglacial pollen data show several warming events followed by a climate deterioration c. 10 500 14C yr BP, which may correspond with the Younger Dryas. The Late Pleistocene/Holocene transition, c. 10 300-10 000 14C yr BP, is characterized by a change from the herb-dominated vegetation to shrubby tundra with Betula sect. Nanae and Salix. Alnus fruticosa arrived locally c. 9000-8500 14C yr BP and disappeared c. 4000-3500 14C yr BP. Communities of Betula sect. Nanae, broadly distributed at c. 10 000-3500 14C yr BP, almost disappeared when vegetation became similar to the modern herb tundra after 3500-3000 14C yr BP. Quantitative climate reconstructions show Last Glacial Maximum summer temperature about 4°C below the present and Preboreal (c. 10 000 14C yr BP) temperature 2-4°C above the present. Maximum summer temperature occurred between 10 000 and 5500 14C yr BP; later summers were similar to present or slightly warmer.

Chemical composition, age, and magnetic parameters of igneous rocks from the Franz Josef Land

A combined study of magnetic parameters of basalt and andesite samples has been carried out in the framework of geological investigations of the Franz Josef Land. This study has included determination of coercivity, saturation magnetization, Curie points, natural remanent magnetization (NRM), and magnetic susceptibility as well as examination of ferromagnetic minerals with a microscope. Data on chemical composition of the rocks have been obtained for all the samples, and radiological ages have been determined for the majority of the rocks. Thermomagnetic curves of the samples have been subdivided into four types depending on composition of ferromagnetic NRM carriers. Data showing multiple changes in the predominant composition of the igneous rocks have been obtained. Each stage of magmatism is characterized by a specific type of the ferromagnetic component in the rocks and, therefore, magnetomineralogical investigations can be used for differentiation and correlation of the igneous rocks.

Incorporation of Mg and Sr in calcite of cultured benthic foraminifera (Heterostegina depressa and Ammonia tepida) and seawater carbonate chemistry, 2010

We investigated the effect of the calcium concentration in seawater and thereby the calcite saturation state (omega) on the magnesium and strontium incorporation into benthic foraminiferal calcite under laboratory conditions. For this purpose individuals of the shallow-water species Heterostegina depressa (precipitating high-Mg calcite, symbiont-bearing) and Ammonia tepida (low-Mg calcite, symbiont-barren) were cultured in media under a range of [Ca2+], but similar Mg/Ca ratios. Trace element/Ca ratios of newly formed calcite were analysed with Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and normalized to the seawater elemental composition using the equation DTE=(TE/Cacalcite)/(TE/Caseawater). The culturing study shows that DMg of A. tepida significantly decreases with increasing omega at a gradient of -4.3x10-5 per omega unit. The DSr value of A. tepida does not change with omega, suggesting that fossil Sr/Ca in this species may be a potential tool to reconstruct past variations in seawater Sr/Ca. Conversely, DMg of H. depressa shows only a minor decrease with increasing omega, while DSr increases considerably with omega at a gradient of 0.009 per omega unit. The different responses to seawater chemistry of the two species may be explained by a difference in the calcification pathway that is, at the same time, responsible for the variation in the total Mg incorporation between the two species. Since the Mg/Ca ratio in H. depressa is 50-100 times higher than that of A. tepida, it is suggested that the latter exhibits a mechanism that decreases the Mg/Ca ratio of the calcification fluid, while the high-Mg calcite forming species may not have this physiological tool. If the dependency of Mg incorporation on seawater [Ca2+] is also valid for deep-sea benthic foraminifera typically used for paleostudies, the higher Ca concentrations in the past may potentially bias temperature reconstructions to a considerable degree. For instance, 25 Myr ago Mg/Ca ratios in A. tepida would have been 0.2 mmol/mol lower than today, due to the 1.5 times higher [Ca2+] of seawater, which in turn would lead to a temperature underestimation of more than 2 °C.

Efeito da suplementação prolongada de grão de soja cru e integral no pré-parto sobre o desempenho produtivo, qualidade oocitária e embrionária, e função imune de vacas leiteiras

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação prolongada de grão de soja cru e integral (GSI) como fonte de ácido graxo Ω6 sobre o desempenho produtivo, perfil metabólico, qualidade oocitária e embrionária e função imune de vacas leiteiras no período de transição e início de lactação. Foram selecionadas 44 vacas da raça Holandesa, multíparas e gestantes, com parto previsto para 90 dias após o início da avaliação e fornecimento das dietas experimentais, porém em razão da ocorrência de enfermidades metabólicas ou infecciosas (3 abortos; 3 deslocamentos de abomaso; 3 enfermidades podais; 4 distocias) 13 animais foram retirados do experimento. As vacas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais diferindo entre eles o início do fornecimento de grão de soja cru e integral (GSI) durante o pré-parto. A dieta era baseada na inclusão de 12% de GSI %MS, com aproximadamente 5,1% de extrato etéreo (EE) o início de seu fornecimento foi conforme descrito a seguir: Grupo 0: Animais não receberam dieta contendo GSI no pré-parto; Grupo 30: Início do fornecimento de dieta com GSI nos 30 dias finais da gestação; Grupo 60: Início do fornecimento de dieta com GSI nos 60 dias finais da gestação; Grupo 90: Início do fornecimento de dieta com GSI nos 90 dias finais da gestação. Após o parto, todas as vacas receberam dieta única com 5,1% de EE, baseada na inclusão de 12% de GSI %MS até 90 dias de lactação. Os animais foram arraçoados de acordo com o consumo de matéria seca no dia anterior, de forma a ser mantido porcentual de sobras das dietas, diariamente, entre 5 e 10%. As amostras dos alimentos e sobras foram coletadas diariamente e armazenadas a -20ºC. Semanalmente as amostras coletadas diariamente foram misturadas e foi retirada uma amostra composta referente a um período de uma semana, a fim de mensurar o consumo de matéria seca e nutrientes. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas nos dias -56, -21, 21, 56 e 84 dias em relação ao parto, com o propósito de mensurar a digestibilidade da matéria seca e nutrientes. A produção de leite foi mensurada diariamente e para a composição dos teores de gordura, proteína, lactose e perfil de ácidos graxos amostras foram coletadas semanalmente. As amostras de sangue para análise dos metabólitos sanguíneos foram coletadas semanalmente. Amostras de sangue para mensurar a atividade do sistema imune foram coletadas na semanas -8, -4, -2, -1 em relação ao parto, parto, +1, +2, +4 e +8 semanas no período pós-parto. Nos dias 21, 42, 63 e 84 do período pós-parto foram realizadas aspirações foliculares, com posterior fertilização in vitro dos oócitos. Todas as variáveis mensuradas foram analisadas pelo procedimento PROC MIXED do SAS 9.4 através de regressão polinomial, utilizando efeito fixo de tratamento, semana, interação tratamento*semana e efeito de animal dentro de tratamento como aleatório. Utilizou nível de 5% de significância. Foi observado efeito (P<0,05) linear crescente para CEE no pré-parto. Não foi observado diferenças no CMS e nutrientes no pós-parto. Não houve alteração da digestibilidade nos períodos pré e pós-parto. Não houve alteração no balanço de energia e nitrogênio nos periodos pré e pós-parto. Não foi observado diferença na produção, composição e teor dos componentes totais do leite. No perfil de ácidos graxos do leite houve efeito (P<0,05) linear descrescente para as concentrações de C16:1cis, C18:1 cis, total de C:18 insaturado, total de AG monoinsaturados, insaturados e a relação do total de AGS:AGI. Foi observado efeito linear (P<0,05) crescente para o total de AG aturado e efeito (P<0,05) quadrático para C18:2, CLAcis9-trans11, e total de AGPI. Foi observado efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) para colesterol total, LDL no préparto e linear decrescente (P<0,05) para GGT nos períodos pré e pós-parto. Foi observado efeito quadrático (P<0,05) para HDL no pré-parto e AST no pós-parto. Em relação a atividade do sistema imune foi observado efeito linear (P<0,05) crescente para o percentual de CD3+ ativos no pós-parto, para o percentual de monócitos que produziram espécie reativa de oxigênio (ERO) no pós-parto quando foram estimulados por S.aureus e E.coli e para a intensidade de imunofluorescência de ERO para ganulócitos no pós-parto quando estimulados por S.aureus. Foi observado efeito (P<0,05) quadrático para o percentual de granulócitos, mononucleares, CD8+ ativos no pós-parto e para o percentual de granulócitos que produziram ERO no pós-parto quando estimulados por E.coli. A suplementação prolongada com GSI no pré-parto melhora a atividade do sistema imune, não melhora a qualidade oocitária e embrionária bem como não influencia negativamente os parametros produtivos de vacas leiteiras no período de transição e início de lactação

Chiral, Three-Dimensional Supramolecular Compounds: Homo- and Bimetallic Oxalate- and 1,2-Dithiooxalate-Bridged Networks. A Structural and Photophysical Study.

In analogy to the [M(II)(bpy)(3)](2+) cations, where M(II) is a divalent transition-metal and bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine, the tris-chelated [M(III)(bpy)(3)](3+) cations, where M(III) is Cr(III) or Co(III), induce the crystallization of chiral, anionic three-dimensional (3D) coordination polymers of oxalate-bridged (&mgr;-ox) metal complexes with stoichiometries [M(II)(2)(ox)(3)](n)()(2)(n)()(-) or [M(I)M(III)(ox)(3)](n)()(2)(n)()(-). The tripositive charge is partially compensated by inclusion of additional complex anions like ClO(4)(-), BF(4)(-), or PF(6)(-) which are encapsulated in cubic shaped cavities formed by the bipyridine ligands of the cations. Thus, an elaborate structure of cationic and anionic species within a polymeric anionic network is realized. The compounds isolated and structurally characterized include [Cr(III)(bpy)(3)][ClO(4)] [NaCr(III)(ox)(3)] (1), [Cr(III)(bpy)(3)][ClO(4)][Mn(II)(2)(ox)(3)] (2), [Cr(III)(bpy)(3)][BF(4)] [Mn(II)(2)(ox)(3)] (3), [Co(III)(bpy)(3)][PF(6)][NaCr(III)(ox)(3)] (4). Crystal data: 1, cubic, P2(1)3, a = 15.523(4) Å, Z = 4; 2, cubic, P4(1)32, a = 15.564(3) Å, Z = 4; 3, cubic, P4(1)32, a = 15.553(3) Å, Z = 4; 4, cubic, P2(1)3, a = 15.515(3) Å, Z = 4. Furthermore, it seemed likely that 1,2-dithiooxalate (dto) could act as an alternative to the oxalate bridging ligand, and as a result the compound [Ni(II)(phen)(3)][NaCo(III)(dto)(3)].C(3)H(6)O (5) has successfully been isolated and structurally characterized. Crystal data: 5, orthorhombic, P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 16.238(4) Å, b = 16.225(4) Å, c = 18.371(5) Å, Z = 4. In addition, the photophysical properties of compound 1 have been investigated in detail. In single crystal absorption spectra of [Cr(III)(bpy)(3)][ClO(4)][NaCr(III)(ox)(3)] (1), the spin-flip transitions of both the [Cr(bpy)(3)](3+) and the [Cr(ox)(3)](3)(-) chromophores are observed and can be clearly distinguished. Irradiating into the spin-allowed (4)A(2) --> (4)T(2) absorption band of [Cr(ox)(3)](3)(-) results in intense luminescence from the (2)E state of [Cr(bpy)(3)](3+) as a result of rapid energy transfer processes.

Investigation of microfossils on sediment core CRP-2 from the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Marine diatoms are the primary biostratigraphical and paleoenvironmental tool for interpreting the upper Palaeogene and lower Neogene strata recovered during the second drilling season of the Cape Roberts Project at site CRP-2 in the western Ross Sea, Antarctica. Silicoflagellates, ebridians, and a chrysophyte cyst provide supporting biostratigraphical information. More than 100 dominantly planktic diatom taxa are recognised. Of these, more than 30 are treated informally, pending SEM examination and formal description. Many other taxa are noted only to generic level. Lower Oligocene (c. 31 Ma) through lower Miocene (c. 18.5 Ma) diatoms occur from 28 mbsf down to 565 mbsf. Below this level, to the bottom of the hole at 624.15 mbsf, diatom assemblages are poorly-preserved and many samples are barren. A biostratigraphic zonal framework, consisting of ten diatom zones, is proposed for the Antarctic continental shelf. Ages inferred from the diatom biostratigraphy correspond well with geochronological data from argon dating of volcanic materials and strontium dating of calcareous macrofossils, as well as nannofossil biochronological datums. The biochronostratigraphical record from CRP-2/2A provides an important record of diatom events and mid-Cenozoic environmental changes in the Antarctic neritic zone.

Physiologie des passions ou nouvelle doctrine des sentimens moraux /

Contiene: Tomo 1 - Tomo 2.

A new English grammar of school grammars; with composition, derivation, analysis of sentences, and history of the language; also copious exercises and questions for examination.

Mode of access: Internet.

Year book /

Description based on: 1914.

Ein Albumblatt ...

Mode of access: Internet.