Biochemical, histopathological and ultrastructural changes in rat liver induced by r-( + )-pulegone, a monoterpene ketone

Biochemical, histopathological and ultrastructural changes occurring at different time points after intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of pulegone (300 mg/kg) were studied. Significant decreases in the level of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 (67%), heme (37%), aminopyrine N-demethylase (60%) and glucose-6-phosphatase (58%), were noticed 24 hr after pulegone treatment. Alanine amino transferase (ALT) levels increased in a time dependent manner, following exposure of rats to pulegone. Light microscopic studies of liver tissues showed dilation of central veins and distention of sinusoidal spaces 6 hr after pulegone treatment. Initial centrilobular necrosis was noticed at 12 hr. Centrilobular necrosis became severe at 18 hr and nuclear changes included karyorrhexis and karyolysis. Midzonal and periportal degenerative changes in addition to centrilobular necrosis was observed 24 hr after pulegone administration. Electron microscopic changes showed severe degeneration of endoplasmic reticulum, swelling of mitochondria and nuclear changes, 24 hr after administration of pulegone. The time course profile of the hepatocytes after treatment with pulegone indicates that endoplasmic reticulum is the organelle most affected, following which other degenerative changes occur ultimately leading to cell death.

Inelastic dynamic response of R.C. beam column joints by using B.E.M.

A BEM formulation to obtain the inelastic response of R.C. Beam-Column joints subjected to sinusoidal loading along the boundary is presented. The equations of motion are written along with kinematical and constitutive equations. The dynamic reciprocal theorem is presented and the temporal dependence is removed by assuming steady state response.

Polyquinanes from (R)-(+)-limonene. Enantioselective total synthesis of the novel tricyclic sesquiterpene (-)-ceratopicanol

The first total synthesis of the biogenetically important and structurally novel triquinane sesquiterpene (-)-ceratopicanol has been accomplished.

Otoksen edustavuuden mittaus R-indikaattorin avulla Suomen uhritutkimuspilotissa

Tutkielmassa sovelletaan aineiston edustavuutta mittaavaa laatuindikaattoria Suomen uhritutkimuspilottiin tilanteessa, jossa ilmenee vastauskatoa. Vastauskato on kasvava ongelma tilastotutkimuksissa: jos tutkimukseen osallistuneet eivät edusta otosjoukkoa tutkittavan asian suhteen, voi vastauskadosta aiheutuva harha olla estimoiduissa tunnusluvuissa hyvinkin suuri. Tutkimuksissa näkee usein julkaistavan vastausasteen ikään kuin se kertoisi aukottomasti tutkimuksen laadusta. Pelkkä korkea vastausaste ei kuitenkaan välttämättä takaa estimaattien harhattomuutta, sillä se ei kerro mitään vastanneiden ja vastaamattomien eroista tutkittavan asian suhteen. Tarvitaan siis muita mittareita, joilla vastanneiden laatua voitaisiin paremmin arvioida, ja R-indikaattori tarjoaa yhden vaihtoehdon. R-indikaattori mittaa otosalkioiden vastausalttiuksien välistä vaihtelua. R-indikaattorin estimoiminen edellyttää siis vastausalttiuksien estimointia, mikä puolestaan edellyttää apumuuttujien olemassaoloa kaikille otosalkioille. Vastausalttiuksien estimoimiseen käytettiin linkkifunktiona sekä logistista mallia että ja Särndalin ja Lundströmin (2008) vastausvaikutusten mallia. Vastauskäyttäytymiseen vaikuttavan apumuuttujajoukon valinta tehtiin alan kirjallisuuteen perustuen (Groves & Couper 1998). Koska R-indikaattorin estimaattori on satunnaismuuttuja, täytyi sille estimoida varianssi ja mahdollinen harha (Shlomo ym. 2009). Estimoinnissa käytettiin Bootstrap-pseudotoistomenetelmää, jossa alkuperäisestä aineistosta poimitaan niin kutsuttuja pseudo-otoksia, joiden avulla R-indikaattorin estimaattorille voidaan laskea keskivirhe. Suomen uhritutkimuspilotti koostui kolmesta eri tiedonkeruumenetelmällä poimitusta otoksesta: CAPI-, CATI- CAVVIotoksesta. Vastausasteet vaihtelivat aineistoissa paljon, mutta R-indikaattorin estimaatit olivat kaikille aineistoille liki samat. Suurempi vastausaste ei siis merkinnyt parempaa edustavuutta. Lisäksi CAVVI-aineistossa muistutusviestein ja -kirjein suoritettu vastausasteen kasvattaminen huononsi edustavuutta R-indikaattorin näkökulmasta. Mielivaltainen vastausasteen kasvattaminen ei siis ole välttämättä perusteltua. R-indikaattorin estimaattorin ominaisuuksien osalta empiiriset tulokset vahvistivat RISQ-projektin aiempia tutkimustuloksia. Estimaattorin arvo oli sitä pienempi mitä enemmän vastausalttiuden mallissa oli selittäjiä, koska tällöin vastausalttiuksien varianssi kasvoi (Schouten ym. 2009). Otoskoko vaikutti merkittävästi varianssin suuruuteen: mitä pienempi otoskoko oli, sitä leveämmät olivat luottamusvälit ja sitä vaikeampi oli tehdä johtopäätöksiä edustavuudesta.

Ultimate Strength of R.C. Wall Panels in Two-Way In-Plane Action

Test results of 24 reinforced concrete wall panels in two-way action (i.e., supported on all the four sides) and subjected to in-plane vertical load are presented. The load is applied at an eccentricity to represent possible accidental eccentricity that occurs in practice due to constructional imperfections. Influences of aspect ratio, thinness ratio, slendemess ratio, vertical steel, and horizontal steel on the ultimate load are studied. Two equations are proposed to predict the ultimate load carried by the panels. The first equation is empirical and is arrived at from trial and error fitting with test data. The second equation is semi-empirical and is developed from a modification of the buckling strength of thin rectangular plates. Both the equations are formulated so as to give a safe prediction of a large portion of ultimate strength test results. Also, ultimate load cracking load and lateral deflections of identical panels in two-way action (all four sides supported) and oneway action (top and bottom sides only supported) are compared.

Hermite expansions on R(N) for radial functions

It is proved that the Riesz means S(R)(delta)f, delta > 0, for the Hermite expansions on R(n), n greater-than-or-equal-to 2, satisfy the uniform estimates \\S(R)(delta)f\\p less-than-or-equal-to C \\f\\p for all radial functions if and only if p lies in the interval 2n/(n + 1 + 2delta) < p < 2n/(n - 1 - 2delta).

Organometallic chemistry of diphosphazanes. Part 7. Platinum(II), palladium-(o), -(I) and -(II) complexes of RN[P(OPh)2]2(R = Me or Ph)

The reactions of [MCl2(cod)](M = Pd or Pt, cod = cycloocta-1,5-diene) with RN[P(OPh)2]2[R = Me (L1) or Ph (L2)] afford the chelate complexes [MCl2L1] and [MCl2L2]. The dinuclear palladium(O) complex, [Pd2L13] has been synthesized by starting from [Pd2(dba)3](dba = dibenzylideneacetone). Redox condensation of [Pd2(dba)3] and [PdCl2(PhCN)2] in the presence of the diphosphazane ligands gives the dinuclear palladium(I) complexes [Pd2Cl2L12] and [Pd2Cl2L22]. The structures of the complexes have been deduced from 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopic data. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies confirm the structures of [Pd2L13] and [Pd2Cl2L22].

Phase relations in the systems Cu–O–R2O3(R = Tm, Lu) and Gibbs energies of formation of Cu2R2O5 compounds

The phase relations in the systems Cu–O–R2O3(R = Tm, Lu) have been determined at 1273 K by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and electron probe microanalysis of samples equilibrated in evacuated quartz ampules and in pure oxygen. Only ternary compounds of the type Cu2R2O5 were found to be stable. The standard Gibbs energies of formation of the compounds have been measured using solid-state galvanic cells of the type, Pt|Cu2O + Cu2R2O5+ R2O3‖(Y2O3)ZrO2‖CuO + Cu2O‖Pt in the temperature range 950–1325 K. The standard Gibbs energy changes associated with the formation of Cu2R2O5 compounds from their binary component oxides are: 2CuO(s)+ Tm2O3(s)→Cu2Tm2O5(s), ΔG°=(10400 – 14.0 T/K)± 100 J mol–1, 2CuO(s)+ Lu2O3(s)→Cu2Lu2O5(s), ΔG°=(10210 – 14.4 T/K)± 100 J mol–1 Since the formation is endothermic, the compounds become thermodynamically unstable with respect to component oxides at low temperatures, Cu2Tm2O5 below 743 K and Cu2Lu2O5 below 709 K. When the chemical potential of oxygen over the Cu2R2O5 compounds is lowered, they decompose according to the reaction, 2Cu2R2O5(s)→2R2O3(s)+ 2Cu2O(s)+ O2(g) The equilibrium oxygen potential corresponding to this reaction is obtained from the emf. Oxygen potential diagrams for the Cu–O–R2O3 systems at 1273 K are presented.