Nutritional risk and anthropometric evaluation in pediatric liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nutritional status of pediatric patients after orthotopic liver transplantation and the relationship with short-term clinical outcome. METHOD: Anthropometric evaluations of 60 children and adolescents after orthotopic liver transplantation, during the first 24 hours in a tertiary pediatric intensive care unit. Nutritional status was determined from the Z score for the following indices: weight/age, height/age or length/age, weight/height or weight/length, body mass index/age, arm circumference/age and triceps skinfold/age. The severity of liver disease was evaluated using one of the two models which was adequated to the patients' age: 1. Pediatric End-stage Liver Disease, 2. Model for End-Stage Liver Disease. RESULTS: We found 50.0% undernutrition by height/age; 27.3% by weight/age; 11.1% by weight/height or weight/length; 10.0% by body mass index/age; 61.6% by arm circumference/age and 51.0% by triceps skinfold/age. There was no correlation between nutritional status and Pediatric End-stage Liver Disease or mortality. We found a negative correlation between arm circumference/age and length of hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Children with chronic liver diseases experience a significant degree of undernutrition, which makes nutritional support an important aspect of therapy. Despite the difficulties in assessment, anthropometric evaluation of the upper limbs is useful to evaluate nutritional status of children before or after liver transplantation.

Size-induced diffuse behavior in Pb0.89La0.11Zr0.40Ti0.60O3 nanocrystalline ferroelectric ceramics

The Pb1-xLaxZryTi1-yO3 system is a perovskite ABO(3) structured material which presents ferroelectric properties and has been used as capacitors, actuators, transducers and electro-optic devices. In this paper, we describe the synthesis and the characterization of Pb0.89La0.11Zr0.40Ti0.60O3 (PLZT11) nanostructured material. The precursor polymeric method and the spark plasma sintering technique were respectively used to prepare ceramic samples. In order to compare the effect of grain size, microcrystalline PLZT11 ceramic samples were also prepared. PLZT11 samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction technique which results show a reduction on the degree of tetragonality as the average grain size decreases. Moreover, the grain size decrease to a nanometer range induces a diffuse behavior on the dielectric permittivity curves as a function of the temperature and a reduction on the dielectric permittivity magnitude. Furthermore, the large number of grain boundaries due to the nanometer size gives rise to a dielectric anomaly. (C) 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Analysis of competitiveness in the NBA regular seasons

[EN] Research background and hypothesis. Several attempts have been made to understand some modalities of sport from the point of view of complexity. Most of these studies deal with this phenomenon with regard to the mechanics of the game itself (in isolation). Nevertheless, some research has been conducted from the perspective of competition between teams. Our hypothesis was that for the study of competitiveness levels in the system of league competition our analysis model (Shannon entropy), is a useful and highly sensitive tool to determine the degree of global competitiveness of a league. Research aim. The aim of our study was to develop a model for the analysis of competitiveness level in team sport competitions based on the uncertainty level that might exist for each confrontation. Research methods. Degree of uncertainty or randomness of the competition was analyzed as a factor of competitiveness. It was calculated on the basis of the Shannon entropy. Research results. We studied 17 NBA regular seasons, which showed a fairly steady entropic tendency. There were seasons less competitive (? 0.9800) than the overall average (0.9835), and periods where the competitiveness remained at higher levels (range: 0.9851 to 0.9902). Discussion and conclusions. A league is more competitive when it is more random. Thus, it is harder to predict the fi nal outcome. However, when the competition is less random, the degree of competitiveness will decrease signifi cantly. The NBA is a very competitive league, there is a high degree of uncertainty of knowing the fi nal result.

Metodi perturbativi per E.D.P e applicazioni in finanza matematica

In questa tesi si discute di alcuni modelli di pricing per opzioni di tipo europeo e di opportuni metodi perturbativi che permettono di trovare approssimazioni soddisfacenti dei prezzi e delle volatilità implicite relative a questi modelli.

Bioimaging of animal embryogenesis: mathematical methods and computational algorithms

Some fundamental biological processes such as embryonic development have been preserved during evolution and are common to species belonging to different phylogenetic positions, but are nowadays largely unknown. The understanding of cell morphodynamics leading to the formation of organized spatial distribution of cells such as tissues and organs can be achieved through the reconstruction of cells shape and position during the development of a live animal embryo. We design in this work a chain of image processing methods to automatically segment and track cells nuclei and membranes during the development of a zebrafish embryo, which has been largely validates as model organism to understand vertebrate development, gene function and healingrepair mechanisms in vertebrates. The embryo is previously labeled through the ubiquitous expression of fluorescent proteins addressed to cells nuclei and membranes, and temporal sequences of volumetric images are acquired with laser scanning microscopy. Cells position is detected by processing nuclei images either through the generalized form of the Hough transform or identifying nuclei position with local maxima after a smoothing preprocessing step. Membranes and nuclei shapes are reconstructed by using PDEs based variational techniques such as the Subjective Surfaces and the Chan Vese method. Cells tracking is performed by combining informations previously detected on cells shape and position with biological regularization constraints. Our results are manually validated and reconstruct the formation of zebrafish brain at 7-8 somite stage with all the cells tracked starting from late sphere stage with less than 2% error for at least 6 hours. Our reconstruction opens the way to a systematic investigation of cellular behaviors, of clonal origin and clonal complexity of brain organs, as well as the contribution of cell proliferation modes and cell movements to the formation of local patterns and morphogenetic fields.

Identifizierung und interindividuelle Expressionsvariabilität der hepatischen Doxorubizin-Reduktase im Menschen

Die in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Untersuchungen befassen sich mit der Identifizierung des haupt-metabolisierenden Enzyms für die Reaktion von dem Zytostatikum Doxorubizin zu dem Alkohol-Metaboliten Doxorubizinol in humanem Leberzytosol. Der Metabolismus dieser Reaktion wurde in einer humanen Leberbank analysiert, welcher eine große interindividuelle Variabilität zeigte. Da die maximale Umsatzrate häufig proportional zu der Expression des umsetzenden Enzyms in Leber ist, wurden in dieser Arbeit die Expressionsmuster der Kandidatenenzyme, verschiedene Carbonyl reduzierende Enzyme (AKRs und CBRs), ermittelt und des Weiteren der Umsatz von Doxorubizin zu Doxorubizinol in verschiedenen humanen Organen gemessen. Die metabolische Clearance der Reaktion als auch die Affinität zu Doxorubizin war am höchsten in Dünndarm, Leber und Niere, während die anderen Organe wesentlich geringere Werte zeigten. Dies steht im Einklang mit der prominenten Rolle dieser Organe in der Detoxifizierung von Fremdstoffen. Auch der Umsatz von Doxorubizin zu Doxorubizinol wurde von den verschiedenen Enzymen in sehr unterschiedlichem Maß katalysiert. AKR1C3 und CBR1 zeigten einen ausgeprägten Metabolismus von Doxorubizin während AKR1A1, AKR1B1, AKR1B10 und AKR1C4 nur geringen Maximalumsatz zeigten. Auch die Affinität von CBR1 und AKR1C3 zu Doxorubizin war wesentlich höher als die der anderen Enzyme. Inhibitoruntersuchungen zeigten weiterhin, dass ein spezifischer CBR1-Inhibitor die untersuchte Reaktion durch CBR1 als auch durch humanes Leberzytosol in gleichem Maße hemmte. Dieses Ergebnis deutet auf CBR1 als Haupt-Doxorubizin-Reduktase hin. Dies wurde in anfangs erwähnter humaner Leberbank weiter untersucht. Der Gehalt von CBR1-Protein wurde bestimmt und mit der gemessenen spezifischen Aktivität korreliert. Der Proteingehalt korrelierte mit der gemessenen spezifischen Aktivität in sechs von neun Western Blots. Dieses Ergebnis unterstützt die Vermutung, dass CBR1 als Haupt-Doxorubizin-Reduktase in humaner Leber betrachtet werden kann. Die Analyse des CBR1-Gens zeigte zwei Haplotypen, die einen signifikant verschiedenen Km-Wert zeigten als die übrigen Haplotypen. Diese Haplotypen konnten jedoch nur einen geringen Teil der Variabilität des Doxorubizin-Metabolismus erklären. Da aber ein starker interindividueller Doxorubizin-Metabolismus in humaner Leber beobachtet wird, deutet dies auf eine starke epigenetische Regulation des CBR1-Gens hin. Analysen der Promoterregion zeigten viele Bindungsstellen für Transkriptionsfaktoren; eine Aktivierung durch xenobiotische Substanzen kann vermutet werden. Der Metabolismus von Doxorubizin kann zu einer Deaktivierung des Medikaments und damit zu einer verminderten chemotherapeutischen Wirkung führen. Durch die Charakterisierung der humanen Doxorubizin-Reduktase in Leber ist die gezielte Suche nach Hemmstoffen für dieses Enzym möglich. Dies eröffnet die Möglichkeit, die Bildung von Doxorubizin zu Doxorubizinol zu verringern und die Inaktivierung der antineoplastischen Wirkung zu vermeiden. Eine Dosisverminderung und bessere Verträglichkeit des Medikaments kann erreicht, die schweren Nebenwirkungen reduziert werden. Die Identifizierung der verantwortlichen hepatischen Doxorubizin-Reduktase im Menschen kann somit einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten, die Krebstherapie in Zukunft verträglicher und nebenwirkungsfreier zu gestalten und Resistenzbildungen vorzubeugen.

Becoming a member of the work force: perceptions of adults with Asperger Syndrome

Research has shown that comparatively few adults with Asperger Syndrome (AS) participate in the competitive work force. The purpose of this study was to gain in-depth knowledge about contextual factors, which contribute to successful labor market participation in some adults with AS.

Chronic rhinoviral infection in lung transplant recipients

RATIONALE: Lung transplant recipients are particularly at risk of complications from rhinovirus, the most frequent respiratory virus circulating in the community. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether lung transplant recipients can be chronically infected by rhinovirus and the potential clinical impact. METHODS: We first identified an index case, in which rhinovirus was isolated repeatedly, and conducted detailed molecular analysis to determine whether this was related to a unique strain or to re-infection episodes. Transbronchial biopsies were used to assess the presence of rhinovirus in the lung parenchyma. The incidence of chronic rhinoviral infections and potential clinical impact was assessed prospectively in a cohort of 68 lung transplant recipients during 19 mo by screening of bronchoalveolar lavages. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We describe 3 lung transplant recipients with graft dysfunctions in whom rhinovirus was identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in upper and lower respiratory specimens over a 12-mo period. In two cases, rhinovirus was repeatedly isolated in culture. The persistence of a unique strain in each case was confirmed by sequence analysis of the 5'NCR and VP1 gene. In the index case, rhinovirus was detected in the lower respiratory parenchyma. In the cohort of lung transplant recipients, rhinoviral infections were documented in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens of 10 recipients, and 2 presented with a persistent infection. CONCLUSIONS: Rhinoviral infection can be persistent in lung transplant recipients with graft dysfunction, and the virus can be detected in the lung parenchyma. Given the potential clinical impact, chronic rhinoviral infection needs to be considered in lung transplant recipients.

Telomere length in human natural killer cell subsets

Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic cells that play a critical role in the innate immune response against infections and tumors. In the elderly, the cytotoxic function of NK cells is often compromised. Telomeres progressively shorten with each cell division and with age in most somatic cells eventually leading to chromosomal instability and cellular senescence. We studied the telomere length in NK cell subsets isolated from peripheral blood using "flow FISH," a method in which the hybridization of telomere probe in cells of interest is measured relative to internal controls in the same tube. We found that the average telomere length in human NK cells decreased with age as was previously found for human T lymphocytes. Separation of adult NK cells based on CD56 and CD16 expression revealed that the telomere length was significantly shorter in CD56(dim)CD16(+) (mature) NK cells compared to CD56(bright)CD16(-) (immature) NK cells from the same donor. Furthermore, sorting of NK cells based on expression of activation markers, such as NKG2D and LFA-1, revealed that NK cells expressing these markers have significantly shorter telomeres. Telomere fluorescence was very heterogeneous in NK cells expressing CD94, killer inhibitory receptor (KIR), NKG2A, or CD161. Our observations indicate that telomeric DNA in NK cells is lost with cell division and with age similar to what has been observed for most other hematopoietic cells. Telomere attrition in NK cells is a plausible cause for diminished NK cell function in the elderly.

Nanomechanics of cellulose crystals and cellulose-based polymer composites

Cellulose-polymer composites have potential applications in aerospace and transportation areas where lightweight materials with high mechanical properties are needed. In addition, these economical and biodegradable composites have been shown to be useful as polymer electrolytes, packaging structures, optoelectronic devices, and medical implants such as wound dressing and bone scaffolds. In spite of the above mentioned advantages and potential applications, due to the difficulties associated with synthesis and processing techniques, application of cellulose crystals (micro and nano sized) for preparation of new composite systems is limited. Cellulose is hydrophilic and polar as opposed to most of common thermoplastics, which are non-polar. This results in complications in addition of cellulose crystals to polymer matrices, and as a result in achieving sufficient dispersion levels, which directly affects the mechanical properties of the composites. As in other composite materials, the properties of cellulose-polymer composites depend on the volume fraction and the properties of individual phases (the reinforcement and the polymer matrix), the dispersion quality of the reinforcement through the matrix and the interaction between CNCs themselves and CNC and the matrix (interphase). In order to develop economical cellulose-polymer composites with superior qualities, the properties of individual cellulose crystals, as well as the effect of dispersion of reinforcements and the interphase on the properties of the final composites should be understood. In this research, the mechanical properties of CNC polymer composites were characterized at the macro and nano scales. A direct correlation was made between: Dispersion quality and macro-mechanical properties Nanomechanical properties at the surface and tensile properties CNC diameter and interphase thickness Lastly, individual CNCs from different sources were characterized and for the first time size-scale effect on their nanomechanical properties were reported. Then the effect of CNC surface modification on the mechanical properties was studied and correlated to the crystalline structure of these materials.