Under-representation of intrinsic terminators across bacterial genomic islands: Rho as a principal regulator of xenogenic DNA expression

Two transcription termination mechanisms - intrinsic and Rho-dependent - have evolved in bacteria. The Rho factor occurs in most bacterial lineages, and has been hypothesized to play a global regulatory role. Genome-wide studies using microarray, 2D-gel electrophoresis and ChIP-chip provided evidence that Rho serves to silence transcription from horizontally acquired genes and prophages in Escherichia coli K-12, implicating the factor to be a part of the ``cellular immune mechanism'' protecting against deleterious phages and aberrant gene expression from acquired xenogenic DNA. We have investigated this model by adopting an alternate in silico approach and have extended the study to other species. Our analysis shows that several genomic islands across diverse phyla have under-representation of intrinsic terminators, similar to that experimentally observed in E. coli K-12. This implies that Rho-dependent termination is the predominant process operational in these islands and that silencing of foreign DNA is a conserved function of Rho. From the present analysis, it is evident that horizontally acquired islands have lost intrinsic terminators to facilitate Rho-dependent termination. These results underscore the importance of Rho as a conserved, genome-wide sentinel that regulates potentially toxic xenogenic DNA. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Deformation and Recrystallization texture evolution in Nano-crystalline Nickel

Deformation and recrystallization textures in nano-crystalline nickel with average grain size of 20 nm were investigated using X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The deformation behaviour of nano-crystalline nickel is quite complicated due to intervention of other deformation mechanisms like grain boundary sliding and restoration mechanisms like grain growth and grain rotation to dislocation mediated slip. Recrystallization studies carried out on the deformed nano-crystalline nickel showed that the deformation texture was retained during low temperature annealing (300 degrees C), while at higher temperature (1000 degrees C), the texture got randomised. The exact mechanism of texture formation during deformation and recrystallization has been discussed.

Nonlinear preconditioning for efficient and accurate interface capturing in simulation of multicomponent compressible flows

Single fluid schemes that rely on an interface function for phase identification in multicomponent compressible flows are widely used to study hydrodynamic flow phenomena in several diverse applications. Simulations based on standard numerical implementation of these schemes suffer from an artificial increase in the width of the interface function owing to the numerical dissipation introduced by an upwind discretization of the governing equations. In addition, monotonicity requirements which ensure that the sharp interface function remains bounded at all times necessitate use of low-order accurate discretization strategies. This results in a significant reduction in accuracy along with a loss of intricate flow features. In this paper we develop a nonlinear transformation based interface capturing method which achieves superior accuracy without compromising the simplicity, computational efficiency and robustness of the original flow solver. A nonlinear map from the signed distance function to the sigmoid type interface function is used to effectively couple a standard single fluid shock and interface capturing scheme with a high-order accurate constrained level set reinitialization method in a way that allows for oscillation-free transport of the sharp material interface. Imposition of a maximum principle, which ensures that the multidimensional preconditioned interface capturing method does not produce new maxima or minima even in the extreme events of interface merger or breakup, allows for an explicit determination of the interface thickness in terms of the grid spacing. A narrow band method is formulated in order to localize computations pertinent to the preconditioned interface capturing method. Numerical tests in one dimension reveal a significant improvement in accuracy and convergence; in stark contrast to the conventional scheme, the proposed method retains its accuracy and convergence characteristics in a shifted reference frame. Results from the test cases in two dimensions show that the nonlinear transformation based interface capturing method outperforms both the conventional method and an interface capturing method without nonlinear transformation in resolving intricate flow features such as sheet jetting in the shock-induced cavity collapse. The ability of the proposed method in accounting for the gravitational and surface tension forces besides compressibility is demonstrated through a model fully three-dimensional problem concerning droplet splash and formation of a crownlike feature. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Neoarchean arc magmatism followed by high-temperature, high-pressure metamorphism in the Nilgiri Block, southern India

The Nilgiri Block, southern India is an exhumed lower crust formed through arc magmatic processes in the Neoarchean. The main lithologies in this terrane include charnockites, gneisses, volcanic tuff, metasediments, banded iron formation and mafic-ultramafic bodies. Mafic-ultramafic rocks are present towards the northern and central part of the Nilgiri Block. We examine the evolution of these mafic granulites/metagabbros by phase diagram modeling and U-Pb sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) dating. They consist of a garnet-clinopyroxene-plagioclase-hornblende-ilmenite +/- orthopyroxene +/- rutile assemblage. Garnet and clinopyroxene form major constituents with labradorite and orthopyroxene as the main mineral inclusions. Labradorite, identified using Raman analysis, shows typical peaks at 508 cm(-1), 479 cm(-1), 287 cm(-1) and 177 cm(-1). It is stable along with orthopyroxene towards the low-pressure high-temperature region of the granulite fades (M1 stage). Subsequently, orthopyroxene reacted with plagioclase to form the peak garnet + clinopyroxene + rutile assemblage (M2 stage). The final stage is represented by amphibolite facies-hornblende and plagioclase-rim around the garnet-clinopyroxene assemblage (M3 stage). Phase diagram modeling shows that these mafic granulites followed an anticlockwise P-T-t path during their evolution. The initial high-temperature metamorphism (M1 stage) was at 850-900 degrees C and similar to 9 kbar followed by high-pressure granulite fades metamorphism (M2 stage) at 850-900 degrees C and 14-15 kbar. U-Pb isotope studies of zircons using SHRIMP revealed late Neoarchean to early paleoproterozoic ages of crystallization and metamorphism respectively. The age data shows that these mafic granulites have undergone arc magmatism at ca. 25392 +/- 3 Ma and high-temperature, high-pressure metamorphism at ca. 2458.9 +/- 8.6 Ma. Thus our results suggests a late Neoarchean arc magmatism followed by early paleoproterozoic high-temperature, high-pressure granulite facies metamorphism due to the crustal thickening and suturing of the Nilgiri Block onto the Dharwar Craton. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Stable p-type conductivity in B and N co-doped ZnO epitaxial thin film

We report on the observation of stable p-type conductivity in B and N co-doped epitaxial ZnO thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. Films grown at higher oxygen partial pressure (similar to 10(-1) Torr) shows p-type conductivity with a carrier concentration of similar to 3 x 10(16) cm(-3). This p-type conductivity is associated with the significant decrease in defect emission peaks due to the vacancy oxygen (V-O) and Schottky type-I native defects compared to films grown at low oxygen partial pressure (similar to 10(-5) Torr). The p-type conductivity is explained with the help of density functional theory (DFT) calculation considering off-stoichiometric BN1+x in the ZnO lattice. (C) 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

利用射流泵输送油水两相管流的实验研究

研究了应用射流泵输送油水两相管流时泵对下游管道中流型和压降的影响。实验管线为内径50mm的透明有机玻璃管，管线从入口到分离器长约35m，实验段由一个垂直倒U型管和一个长3m水平管组成。分别给出了不同入口条件下实验管段的流型图和压降图。结果表明：采用射流泵输送油水两相流动，对下游管道流型和油水乳化速度有着显著的影响，但对下游管道内的压降随混合流速和体积份额的变化趋势影响很小。

Factores geneticos y ambientales que afectan la composicion de la leche; finca Peiranos, Nandaime, Granada, Nicaragua

Con el propósito de evaluar el efecto de factores genéticos grupo racial y condiciones ambientales como época de parto, número de parto y periodo de lactación sobre el comportamiento productivo y composición de la leche por vaca día-1 de genotipos lecheros Reyna y sus cruces (Angus, Brahmán, Chianina, Holstein, Jersey, Pardo Suizo y desconocido), se utilizó información de la finca Los Peiranos en el periodo 2005-2006. Se analizo un total de 508 datos relativos a producción y composición de leche de vaca por día, determinando porcentajes de grasa, proteína , lactosa, materia seca y sólidos no grasos, para lo cual se usaron modelos aditivos lineales del tipo fijo que incluyeron factores como grupo racial, número de parto, época de parto y periodo de lactación e interacciones importantes. El Periodo de Lactación presentó valores altamente significativos (P<0.01) para las seis variables en estudio; sin embargo época de parto fue no significativa (P>0.05)en Producción de leche día-1 en kilogramos y sólidos no grasos; mientras que grasa, proteína y materia seca fueron significativos (P<0.05), presentando la lactosa un valor altamente significativo (P<0.01). En cambio para números de partos y grupos raciales la lactosa y sólidos no grasos respectivamente resultaron no significativo (P>0.05). Las interacciones de los factores de estudio muestran valores altamente significativos (P<0.01) para grupo racial por época de parto, números de partos por época de parto, para producción de leche día-1 en Kilogramos; en cambio época de parto por periodo de lactación fue significativo (P<0.05)para proteína, materia seca y sólidos no grasos, así como, grupo racial por periodo de lactación para sólidos no grasos y época de parto por periodo de lactación en grasa.

Prospección y caracterización preliminar in situ de cinco especies de sapotaceas en Nicaragua

Este trabajo consistió en una prospección (1994) y caracterización in situ (1995-1998) de cinco especies de la familia Sapotaceas en Nicaragua. Con fichas de inventario y fichas etnobotánicas se recopiló la información, obteniéndose 246 registros de Manilkara zapota L. (níspero), 287 de Chrysophyllum cainito L. (caimito), 508 de Pouteria sapota Jacquin (zapote rojo), 49 de Pouteria viridis Pittier (zapote verde) y 46 muestras de Pouteria campechialia H.B.K (zapote mico). Se determinaron estadísticos básicos, análisis Cluster y Componentes Principales. Estas especies tienen uso medicinal y se encuentran generalmente en huertos familiares y muy poco como plantaciones comerciales, los frutos se comercializan en mercados locales, excepto P. campechiana. P. sapota, P. viridis y M. zapota son las más apetecidas como fruta fresca, estos presentaron frutos con promedios de 323 y 95 gramos, algunos con peso superior a los 1000 gramos, sabor dulce, buen aroma, jugosidad y fácil desprendimiento de pulpa. Se muestrearon frutos de M. zapota de más de 500 gramos, el promedio fue 134 gramos, de forma redonda, alargada y ovalada, y sabor muy dulce. C. cainita presentó peso promedio de más de 100 gramos; los frutos son muy dulces, cáscara verde, blanca y morada. En Rivas e isla de Ometepe, Leon, Chinandega, Masaya y Granada se encontro la mayor diversidad fenotipica y frutos de mejor calidad (zapote y nispero). Este estudio demuestra que existe gran diversidad genetica en el pais que tiene gran potencial.

Evolution of thermoplastic shear localization and related microstructures in Awl/SiCp composites under dynamic compression

The localized shear deformation in the 2024 and 2124 Al matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles was investigated with a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) at a strain rate of about 2.0x10(3) s(-1). The results showed that the occurrence of localized shear deformation is sensitive to the size of SiC particles. It was found that the critical strain, at which the shear localization occurs, strongly depends on the size and volume fraction of SiC particles. The smaller the particle size, the lower the critical strain required for the shear localization. TEM examinations revealed that Al/SiCp interfaces are the main sources of dislocations. The dislocation density near the interface was found to be high and it decreases with the distance from the particles. The Al matrix in shear bands was highly deformed and severely elongated at low angle boundaries. The Al/SiCp interfaces, particularly the sharp corners of SiC particles, provide the sites for microcrack initiation. Eventual fracture is caused by the growth and coalescence of microcracks along the shear bands. It is proposed that the distortion free equiaxed grains with low dislocation density observed in the center of shear band result from recrystallization during dynamic deformation.

流变学研究的若干问题

本文综述了1988年8月第10届国际流变学会议部分大会邀请报告及分组报告的下列几个领域内容:①分子动力学;②光学流变测量;⑧血液的动态测量;④数值仿真;⑤钻探油井;⑥强化采油;⑦减阻;⑧聚合物挤压成形加工;⑨食品流变学.

理想塑性材料扩展裂纹的平面应变问题

本文从三维塑性流动理论出发,导出了理想塑性材料平面应变问题的基本方程.进而对扩展裂纹问题建立了完整的定解方程和速度场求解公式.已有的渐近方程只是预解方程和零级定解方程的组合.本文证实了已有的中心扇形区,虽然满足了渐近方程,但不能适应高阶渐近方程.

Traducciones vascas de los clásicos griegos y latinos (1802-1936)

F. García Jurado, R. González Delgado y M. González González (eds). Prólogo de J. C. Mainer.