Field programmable gate array based predictive control system for spacecraft rendezvous in elliptical orbits

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Summary A field programmable gate array (FPGA) based model predictive controller for two phases of spacecraft rendezvous is presented. Linear time-varying prediction models are used to accommodate elliptical orbits, and a variable prediction horizon is used to facilitate finite time completion of the longer range manoeuvres, whilst a fixed and receding prediction horizon is used for fine-grained tracking at close range. The resulting constrained optimisation problems are solved using a primal-dual interior point algorithm. The majority of the computational demand is in solving a system of simultaneous linear equations at each iteration of this algorithm. To accelerate these operations, a custom circuit is implemented, using a combination of Mathworks HDL Coder and Xilinx System Generator for DSP, and used as a peripheral to a MicroBlaze soft-core processor on the FPGA, on which the remainder of the system is implemented. Certain logic that can be hard-coded for fixed sized problems is implemented to be configurable online, in order to accommodate the varying problem sizes associated with the variable prediction horizon. The system is demonstrated in closed-loop by linking the FPGA with a simulation of the spacecraft dynamics running in Simulink on a PC, using Ethernet. Timing comparisons indicate that the custom implementation is substantially faster than pure embedded software-based interior point methods running on the same MicroBlaze and could be competitive with a pure custom hardware implementation.

The reproductive strategies of an endemic Tibetan fish, Gymnocypris selincuoensis

The reproductive traits of Gymnocypris selincuoensis from Selincuo Lake and its tributaries were investigated in 1997 and 1998. The youngest mature male was age 7 with a standard length (SL) of 172.0 mm, and the youngest mature female was age 8 with a SL of 194.0 mm. The L(50)s Of SL and age at first maturity were respectively 250.32 mm and age 9 for males and 224.71 mm and age 8 for females. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) significantly changed with seasons for mature individuals but not for immature individuals. GSIs of mature females at stages IV and V of ovary development increased with SL and reached a maximum value at the SL range from 370 mm to 390 mm; the GSIs of mature males were negatively correlated with SL. The breeding season lasted from early April to early August. Egg size did not significantly change with SL but increased with the delay of spawning. The individual absolute fecundity varied from 1,341 to 28,002 eggs (mean 12,607+/-7,349), and the individual relative fecundity varied from 6.4 to 42.0 eggs.g(-1) (mean 25.5+/-9.7). The individual fecundity increased with total body weight; it also increased with SL for those of SL less than 370 mm. There was a rest of spawning for mature individuals.

Energy Levels of Hydrogenic Impurities in InAs Quantum Ring

The distribution of energy levels of the ground state and the low-lying excited states of hydrogenic impurities in InAs quantum ring was investigated by applying the effective mass approximation and the perturbation method. In 2D polar coordinates, the exact solution to the Schrodinger equation was used to calculate the perturbation integral in a parabolic confinement potential. The numerical results show that the energy levels of electron are sensitively dependent on the radius of the quantum ring and a minimum exists on account of the parabolic confinement potential. With decreasing the radius, the energy spacing between energy levels increases. The degenerate energy levels of the first excited state for hydrogenic impurities are not relieved, and when the degenerate energy levels are split and the energy spacing will increase with the increase in the radius. The energy spacing between energy levels of electron is also sensitively dependent on the angular frequency and will increase with the increases in it. The degenerate energy levels of the first excited state are not relieved. The degenerate energy levels of the second excited state are relieved partially. The change in angular frequency will have a profound effect upon the calculation of the energy levels of the ground state and the low-lying excited states of hydrogenic impurities in InAs quantum ring. The conclusions of this paper will provide important guidance to investigating the optical transitions and spectral structures in quantum ring.

Nucleation of diamond by pure carbon ion bombardment - a transmission electron microscopy study

A cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) study of a film deposited by a 1 keV mass-selected carbon ion beam onto silicon held at 800 degrees C is presented. Initially, a graphitic film with its basal planes perpendicular to the substrate is evolving. The precipitation of nanodiamond crystallites in upper layers is confirmed by HRTEM, selected area electron diffraction, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The nucleation of diamond on graphitic edges as predicted by Lambrecht [W. R. L. Lambrecht, C. H. Lee, B. Segall, J. C. Angus, Z. Li, and M. Sunkara, Nature, 364 607 (1993)] is experimentally confirmed. The results are discussed in terms of our recent subplantation-based diamond nucleation model. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics.

Multimode-interference-type thermo-optic variable optical attenuator with a response frequency of 10 kHz

A thermo-optic variable optical attenuator based on a multimode interference coupler principle is fabricated. The propagation loss of the fabricated device is 1.6 to 3.8 dB at the wavelength range 1510 to 1610 nm, which is very near the calculated value (1.2 dB) by the finite difference beam propagation method. The maximum power consumption is 363 mW and the dynamic attenuation range is 0 to 26 dB. The response frequency of the fabricated attenuator is about 10 kHz. (C) 2003 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Fabrication of InGaAs quantum dots with an underlying InGaAlAs layer on GaAs(100) and high index substrates by molecular beam epitaxy

In this paper, InGaAs quantum dots with an adjusting InGaAlAs layer underneath are grown on (n 1 1)A/B (n = 2-5) and the reference (1 0 0) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Small and dense InGaAs quantum dots are formed on (1 0 0) and (n 1 1)B substrates. A comparative study by atomic force microscopy shows that the alignment and uniformity for InGaAs quantum dots are greatly improved on(5 1 1)B but deteriorated on (3 1 1)B surface, demonstrating the great influence of the buried InGaAlAs layer. There is an increase in photoluminescence intensity and a decrease in the full-width at half-maximum when n varies from 2 to 5. Quantum dots formed on (3 1 1)A and (5 1 1)A surfaces are large and random in distribution, and no emission from these dots can be detected. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Si doping effect on self-organized InAs/GaAs quantum dots

In situ ultra high vacuum scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and low-temperature :photoluminescence (PL) studies have been performed on Si-doped self-organized InAs/GaAs quantum dots samples to investigate the Si doping effects. Remarkably, when Si is doped in the sample, according to the SPM images, more small dots are formed when compared with images from undoped samples. On the PL spectra, high-energy band tail which correspond to the small dots appear, with increasing doping concentration, the integral intensity of the high-energy band tail account for the whole peak increase too. We relate this phenomenon to a model that takes the Si atom as the nucleation center for QDs formation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Room temperature mobility above 2100 cm2/Vs in Al0.3Ga0.7N/AIN/GaN heterostructures grown on sapphire substrates by MOCVD

Al0.3Ga0.7N/AlN/GaN HEMT structures with significantly high mobility have been grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on sapphire substrates. At room temperature (RT) a Hall mobility of 2104 cm(2)/Vs and a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) density of 1.1x10(13) cm(-2) are achieved, corresponding to a sheet resistance of 277.8 Omega/sq. The elimination of V-shaped defects were observed on Al0.3Ga0.7N/AlN/GaN HEMT structures and correlated with the increase of 2DEG mobility. (c) 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, Weinheim.

C代码API一致性检验中的等值分析

在实际中对C代码进行API一致性检验的过程中发现，API(application programming interface)规范大都涉及以数值为论域的时序性质与在静态分析过程中所能获取的以变量符号为占位符的独立语义之间存在分析上的缺口．在仔细考察c代码变量符号间等值关系的基础上，给出基于值等价类空间的等值分析方法．这种流相关的分析方法不仅可以在API一致性检验的过程中维护变量符号域和数值域之间的对应关系，而且由于能够屏蔽等值关系以外的其他信息，还可以为后继分析的优化提供有力的支持．

挣值法在软件项目成本和进度监控中的应用

针对软件项目存在"产品进度延误,费用剧增"的问题,以挣值法作为理论基础,结合软件项目的开发过程,通过应用挣值法的计划投资额、实际投资额、完成投资额三个关键中间变量,费用偏差、进度偏差二个差异分析变量指标和成本偏差率、进度偏差二个指标变量的指标统计分析软件项目成本花费、进度执行情况,为软件项目成本、进度的联合监控提供依据,使项目管理工作目标清晰,过程控制高效有序,从整体上良好地把握了软件项目的运行状态,实现了对软件项目成本和进度的监控.

原状土通气培养法测定黄土高原土壤供氮能力的研究

评价原状土通气培养法在反映黄土高原土壤供氮能力方面的效果。【方法】以采自于黄土高原差异较大的11个农田耕层土壤为供试土样,以包括和不包括土壤起始NO3--N原状土盆栽黑麦草累积吸氮量为参比,进行室内原状土通气培养法测定土壤供氮能力的研究。【结果】以包括土壤起始NO3--N盆栽试验植物吸氮量为参比,通气培养前CaCl2所淋洗起始NO3--N和起始矿质氮与5期黑麦草地上部氮素累积量密切相关,相关系数分别为0.856和0.862,达1%显著水平;与此相反,通气培养30周所矿化氮素、土壤起始矿质氮+通气培养30周矿化氮素、氮素矿化势(N0)及N0+起始矿质氮与5期黑麦草地上部氮素累积量间无显著相关关系,相关系数分别仅为0.410、0.553、0.492和0.419。以不包括土壤起始NO3--N盆栽试验植物吸氮量为参比,通气培养前CaCl2淋洗起始NO3--N和起始矿质氮与五期黑麦草地上部氮素累积量间的相关性尽管有所降低,但相关性仍达5%显著水平,相关系数分别为0.613和0.607;而通气培养30周矿化氮素、土壤起始矿质氮+通气培养30周矿化氮素、N0及N0+起始矿质氮与五期黑麦草地上部吸氮量的相关系数却明显...