Tanker Mission Implication on a Civil Aerial Refuelling Transport System’s Benefit Evaluation

As the emphasis on initiatives that can improve environmental efficiency while simultaneously maintaining economic viability has escalated in recent years, attention has turned to more radical concepts of operation. In particular, the cruiser–feeder concept has shown potential for a new generation, environmentally friendly, air-transport system to alleviate the growing pressure on the passenger air-transportation network. However, a full evaluation of realizable benefits is needed to determine how the design and operation of potential feeder-aircraft configurations impact on the feasibility of the overall concept. This paper presents an analysis of a cruiser–feeder concept, in which fuel is transferred between the feeder and the cruiser in an aerial-refueling configuration to extend range while reducing cruiser weight, compared against the effects of escalating existing technology levels while retaining the existing passenger levels. Up to 14% fuel-burn and 12% operating-cost savings can be achieved when compared to a similar technology-level aircraft concept without aerial refueling, representing up to 26% in fuel burn and 25% in total operating cost over the existing operational model at today’s standard fleet technology and performance. However, these potential savings are not uniformly distributed across the network, and the system is highly sensitive to the routes serviced, with reductions in revenue-generation potential observed across the network for aerial-refueling operations due to reductions in passenger revenue.

Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Intake Has No Dose-Response Effect on Conventional Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight Adults at High Risk of Developing Cardiovascular Disease

BACKGROUND: Improving diet and lifestyle is important for prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Observational evidence suggests that increasing fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption may lower CVD risk, largely through modulation of established risk factors, but intervention data are required to fully elucidate the mechanisms by which FVs exert benefits on vascular health.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the dose-response effect of FV intake on cardiovascular risk factors in adults at high CVD risk.

METHODS: This was a randomized controlled parallel group study involving overweight adults (BMI: >27 and ≤35 kg/m(2)) with a habitually low FV intake (≤160 g/d) and a high total risk of developing CVD (estimated ≥20% over 10 y). After a 4-wk run-in period where FV intake was limited to <2 portions/d (<160 g/d), 92 eligible participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: to consume either 2, 4, or 7 portions (equivalent to 160 g, 320 g, or 560 g, respectively) of FVs daily for 12 consecutive weeks. Fasting venous blood samples were collected at baseline (week 4) and post-intervention (week 16) for analysis of lipid fractions and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentrations. Compliance with the FV intervention was determined with use of self-reported FV intake and biomarkers of micronutrient status. Ambulatory blood pressure and body composition were also measured pre- and post-intervention.

RESULTS: A total of 89 participants completed the study and body composition remained stable throughout the intervention period. Despite good compliance with the intervention, no significant difference was found between the FV groups for change in measures of ambulatory blood pressure, plasma lipids, or hsCRP concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence of a dose-response effect of FV intake on conventional CVD risk factors measured in overweight adults at high CVD risk. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00874341.

Active site labeling of cysteine cathepsins by a straightforward diazomethylketone probe derived from the N-terminus of human cystatin C

We designed a straightforward biotinylated probe using the N-terminal substrate-like region of the inhibitory site of human cystatin C as a scaffold, linked to the thiol-specific reagent diazomethylketone group as a covalent warhead (i.e. Biot-(PEG)2-Ahx-LeuValGly-DMK). The irreversible activity-based probe bound readily to cysteine cathepsins B, L, S and K. Moreover affinity labeling is sensitive since active cathepsins were detected in the nM range using an ExtrAvidin®-peroxidase conjugate for disclosure. Biot-(PEG)2-Ahx-LeuValGly-DMK allowed a slightly more pronounced labeling for cathepsin S with a compelling second-order rate constant for association (kass = 2,320,000 M−1 s−1). Labeling of the active site is dose-dependent as observed using 6-cyclohexylamine-4-piperazinyl-1,3,5-triazine-2-carbonitrile, as competitive inhibitor of cathepsins. Finally we showed that Biot-(PEG)2-Ahx-LeuValGly-DMK may be a simple and convenient tool to label secreted and intracellular active cathepsins using a myelomonocytic cell line (THP-1 cells) as model.

Laser assisted directional solidification of zirconia-based eutectics

Directionally solidified zirconia-based eutectic (DSE) fibres were obtained using the laser floating zone (LFZ) method. Two systems were investigated: zirconia-barium zirconate and zirconia-mullite. The purpose was to take advantage of zirconia properties, particularly as an ionic conductor and a mechanical rein-forcement phase. The influence of processing conditions in the structural and microstructural characteristics and their consequences on the electrical and mechanical behaviour were the focus of this thesis. The novel zirconia-barium zirconate eutectic materials were developed in order to combine oxygen ionic conduction through zirconia with protonic conduction from barium zirconate, promoting mixed ionic conduction behaviour. The mi-crostructure of the fibres comprises two alternated regions: bands having coarser zirconia-rich microstructure; and inter-band regions changing from a homogeneous coupled eutectic, at the lowest pulling rate, to columnar colony microstructure, for the faster grown fibres. The bands inter-distance increases with the growth rate and, at 300 mm/h, zirconia dendrites develop enclosed in a fine-interpenetrated network of 50 vol.% ZrO2-50 vol.% BaZrO3. Both phases display contiguity without interphase boundaries, according to impedance spec-troscopy data. Yttria-rich compositions were considered in order to promote the yttrium incorporation in both phases, as revealed by Raman spectroscopy and corroborated by the elemental chemical analysis in energy dispersive spectros-copy. This is a mandatory condition to attain simultaneous contribution to the mixed ionic conduction. Such results are supported by impedance spectrosco-py measurements, which clearly disclose an increase of total ionic conduction for lower temperatures in wet/reduction atmospheres (activation energies of 35 kJ/mol in N2+H2 and 48 kJ/mol in air, in the range of 320-500 ºC) compared to the dry/oxidizing conditions (attaining values close to 90 kJ/mol, above 500 ºC). At high temperatures, the proton incorporation into the barium zirconate is un-favourable, so oxygen ion conduction through zirconia prevails, in dry and oxi-dizing environments, reaching a maximum of 1.3x10-2 S/cm in dry air, at ~1000 ºC. The ionic conduction of zirconia was alternatively combined with another high temperature oxygen ion conductor, as mullite, in order to obtain a broad elec-trolytic domain. The growth rate has a huge influence in the amount of phases and microstructure of the directionally solidified zirconia-mullite fibres. Their microstructure changes from planar coupled eutectic to dendritic eutectic mor-phology, when the growth rate rises from 1 to 500 mm/h, along with an incre-ment of tetragonal zirconia content. Furthermore, high growth rates lead to the development of Al-Si-Y glassy phase, and thus less mullite amount, which is found to considerably reduce the total ionic conduction of as-grown fibres. The reduction of the glassy phase content after annealing (10h; 1400 ºC) promotes an increase of the total ionic conduction (≥0.01 S/cm at 1370 °C), raising the mullite and tetragonal zirconia contents and leading to microstructural differ-ences, namely the distribution and size of the zirconia constituent. This has important consequences in conductivity by improving the percolation pathways. A notable increase in hardness is observed from 11.3 GPa for the 10 mm/h pulled fibre to 21.2 GPa for the fibre grown at 500 mm/h. The ultra-fine eutectic morphology of the 500 mm/h fibres results in a maximum value of 534 MPa for room temperature bending strength, which decreases to about one-fourth of this value at high temperature testing (1400 ºC) due to the soft nature of the glassy-matrix.

Desenvolvimento de filmes com microencapsulação de agentes naturais: aplicação na preservação de salmão

Dissertação de mestrado, Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Twelve Cosmological Leaps - series 01

An archive of 12 electronic files, visualised as colourful air grid lattice structures.

Expanding our therapeutic options: β-blockers for colon cancer?

Supported by U. Porto/Santander Totta (IJUP) (PP-IJUP2011-320)

Aspectos da caracterização antigénica e molecular da Leptospirose em Áreas Endémicas

RESUMO A Leptospirose é uma zoonose re-emergente causada por espiroquetídeos patogénicos do género Leptospira. Em Portugal, é reconhecida, desde 1931, como uma importante doença infecciosa humana, cuja notificação é obrigatória desde 1986 para todos os serovares. Porém, devido ao acentuado polimorfismo clínico e à dificuldade de um diagnóstico laboratorial especializado, esta patologia nem sempre é confirmada. Com efeito, o isolamento do agente é difícil e o método convencional de diagnóstico, baseado no teste serológico de referência TAM (Teste de Aglutinação Microscópica), não é muito sensível na primeira semana da doença. Assim, foram três os principais objectivos desta dissertação: actualizar o padrão epidemiológico da Leptospirose, após uma extensa revisão bibliográfica da doença (Capítulos 1 e 2); esclarecer os aspectos imunológicos relacionados com os marcadores antigénicos que mais influenciam a regulação da resposta humoral na infecção humana, em particular, em área endémica (Capítulo 3); e, por último, promover a identificação molecular de alguns isolados de Leptospira, avaliar o respectivo poder patogénico no modelo murino e contribuir para o diagnóstico precoce da doença humana (Capítulo 4). O primeiro dos temas investigados, com base no estudo retrospectivo de uma larga série de 4.618 doentes sintomáticos analisados representa uma caracterização única da epidemiologia da Leptospirose, em particular, na Região Centro do País, e nas ilhas de São Miguel e Terceira (Açores), nos últimos 18 e 12 anos, respectivamente. Foram confirmados 1.024 (22%) casos, com uma distribuição média de 57 casos/ano, sendo a maior frequência no sexo masculino (67%). As áreas analisadas corresponderam à maioria das notificações em Portugal, com uma taxa de incidência média anual nas ilhas muito superior à registada no continente (11,1 vs 1,7/100.000 habitantes, respectivamente). Os adultos em idade activa (25-54 anos) foram os mais afectados, nos meses de Dezembro e Janeiro. A doença foi causada por serovares de nove serogrupos presuntivos de Leptospira interrogans sensu lato, com predomínio de Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona e Ballum, em cerca de 66% dos casos. A seropositividade da Leptospirose esteve associada às formas anictérica e ictérica da doença, sendo evidente uma elevada sub-notificação ( 20 casos/ano). Foram detectados e analisados os diversos factores de risco, verificando-se um risco elevado de transmissão em áreas geográficas onde a circulação dos agentes zoonóticos se processa em ciclos silváticos e/ou domésticos bem estabelecidos. Este estudo confirma que a incidência da Leptospirose em Portugal tem aumentado nos últimos anos, particularmente, nos Açores, onde a seropositividade elevada e a ocorrência de casos fatais confirmam esta patologia como um problema emergente de Saúde Pública. No âmbito do Capítulo 3, investigaram-se os aspectos imunológicos da Leptospirose humana na Aspectos da caracterização antigénica e molecular da Leptospirose em áreas endémicas Região Centro e nas ilhas de São Miguel e Terceira, caracterizando as proteínas e os lipopolissacáridos (LPS) envolvidos durante as fases aguda (estádio único) e tardia da doença (três estádios), através do follow-up serológico de 240 doentes com confirmação clínica e laboratorial de Leptospirose. Foram incluídos no estudo 463 soros, 320 (69%) dos quais, obtidos durante a fase de convalescença (até 6 anos após o início dos sintomas). Soros de dadores de sangue (n=200) e de doentes com outras patologias infecciosas (n=60) foram usados como controlos. As amostras foram testadas pela técnica de Western Blot com lisados de oito estirpes patogénicas pertencentes aos serogrupos mais prevalentes. O reconhecimento dos antigénios leptospíricos, nos quatro estádios evolutivos, resultou da detecção de reactividade específica anti-IgM e anti IgG, nos diferentes immunoblots. Detectaram-se cinco proteínas major (45, 35, 32, 25 e 22 kDa) comuns a todos os serovares. Os soros estudados com as estirpes dos serogrupos homólogos, previamente identificados pela TAM, reagiram contra as proteínas de 45, 32 e 22 kDa, conhecidas como LipL45, LipL32 e LpL21, respectivamente, sendo estes, os antigénios imunodominantes durante o período estudado, nas duas regiões geográficas. Os doentes açorianos mostraram, ainda, uma reactividade elevada contra os LPS, cujo significado é discutido face aos resultados negativos dos soros controlo para os marcadores referidos. Esta investigação indica, pela primeira vez, uma forte persistência da resposta humoral e o importante papel protector da LipL45, Lip32 e LipL21, anos após o início dos sintomas. Por último, procedeu-se à identificação de estirpes Portuguesas, isoladas de murinos e de um caso humano fatal (L. inadai), numa perspectiva polifásica de intervenção. Utilizaram-se três testes fenotípicos (testes de crescimento sob diferentes temperaturas e na presença de 8-azaguanina, a par de um teste de alteração morfológica induzida pela adição de NaCl 1M). Paralelamente, efectuaram-se ensaios de amplificação do gene rrs (16S ARNr) de Leptospira spp por PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), utilizando um par de primers “universais” (331 pb) e um segundo par, que apenas amplifica o gene secY (285 pb) de estirpes patogénicas, para definição da identidade dos isolados em estudo. Da integração dos resultados obtidos, confirmou-se que estes ocupam uma posição taxonómica “intermédia” entre as leptospiras saprófitas e as patogénicas. Desenvolveu-se, ainda, uma investigação (complementar) “in vivo” do carácter taxonómico “intermédio” do referido isolado humano, por cultura e amplificação do respectivo ADN de tecidos de hamsters inoculados para o efeito. Esta metodologia molecular foi posteriormente utilizada, com sucesso, no diagnóstico precoce de doentes com Leptospirose, sendo uma mais-valia na confirmação laboratorial de infecção por Leptospira, na ausência de anticorpos específicos na fase inicial da doença.

Características del medio marino, fuentes y evaluación de la contaminación en la Bahía de Ilo, costa de Ite a río Sama. 28 marzo a 01 abril 1995

Expone la contaminación marina causada por la minería, principal actividad que se desarrolla en la región sur de Ilo, hasta sur de Ite y de otras fuentes terrestres de contaminación. Se presentan los valores de trazas de metales como el cobre y plomo en los sedimentos.

Pretargeted radioimmunotherapy using genetically engineered antibody-streptavidin fusion proteins for treatment of non-hodgkin lymphoma.

Purpose: Pretargeted radioimmunotherapy (PRIT) using streptavidin (SAv)-biotin technology can deliver higher therapeutic doses of radioactivity to tumors than conventional RIT. However, "endogenous" biotin can interfere with the effectiveness of this approach by blocking binding of radiolabeled biotin to SAv. We engineered a series of SAv FPs that downmodulate the affinity of SAv for biotin, while retaining high avidity for divalent DOTA-bis-biotin to circumvent this problem.Experimental Design: The single-chain variable region gene of the murine 1F5 anti-CD20 antibody was fused to the wild-type (WT) SAv gene and to mutant SAv genes, Y43A-SAv and S45A-SAv. FPs were expressed, purified, and compared in studies using athymic mice bearing Ramos lymphoma xenografts.Results: Biodistribution studies showed delivery of more radioactivity to tumors of mice pretargeted with mutant SAv FPs followed by (111)In-DOTA-bis-biotin [6.2 +/- 1.7% of the injected dose per gram (%ID/gm) of tumor 24 hours after Y43A-SAv FP and 5.6 +/- 2.2%ID/g with S45A-SAv FP] than in mice on normal diets pretargeted with WT-SAv FP (2.5 +/- 1.6%ID/g; P = 0.01). These superior biodistributions translated into superior antitumor efficacy in mice treated with mutant FPs and (90)Y-DOTA-bis-biotin [tumor volumes after 11 days: 237 +/- 66 mm(3) with Y43A-SAv, 543 +/- 320 mm(3) with S45A-SAv, 1129 +/- 322 mm(3) with WT-SAv, and 1435 +/- 212 mm(3) with control FP (P < 0.0001)].Conclusions: Genetically engineered mutant-SAv FPs and bis-biotin reagents provide an attractive alternative to current SAv-biotin PRIT methods in settings where endogenous biotin levels are high. Clin Cancer Res; 17(23); 7373-82. (C)2011 AACR.

3B.01: Performance of targeted screening for the identification of hypertension in children

OBJECTIVE: As universal screening of hypertension performs poorly in childhood, targeted screening to children at higher risk of hypertension has been proposed. Our goal was to assess the performance of combined parental history of hypertension and overweight/obesity to identify children with hypertension. We estimated the sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values of overweight/obesity and parental history of hypertension for the identification of hypertension in children. DESIGN AND METHOD: We analyzed data from a school-based cross-sectional study including 5207 children aged 10 to 14 years from all public 6th grade classes in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. Blood pressure was measured with a clinically validated oscillometric automated device over up to three visits separated by one week. Children had hypertension if they had sustained elevated blood pressure over the three visits. Parents were interviewed about their history of hypertension. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension was 2.2%. 14% of children were overweight or obese and 20% had a positive history of hypertension in either or both parents. 30% of children had either or both conditions. After accounting for several potential confounding factors, parental history of hypertension (odds ratio (OR): 2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.8-4.0), overweight excluding obesity (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.5-4.2) and obesity (OR: 10.1; 95% CI: 6.0-17.0) were associated with hypertension in children. Considered in isolation, the sensitivity and positive predictive values of parental history of hypertension (respectively 41% and 5%) or overweight/obesity (respectively 43% and 7%) were relatively low. Nevertheless, considered together, the sensitivity of targeted screening in children with either overweight/obesity or paternal history of hypertension was higher (65%) but the positive predictive value remained low (5%). The negative predictive value was systematically high. CONCLUSIONS: Restricting screening of hypertension to children with either overweight/obesity or with hypertensive parents would substantially limit the proportion of children to screen (30%) and allow the identification of a relatively large proportion (65%) of hypertensive cases. That could be a valuable alternative to universal screening.

L'Écho de Paris

1885/01/25 (Numéro 320).