Tm-doped fiber laser mode-locked by graphene-polymer composite

We demonstrate mode-locking of a thulium-doped fiber laser operating at 1.94 μm, using a graphene-polymer based saturable absorber. The laser outputs 3.6 ps pulses, with ∼0.4 nJ energy and an amplitude fluctuation ∼0.5%, at 6.46 MHz. This is a simple, low-cost, stable and convenient laser oscillator for applications where eye-safe and low-photon-energy light sources are required, such as sensing and biomedical diagnostics. © 2012 Optical Society of America.

2 to 3 μm Raman-soliton continuum enabled by a nanotube mode-locked Tm-doped MOPFA

We demonstrate a Raman-soliton continuum extending from 2 to 3 μm, in a highly germanium-doped silica-clad fiber, pumped by a nanotube mode-locked thulium-doped fiber system delivering 12 kW sub-picosecond pulses at 1.95 μm. © OSA 2013.

Detection of the hepatotoxic microcystins in 36 kinds of cyanobacteria Spirulina food products in China

Gel filtration chromatography, ultra-filtration, and solid-phase extraction silica gel clean-up were evaluated for their ability to remove microcystins selectively from extracts of cyanobacteria Spirulina samples after using the reversed-phase octadecylsilyl ODS cartridge for subsequent analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The reversed-phase ODS cartridge/silica gel combination were effective and the optimal wash and elution conditions were: H2O (wash), 20% methanol in water (wash), and 90% methanol in water (elution) for the reversed-phase ODS cartridge, followed by 80% methanol in water elution in the silica gel cartridge. The presence of microcystins in 36 kinds of cyanobacteria Spirulina health food samples obtained from various retail outlets in China were detected by LC-MS/MS, and 34 samples (94%) contained microcystins ranging from 2 to 163 ng g(-1) (mean=1427 ng g(-1)), which were significantly lower than microcystins present in blue green alga products previously reported. MC-RR-which contains two molecules of arginine (R)-(in 94.4% samples) was the predominant microcystin, followed by MC-LR-where L is leucine-(30.6%) and MC-YR-where Y is tyrose-(27.8%). The possible potential health risks from chronic exposure to microcystins from contaminated cyanobacteria Spirulina health food should not be ignored, even if the toxin concentrations were low. The method presented herein is proposed to detect microcystins present in commercial cyanobacteria Spirulina samples.

Comparison of Q-factors between TE and TM modes in 3-D microsquares by FDTD simulation

Mode characteristics of three-dimensional (3-D) microsquare resonators are investigated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation for the transverse electric (TE)-like and the transverse magnetic (TM)-like modes. For a pillar microsquare with a side length of 2 pin in air, we have Q-factors about 5 X. 103 for TM-like modes at the wavelength of 1550 run, which are one order larger than those of TE-like modes, as vertical refractive index distribution is 3.17/3.4/3.17 and the cororresponding center layer thickness is 0.2 mu m. The mode field patterns show that TM-like modes have much weaker vertical radiation coupling loss than TE-like modes. TM-like modes can have high Q-factors in a microsquare with weak vertical field confinement.

An improved TM method for full two-port calibration of the asymmetric test fixtures

Three known standards, including at least one transmission standard, are normally required for the full two-port calibration of test fixtures. Based on the triple-through method, a new general-purpose calibration procedure using only one known reflection standard is proposed in this paper. The experimental results show that our method call provide a simple and accurate approach to fall two-port calibration of the asymmetric test fixtures. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

High-Q TM whispering-gallery modes in three-dimensional microcylinders

We present a generation condition for realizing high-Q TM whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) in semiconductor microcylinders. For microcylinders with symmetry or weak asymmetry vertical waveguiding, we show that TM WGMs can have a high Q factor, with the magnitude of 10(4) at the radius of the microcylinder of 1 mu m, by three-dimensional numerical simulation. The Q factor of TE WGMs is much less than that of TM WGMs in the semiconductor microcylinders due to a vertical radiation loss caused by mode coupling with the vertical propagating mode. The results open up a possible application of TM WGMs in semiconductor microcylinders for efficient current injection microlasers and single photon sources.

High Q-factor TM modes in three-dimensional semiconductor microresonators

We have investigated the mode characteristics for three-dimensional (3D) semiconductor microresonators by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. The results show that the quality-factors (Q-factors) of TM-like modes are much larger than those of TE-like modes as the vertical waveguidng formed by semiconductor materials.

Prediction of simultaneously large and opposite generalized Goos-Hanchen shifts for TE and TM light beams in an asymmetric double-prism configuration

It is predicted that large and opposite generalized Goos-Hanchen (GGH) shifts may occur simultaneously for TE and TM light beams upon reflection from an asymmetric double-prism configuration when the angle of incidence is below but near the critical angle for total reflection, which may lead to interesting applications in optical devices and integrated optics. Numerical simulations show that the magnitude of the GGH shift can be of the order of beam's width.

双结晶性嵌段共聚物的合成及结晶形貌研究

众所周知，嵌段共聚物聚乙二醇一聚L-丙交酯（PEG-LLA）、聚乙二醇一聚ε-己内酯（PEG-PCL）中的两个嵌段都是结晶性的，用它们作为结晶一结晶型嵌段共聚物的代表来研究结晶行为和结晶结构是很有意义的，但由于它们的结晶行为比结晶一非晶型的嵌段共聚物要复杂得多，因而至今相关报道很少。本论文合成了不同分子量的聚乙二醇一聚L-丙交酯两嵌段共聚物并对其结晶行为和形貌进行了详细的表征，具体研究结果如下：（1）DSC结果显示，嵌段共聚物中PLLA晶体和PEG晶体共存，并在升温和降温过程中显示出各自的熔融温度（Tm）和结晶温度（Tc），PEG链段的Tm都低于均聚物PEG的Tm，并且随着PLLA链段分子量的增加而降低。另一方面，均聚物PEGSO00的Tc要高于共聚物中的PEG链段Tc的。此外，嵌段共聚物中PEG链段的Tc都随着PLLA链段长度的增加而降低。（2）结果显示，嵌段共聚物的谱图恰好是两个均聚物PEG和PLLA谱图的叠加。这说明在嵌段共聚物中同时存在两个嵌段PEG链段和PLLA链段的相分 离的结晶微区。（3）在110℃或120℃时，不同分子量的嵌段共聚物PEG-PLLA都可以形成环带结晶形貌。偏光显微镜下的周期性的明暗交替消光与原子力显微镜观察到的表面的周期性的凸凹起伏都是由于PLLA片晶沿着球晶的半径方向作周期性扭曲造成的。（4）AFM观察环带球晶发现，凸起部分（ridge）的PLLA片晶以Edge-on方式堆砌，凹下部分（valley）的PLLA片晶主要是以Flat-on的方式堆砌。可见，AFM图像可以更直观的表现出球晶的结构和形态。好M还观察到了嵌段共聚 物的菱形单晶形貌，并发现在单晶中心伴有明显的螺旋位错结构。（5）在110或120℃时，先结晶的PLLA嵌段的片层为PEG的结晶提供了受限环境。PEG的结晶在微米尺度上虽然不会改变嵌段共聚物单晶的形貌，但会增加了单晶的片层厚度。本论文还合成了不同分子量的聚乙二醇一聚s一己内酷两嵌段共聚物并对其结晶行为和形貌进行了详细的表征，具体研究结果如下：（1）DSC结果显示，在嵌段共聚物中，固定PEG嵌段的长度时，随着PCL嵌段长度的增加，PCL嵌段的结晶温度和融温度变化不大，PEG嵌段的结晶温度和熔融温度变化很大。（2） POM结果显示，在不同的结晶温度下，PEG5000-PCL1000形成的球晶类似PEG均聚物的结晶形貌，PEG5000-PCL9000和PEG5000-PCL26000形成的球晶类似于均聚物PCL的结晶形貌，说明嵌段长度对整个结晶形貌的影响很大。（3）PEG5000-PCL5000显示出一种独特的结晶形貌一同心双球晶结晶形貌。同心双球晶的中心和外部分属于PCL嵌段和PEG嵌段的结晶。在同心双球晶的形成过程中，PEG嵌段从同心双球晶的中心一先结晶的PCL晶体片层开始生长，然后以较快的结晶速率冲破PcL球晶，形成自己独立的结晶微区结构。（4）在25，52℃等温结晶后，PEG5000-PCL5000和PEG5000-PCL9000的好M图片上呈现出一种独特的结晶形貌一纤维状或称羽毛状的结晶形貌，这属于PCL链段的结晶形貌。PEG5000-PCL16000和PEG50OO一PCL260OO由于其较长的PCL嵌段，导致其形貌大体上类似于均聚物PcL8000的树枝状形貌。PEG5000-PCLI000呈现有取向的条带结晶结构，类似于均聚物PEG5000的结晶形貌。（5）在36℃等温结晶后，PEG5000-PCL5000和PEG5000-PCL9000的AFM图片上呈现出的树枝状结构宽厚，肥大，这也许是因为PEG作为溶剂或稀释剂促进了PCL嵌段的结晶，使其晶体尺寸增加。

M_2RSbO_6:R~(3+)复合氧化物的合成组成结构和性能的研究(M = Ba、Sr、Ca, R = La、Gd、Y、Bi, R' = Sm、Eu、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm)

对于稀土与非稀土所组成的二元复合氧化物的研究国外已有较多的报导。但是，对于稀土和锑的复合氧化物只是近年来才开始有些研究工作。含锑与稀土的多元复合氧化物的报导就更少。本文在我们实验室张静筠等人三元复合氧化物研究的基础上，开展Mo—Sb_2O_5—R_2O_3—R'_2O_3—Bi_2O_3多元体系的研究工作，这对于我国丰产元素稀土和锑的应用以及利用Bi~(3+)的激活与敏化将是有益的。本文按Thornton等人的方法合成了Ba_2BiSbO_6，Ba_2GdSbO_6，按EγΦECEHKO等人的方法合成了M_2RSbO_6 (M = Ba、Sr、Ca, R = La Y)。并以M_2RSbO_6为基质，掺Sm~(3+)、Eu~(3+)、Dy~(3+)、Ho~(3+)、Er~(3+)、Tm~(3+)和Bi~(3+)，研究它们的化学组成，晶体结构与发光性能的关系及规律，Bi~(3+)的荧光和敏作用。同时研究了它们的磁学和热学性能。化学组成的分析结果表明，计算的含量与实验测得的含量符合较好，说明化学反应是按化学计量比进行的。通过X-射线粉沫物相分析和晶胞参数的理论计算确定M_2RSbO_6(M = Ba、Sr、R = La、Y、Gd、Bi)复合氧化物是属于立方钙钛太型化合物。空间群为Fm3m，点群为Oh。用计算机计算了Ca_2YSbO_6的晶胞参数并结合荧光光谱分析确定它属于畸变的单斜钙钛矿，空间群为P_(21)。用磁天平测量了样品M_2RSbO_6 (M = Ba、Sr、Ca; R = Gd、Y、Bi)的磁化率。除Ba_2GdSbO_6是顺磁性物质外共余的都是反磁性的物质。按所用原料Sb_2O_5计算的磁化率与测量值符合较好，表明在所研究的M_2RSbO_6化合物中锑是正五价的。用热重热差分析仪测量了样品在反应中的热性能，观察到在化合物形成的过程中所用原料Sb_2O_3大约在520 ℃左右氧化变为Sb_2O_5。除所用原料碳酸盐分解外没有挥发性的物质，这就进一步证明化学组成分析和磁化率测量的结果是正确的。光学测量的结果表明，所有的磷光体随着激活离子浓度的不同其光谱都发生规律性的变化。对于不同Eu~(3+)浓度的Ba_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+)和Br_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+), Bi~(3+)体系用254nm激发时均能观察到Eu~(3+)于595nm的尖峰发射。用基质和Bi~(3+)的激发峰325nm激发时，明显地看到敏化剂Bi~(3+)到Eu~(3+)的能量传递，使Eu~(3+)于595nm的发射大大增强，我们认为Bi~(3+)对Eu~(3+)的敏化作用是由于基质和Bi~(3+)的~1S。→ 3P_1的跃迁吸收了激发的能量，然后无辐射弛豫到Eu~(3+)的激发态~5D_0，产生~5D_0 → 7F_1的磁偶极跃迁。对于不同Eu~(3+)浓度的Sr_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+)和Sr_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+), Bi~(3+)体系用245nm激发时均能观察到Eu~(3+)于595nm的尖峰发射。用基质和Bi~(3+)的激发峰335nm激发时，观察到基质和Bi~(3+)对Eu~(3+)具有某种能量传递。敏化作用机理与上述的Ba_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+)和Ba_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+), Bi~(3+)体系相同。对于不同Eu~(3+)浓度的Ca_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+)和Ca_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+), Bi~(3+)体系用396nm激发时，均能观察到Eu~(3+)于613nm很强的尖峰发射。用基质和Bi~(3+)的激发峰313nm激发时，见到Bi~(3+)和基质对Eu~(3+)具有某种能量传递，这种敏化作用主要是由于基质和Bi~(3+)的3P_1 → ~1S_0的400nm的宽带发射和Eu~(3+)的~7F_0 → ~5L_6的396nm的吸收相匹配产生~5L_6→~5D_0→~7F_2的跃迁。通过对激发光谱和荧光光谱的分析给出了Ca_2Y_(0.96)Eu_(0.04)SbO_6的能级图，从实验上可见，Eu~(3+)的发光强烈地依赖于钙钛矿的结构，当Eu~(3+)在空间群为Fm3m 的Ba_2YSbO_6和Sr_2YSbO_6中处于Oh点对称性时，主要是~5D_0 → ~7F_1的磁偶极跃迁。当Eu~(3+)在空间群为P_(21)的单斜钙钛矿中时，主要是~5D_0 → ~7F_2的电偶极跃迁。对于不同掺杂浓度M_2YSbO_6:R~(13+)(M = Ba、Ca; R' = Sm、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm)体系，通过激发和荧光光谱的研究，合理地确定了谱项。发现基质对Sm~(3+)、Dy~(3+)、Ho~(3+)具有敏化作用。对不同Bi~(3+)浓度的Ca_2YSbO_6:Bi~(3+)，由激发和荧光光谱可见Bi~(3+)具有二个激发带，第一激发带位于240nm处相当于~1S_0 → ~1P_1的跃迁，第二激发带位于315nm处相当于~1S_0 → ~3P_1的跃迁。有一个很强的兰紫色发射位于400nm处相当于~3P_1 →~1S_0的跃迁。