Artificial neural network associated to UV/Vis spectroscopy for monitoring bioreactions in biopharmaceutical processes

Currently, mammalian cells are the most utilized hosts for biopharmaceutical production. The culture media for these cell lines include commonly in their composition a pH indicator. Spectroscopic techniques are used for biopharmaceutical process monitoring, among them, UV–Vis spectroscopy has found scarce applications. This work aimed to define artificial neural networks architecture and fit its parameters to predict some nutrients and metabolites, as well as viable cell concentration based on UV–Vis spectral data of mammalian cell bioprocess using phenol red in culture medium. The BHK-21 cell line was used as a mammalian cell model. Off-line spectra of supernatant samples taken from batches performed at different dissolved oxygen concentrations in two bioreactor configurations and with two pH control strategies were used to define two artificial neural networks. According to absolute errors, glutamine (0.13 ± 0.14 mM), glutamate (0.02 ± 0.02 mM), glucose (1.11 ± 1.70 mM), lactate (0.84 ± 0.68 mM) and viable cell concentrations (1.89 105 ± 1.90 105 cell/mL) were suitably predicted. The prediction error averages for monitored variables were lower than those previously reported using different spectroscopic techniques in combination with partial least squares or artificial neural network. The present work allows for UV–VIS sensor development, and decreases cost related to nutrients and metabolite quantifications.

Annual, seasonal and spatial abundance of the seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Decapoda, Penaeidae) off the Southeastern coast of Brazil

We investigated the influence of environmental factors in spatial and temporal distribution of the seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri in Santos Bay and São Vicente Estuary, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Monthly samples were obtained, from May 2008 through April 2010, from four locations in the estuary and four in the bay. No individual was collected in the estuary and this was attributed to the low salinity means recorded in this environment. We collected 109,153 individuals in the bay and there was no difference in abundance between the two years comprised by the study period. The similarity in spatial distribution can be related to sediment grain size that in all sampling locations showed great amount of very fine sand. The largest amount of reproductive females was obtained in early 2010, when temperature was high, and this could have increased the juvenile recruitment in April 2010. According to our results, the distribution of X. kroyeri in the study area is influenced by temperature, which is related to reproduction, and salinity, limiting the entrance of individuals in the estuarine region.

Efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics on laying hens and broilers challenged with salmonella enteritidis

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Banks Presbyterian Church History - Accession 195 - M87 (111)

The Banks Presbyterian Church History is a history written by Mrs. Lena P. Kell entitled “The Early History of Banks Presbyterian Church” describing the history of the church from 1870s to 1947. The church is located in Waxhaw, North Carolina near Fort Mill. (Photocopies)

Identification of epsilon PKC Targets During Cardiac Ischemic Injury

Background: Epsilon-protein kinase C (epsilon PKC) protects the heart from ischemic injury. However, the mechanism(s) of epsilon PKC cardioprotection is still unclear. Identification of the epsilon PKC targets may aid in elucidating the epsilon PKC-mediated cardioprotective mechanisms. Previous studies, using epsilon PKC transgenic mice and difference in gel electrophoresis, identified proteins involved in glucose metabolism, the expression of which was modified by epsilon PKC. Those studies were accompanied by metabolomic analysis, suggesting that increased glucose oxidation may be responsible for the cardioprotective effect of epsilon PKC. Whether these epsilon PKC-mediated alterations were because of differences in protein expression or phosphorylation was not determined. Methods and Results: In the present study, we used an epsilon PKC -specific activator peptide, psi epsilon RACK, combined with phosphoproteomics, to find epsilon PKC targets, and identified that the proteins whose phosphorylation was altered by selective activation of epsilon PKC were mostly mitochondrial proteins. Analysis of the mitochondrial phosphoproteome led to the identification of 55 spots, corresponding to 37 individual proteins, exclusively phosphorylated, in the presence of psi epsilon RACK. The majority of the proteins identified were involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, components of the respiratory chain as well as mitochondrial heat shock proteins. Conclusions: The protective effect of epsilon PKC during ischemia involves phosphorylation of several mitochondrial proteins involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Regulation of these metabolic pathways by epsilon PKC phosphorylation may lead to epsilon PKC-mediated cardioprotection induced by psi epsilon RACK. (Circ J 2012; 76: 1476-1485)

Handelsvertreter und Insolvenz

Die Arbeit untersucht die sach- und international insolvenzrechtlichen Aspekte, die im Rahmen des Rechtsverhältnisses zwischen Handelsvertreter und Unternehmer relevant sind, und zwar bei der Insolvenz des Handelsvertreters wie auch bei einer solchen des Unternehmers und des geworbenen Kunden. Sachrechtliche Grundlage ist ein Vergleich der in Deutschland und in Belgien geltenden Normen. Die Arbeit gliedert sich gemäß ihrer Aufgabenstellung in zwei Teile, nämlich einen sachrechtlichen und einen international-insolvenzrechtlichen Teil. Im sachrechtlichen Teil wird zunächst der Begriff des Handelsvertreters im belgischen und deutschen Recht erläutert. Sodann werden in drei Abschnitten die Insolvenz des Unternehmers, die des Handelsvertreters und die des geworbenen Kunden untersucht. Hinsichtlich der Insolvenz des Unternehmers und der des Handelsvertreters geht die Arbeit auf folgende Einzelpunkte ein: die Auswirkungen auf den Handelsvertretervertrag; die Konsequenzen, wenn der Handelsvertreter (im Falle der Insolvenz des Unternehmers) bzw. der Insolvenzverwalter des Handelsvertreters oder der Unternehmer (im Fall der Insolvenz des Handelsvertreters) trotz Insolvenzeröffnung weitere Verträge abschließt; die insolvenzrechtliche Einordnung der Ansprüche des Handelsvertreters bzw. des Unternehmers; die Aus- und Absonderung; schließlich die Behandlung von Sonderfällen. Bei der Insolvenz des geworbenen Kunden geht es vor allem um die Frage, ob die Insolvenz des Kunden die Entstehung von Ansprüchen des Handelsvertreters gegenüber dem Unternehmer beeinflusst und ob solche Ansprüche bei einer späteren Insolvenz des Unternehmers als Masse- oder Insolvenzverbindlichkeiten einzustufen sind. Der international-insolvenzrechtliche Teil befasst sich mit der Behandlung grenzüberschreitender Insolvenzen nach deutschem und belgischem Recht, wobei bilaterale Abkommen außer Betracht bleiben. Die Rechtslage ist geprägt von der Überlagerung des internationalen Insolvenzrechts der EU-Mitgliedstaaten durch die EU-Verordnung Nr. 1346/2000 über Insolvenzverfahren. Daher wird die Rechtslage sowohl auf der Grundlage der EU-Verordnung als auch auf der Grundlage des jeweils autonomen internationalen Insolvenzrechts beleuchtet. Die zentralen Kapitel des zweiten Teils sind die Voraussetzungen der Eröffnung des Insolvenzverfahrens, die kollisionsrechtliche Anknüpfung, die Anerkennung einer ausländischen Insolvenz sowie die Folgen der Anerkennung einer ausländischen Insolvenz auf inländische Sachverhalte. Am Schluss der Arbeit stehen Betrachtungen darüber, ob bei der grenzüberschreitenden Insolvenz eines Unternehmers die Teilnahme an einem Partikularverfahren anzuraten ist; sowie eine thesenartige Zusammenfassung der Arbeitsergebnisse.

Inverse size exclusion chromatography (ISEC)

In this work, an improved protocol for inverse size-exclusion chromatography (ISEC) was established to assess important pore structural data of porous silicas as stationary phases in packed chromatographic columns. After the validity of the values generated by ISEC was checked by comparison with data obtained from traditional methods like nitrogen sorption at 77 K (Study A), the method could be successfully employed as valuable tool at the development of bonded poly(methacrylate)-coated silicas, while traditional methods generate partially incorrect pore structural information (Study B). Study A: Different mesoporous silicas were converted by a pseudomorphical transition into ordered MCM-41-type silica while maintaining the particle-size and -shape. The essential parameters like specific surface area, average pore diameter and specific pore volume, the pore connectivity from ISEC remained nearly the same which was reflected by the same course of the theoretical plate height vs. linear velocity curves. Study B: In the development of bonded poly(methacrylate)-coated silicas for the reversed phase separation of biopolymers, ISEC was the only method to generate valid pore structural information of the polymer-coated materials. Synthesis procedures were developed to obtain reproducibly covalently bonded poly(methacrylate) coatings with good thermal stability on different base materials, employing as well particulate and monolithic materials.

Drug hypersensitivity: flare-up reactions, cross-reactivity and multiple drug hypersensitivity

In drug hypersensitivity, change of drug treatment and continuation with a new drug may result in reappearance of drug hypersensitivity symptoms. This is not uncommon in patients with chronic infections requiring continued and long-lasting antibiotic treatments. For the clinician, the question arises whether these symptoms are due to cross-reactivity, are due to a new sensitization or are a reflection of a multiple drug hypersensitivity syndrome. Based on the p-i concept (pharmacological interaction with immune receptors), we propose that the efficient stimulation of T cells by a drug is the sum of drug-T-cell receptor affinity and readiness of the T cell to react, and therefore not constant. It heavily depends on the state of underlying immune activation. Consequently, drug hypersensitivity diseases, which go along with massive immune stimulations and often high serum cytokine values, are themselves risk factors for further drug hypersensitivity. The immune stimulation during drug hypersensitivity may, similar to generalized virus infections, lower the threshold of T-cell reactivity to drugs and cause rapid appearance of drug hypersensitivity symptoms to the second drug. We call the second hypersensitivity reaction a "flare-up" reaction; this is clinically important, as in most cases the second drug may be tolerated again, if the cofactors are missing. Moreover, the second treatment is often too short to cause a relevant sensitization.