渔塘坝黑色富硒岩石中硒的赋存状态及其对局域环境的效应研究

选取世界上迄今唯一发生过人群硒中毒爆发性流行的地区一中国湖北省恩施市双河乡渔塘坝为研究对象，利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜与电子探针等微束分析技术和连续化学浸提技术，系统地研究了渔塘坝北部出露的黑色富硒岩石中硒的赋存状态和各结合态中硒的分布：使用柱式和混合流式淋滤装置，在不同淋滤原液pH值的条件下，初步研究了黑色富硒岩石中硒的淋滤行为和淋滤过程中的pH变化；在全面了解渔塘坝岩石、土壤、水系和植物硒分布的基础上，对渔塘坝硒的局域环境效应进行了初步的研究。通过上述研究，得出了以下几点发现和认识：1．在渔塘坝废弃的“石煤堆”和富硒的碳质硅质岩段，首次发现了多形态、多成因的自然硒。按照自然硒的成因分类，主要是“石煤”自燃型、风化型和构造热活动型。按照自然硒的赋存条件和产出环境，可分为五种类型：①产于废弃“石煤堆”近地表的自然硒矿物晶体;②与石英或碳质共生的微发状、针状硒晶体；③产于高碳质泥岩中的微针状硒晶体；④由富硒岩石、含硒矿物的风化或硒晶体再风化形成的硒晶体；⑤碳质硅质岩中的元素硒微粒和微生物形态的自然硒或硒化物。岩石中元素态硒的提取也表明富硒岩石中有元素硒的存在。元素硒在富硒岩石中除直接赋存于硅质介质外(如碳质硅质岩中的元素硒微粒)，另一种是以纳米级超微矿物包体的形式存在，如千酪根中的元素硒微粒。2．在渔塘坝碳质硅质岩段，已发现硒铜蓝、方硒铜矿、硒银矿、含硒黄铁矿和罕见的水硒铁石等硒的独立矿物和含硒矿物。从已有的硒矿物组合和地球化学热力学资料分析，推测渔塘坝黑色富硒岩层中应当有诸如硒铅矿等其它硒矿物和亚硒酸盐的存在。岩石中与生物有关的硒或硒化物还有待进一步的研究。3．渔塘坝黑色富硒岩石中的硒主要以有机结合态(F2：20％)和残渣态(F5：59％)的形式存在，其次是硫化物与硒化物结合态硒(F4：13%)、元素态硒(F3：4％)和可利用态硒(F1：4％)。硒的F1、F2、F3和F4结合态间彼此都存在显著的正相关关系。以线性方程中斜率值_(F1-F3)=0.363>S_(F1-F4)=0.180>_(F1-F2)=0.120来代表各结合态间硒的转化关系，可以得知元素态硒易于向可利用态硒转化，其次是硫化物或硒化物的结合态硒，而有机结合态硒的转化则相对比较困难。相关系数R_(F2-F3)=0.6999>R_(F3-F4)=0.5877表明元素硒倾向与有机质结合，而不易形成硒化物。4.岩石中四种结合态F1、．F2、F3和F4中的硒含量；及其总和与岩石总硒间存在显著的正相关关系(=0.969，p<0.0001，n=19)，这说明岩石总硒对硒在各结合态中的分布起着控制作用。但新鲜岩石中可利用态硒的极低和风化岩石中可利用态硒的特高分布，表明风化岩石中的硒是影响局域生态环境的主要因素。岩石的风化程度和硒的赋存状态或结合方式对浸提剂的提取效率有一定的影响，浸提剂提取效率的高低在一定程度上可以作为鉴别硅质岩石新鲜与风化程度的判据。5．柱式和混合流式淋滤实验研究的结果表明，随着液固比的增大和淋滤时间的延长，淋出液中硒含量变化的总体趋势是降低的。不同岩石类型淋出液中的硒含量存在差别。岩石硒含量并不是影响淋出液中硒含量的唯一因素，硒的赋存状态、环境的pH、Eh条件、岩石类别、性质及其矿物组成对淋出液中的硒含量也存在影响。就岩石类别来讲，硒的淋出量是碳质硅质岩大于高碳质硅质岩，含碳硅岩最差。6．淋滤原液的pH值对硒的淋出量有显著影响，硒淋出量的排列顺序是pH=2.0>pH=6.5>pH=4.0。淋出液pH值的变化主要取决于岩石中碳酸盐和黄铁矿的含量之比。柱式和混合流式的简单模拟实验研究表明，对于近中性的淋滤原液(pH=6.1～6.5)，在无氧和有氧的淋滤条件下，碳酸盐呈现滞后于酸化反应的中和特性。对处于碳酸盐岩地区的渔塘坝而言，碳酸盐的中和作用在某种程度上比黄铁矿的酸化作用对pH的影响更加稳定、明显。7．对渔塘坝硒的局域环境效应的研究表明，渔塘坝北部的富硒岩石不仅为渔塘坝中的土壤和植物提供了硒的物质来源，而且是渔塘坝高硒区形成的直接因素。渔塘坝水硒(59.36±17.31μg／l)和居民饮用水硒含量(48μg/l)已达到风险水平，渔塘坝玉米硒含量(8.07±5.02m/kg)也已达到潜在毒性水平。就硒的环境效应来讲，渔塘坝依然是硒中毒可能发生的高风险区。当地居民的耕作和生活方式是导致硒在食物链中富集的主要因素。目前，渔塘坝硒中毒的高风险主要受玉米硒(主食硒)的控制。总之，本项研究中渔塘坝自然硒及其系列硒化物的发现有重要意义。它不仅为硒的矿物学、矿床地球化学提供了新的认识和研究空间，而且为硒的环境地球化学及其对人体健康与生态效应的研究方面提供了良好的研究场所。渔塘坝中元素硒的普遍存在，不仅说明元素硒的形成过程是渔塘坝富硒岩石风化和各结合态硒间转化的关键环节，而且也是影响表生环境中岩石硒的释放、转化和地球化学迁移的重要因素。渔塘坝风化岩石中可利用态硒的特高分布，表明风化岩石中的硒是影响渔塘坝局域生态环境的主要因素。渔塘坝富硒岩石的风化过程可能是一种硒次生富集的地球化学过程，同时也是废弃“石煤”堆和岩层特定地段中发现特高硒样品的主要原因。硒在渔塘坝局部环境中高度富集的现象在理论上有重要价值，在环境与健康关系上值得重视，但以其作为资源开发的依据，则应持。慎重态度。因此，对当地政府部门来讲，妥善管理和保护恩施州内的高硒岩段和采挖“石煤”过程中产生的废弃堆积物是极其重要的。

Changes in the mechanical characteristics of the knee musculature in professional female volleyball players

The technical efficiency in volleyball is closely related to the ability to perform displacements or jump (1). Therefore, it is necessary that precise, individualized, and localized evaluation of the muscles frequently involved in volleyball practice be studied (2,3). The aim of this study was to analyze the neuromuscular changes of the knee musculature in professional volleyball players using Tensiomyography (TMG) and jump tests.

Drainage induced convection rolls in foams

Hutzler, S., Cox, S.J., Janiaud, E. and Weaire, D. (2007) Drainage induced convection rolls in foams. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects Volume 309, Issues 1-3, 1 November 2007, Pages 33-37 A Collection of Papers Presented at the 6th Eufoam Conference, Potsdam, Germany, 2-6 July, 2006 Sponsorship: European Space Agency (14914/02/NL/SH, 14308/00/NL/SG) (AO-99-031) CCN 002 MAP Project AO-99-075); Science Foundation Ireland (RFP 05/RFP/PHY0016); Royal Society; UWA Learned Societies.

Steady drainage in emulsions: corrections for surface Plateau borders and a model for high aqueous volume fraction

Peron, N., Cox, S.J., Hutzler, S. and Weaire, D. (2007) Steady drainage in emulsions: corrections for surface Plateau borders and a model for high aqueous volume fraction. The European Physical Journal E - Soft Matter. 22: 341-351. Sponsorship: This research was supported by the European Space Agency (14914/02/NL/SH, 14308/00/NL/SG) (AO-99-031) CCN 002 MAP Project AO-99-075) and Science Foundation Ireland (RFP 05/RFP/PHY0016). SJC acknowledges support from EPSRC (EP/D071127/1).

A viscous froth model for dry foams in the Surface Evolver

Cox, S.J. (2005) A Viscous Froth Model for Dry Foams in the Surface Evolver. Coll. Surf. A 263:81-89. Sponsorship: Partial support from both the Ulysses France?Ireland Exchange Scheme and the European Space Agency, Contract 14308/00/NL/SH (AO-99-031) CCN 002 MAP Project AO-99-075.

Metallic foam processing from the liquid state

Cox, S.J., Bradley, G. and Weaire, D. (2001) Metallic foam processing from the liquid state: the competition between solidification and drainage. Eur. Phys. J. AP 14:87-97. Sponsorship: This research was supported by the Prodex programme of ESA, and is a contribution to ESA contract C14308/AO-075-99. SJC was supported by Enterprise Ireland and a Marie Curie fellowship. GB was supported by the HPC Programme of TCD.

On the structure of quasi-two-dimensional foams

S.J. Cox and E. Janiaud (2008) On the structure of quasi-two-dimensional foams. Phil. Mag. Letts. 88:693-701 Philosophical Magazine Letters Volume 88, Issue 9-10, 2008 Special Issue: Solid and Liquid Foams. In commemoration of Manuel Amaral Fortes The full text will be available 12 months after publication Sponsorship: We thank K. Brakke for his development and maintenance of the Surface Evolver code, I. Cantat, N. Denkov and F. Graner for their insightful comments on this work, and the participants in the Grenoble Foam Mechanics Workshop (2008) for their suggestions. EJ thanks D. Weaire and S. Hutzler for support, and ESA (MAP AO-99-108:C14914/02/NL/SH, MAP AO-99-075:C14308/00/NL/SH) for funding. SJC thanks the British Council Alliance programme, CNRS and EPSRC (EP/D048397/1, EP/D071127/1) for financial support.

Does multiparametric MRI increase Oncologic outcomes in prostate cancer?

The purpose of this study is to compare the 4-year biochemical disease-free survival (BDFS) of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) staged according to multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) and treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) versus intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) ≥76 Gy ± hormonal therapy (HT).

The effect of 2 weeks vitamin C supplementation on immunoendocrine responses to 2.5 h cycling exercise in man

Davison G, Gleeson M, 2006. The effect of 2 weeks vitamin C supplementation on immunoendocrine responses to 2.5 h cycling exercise in man. European Journal of Applied Physiology 97(4): 454-461 RAE2008

Estructuración de la cadena productiva de tejidos chinchorros y hamacas departamento de la Guajira : informe de actividades y productos.

172 hojas.

SOLO AND CHAMBER CLARINET WORKS BY AMERICAN- BORN WOMEN COMPOSERS: 1990-2005

During the period of 1990-2005, American-born women composers have contributed significantly to the standard clarinet repertoire. Pioneering composers such as Joan Tower, Margaret Brouwer, and Libby Larsen have created staples for clarinet literature. Yet, there is very little scholarly research on women composers of clarinet music, most being concentrated on Joan Tower. Through my research, I have discovered over seventy-five works by more than fifty composers in the following genres: solo clarinet; clarinet and piano; clarinet and voice, with or without piano; and small chamber pieces for up to five players. This performance dissertation project consists of three recitals featuring solo and chamber works by nine living women composers, and program notes containing pertinent biographical and compositional information. My intent is to increase recognition women composers, both prominent and lesser known, who are writing high-quality, accessible clarinet literature. Each woman selected is making a full or partial living from the sales of her compositions, has received recognition through awards, commissions, grants, and frequent performances, and has composed works that are both performer and audience accessible. Recital 1: Trios for Clarinet, Violin, and Piano Commissioned by the Verdehr Trio and Composed by American-Born Women Composers. Composers: Jennifer Higdon, Joan Tower, Margaret Brouwer, and Libby Larsen. Recital II: Programmatic Clarinet Works by American-Born Women Composers. Composers: Andrea Clearfield, Stella Sung, and Karen Amrhein. Recital III: Works for Solo Clarinet, Clarinet and Piano, and Clarinet Concerto Genres by American-Born Women Composers. Composers: Persis Parshall Vehar, Jenni Brandon, Margaret Brouwer, and Libby Larsen.

Cytokine and antibody profiles in 1-year-old children vaccinated with either acellular or whole-cell pertussis vaccine during infancy.

Two different types of pertussis vaccines are currently available to protect children against whooping cough, the first-generation whole-cell (Pw) vaccines and the more recent acellular (Pa) vaccines. Both types provide good protection, yet induce different types of immune responses in 6-month-old infants, with a strong Th1 response induced by Pw vaccines compared to a mixed Th1/Th2 response and a delay in non-specific IFN-gamma secretions after the administration of Pa vaccines. We show here that at 13 months of age, most Pw- or Pa-vaccinated children display Bordetella pertussis-specific T-cell responses, in addition to significant antibody levels, although a higher Th2/Th1 cytokine ratio remained in Pa recipients compared to Pw recipients. In contrast, the proportion of children with tetanus toxin-specific T-cell responses was lower in Pa than in Pw vaccine recipients, although most children had protective anti-tetanus toxin IgG levels. In addition, the global Th2 bias observed in 6-month-old infants vaccinated with a Pa vaccine was normalized at 13 months.

Integración de la cría bovina en sistemas de agricultura en siembra directa : cómo cambian las propiedades físicas?

El sistema integrado agrícola - ganadero (IAG) enmarcado bajo siembra directa (SD) presentaría ventajas relacionadas a la incorporación de carbono orgánico (CO) al suelo y a la diversificación previniendo diferentes escenarios climáticos y coyunturales. Sin embargo, la presencia del ganado en estos sistemas implica una potencial condición de compactación del suelo durante el pastoreo invernal de residuos de cosecha durante la fase agrícola. Por ello se analizaron los camios de las variables físicas consecuencia del pisoteo del ganado en diferentes escalas de percepción en suelos de la Región Pampeana Norte. A escala regional no se observaron diferencias en el stock de carbono entre el sistema agrícola continuo (AC) bajo SD respecto de los IAG en SD, siendo la resistencia a la penetración (RP) la única variable que permitió diferenciar entre los sistemas hasta los 0.075 m (IAG mayor a AC). El análisis de la dinámica de las variables físicas a escala lote, comparando parcelas pastoreadas (P) y no pastoreadas (NP), permitió observar la ausencia de efectos perjudiciales del pastoreo, siendo las fuerzas de resiliencia del suelo durante ese período superiores a las fuerzas exógenas al mismo. Por otro lado, la presencia de raíces vivas de los cultivos (maíz y soja) contribuyeron positivamente a la estructura del suelo, siendo el efecto de la operación de cosecha la que llevó a procesos de compactación. En particular, el análisis de la densidad aparente (DA) permitió descubrir la existencia de procesos de expansión originadas por la presión de aire entrampado mediante la existencia de poaching o amasado del suelo. A microescala, se evaluaron las curbas de contracción (CC), bajo diferentes manejos, el cuasi - prístino (CP) presentó las mejores características estructurales respecto de los AC e IAG. En el ensayo de simulación de pisada con diferentes contenidos hídricos (CH), se presentó una interacción entre CH y del CO del suelo. Finalmente, se compararon las CC obtenidas de IAG., en parcelas P y NP, de campo y laboratorio, cuyas curvas se separaban en las zonas de saturación hídrica, dando lugar a una fase denominada expansión interpedal. En general, se concluye que los IAG no presentaron un daño estructural que no permita su desarrollo, diversificando los productos ofrecidos y la estabilidad que esto provee.

El número de oro es plano. ¡Pásalo!

El número de oro Φ=1,618... es al plano, lo que el número plástico P=1,2471... es al espacio. Ver esto es el objetivo final de este clip. Pero permitan primero una breve visita a la familia de los números metálicos en la cual destaca con luz propia el áureo.

Ecological And Metabolic Studies On Free-Living Nematodes From An Estuarine Mud-Flat

Nematodes from a mud-flat in the river Lynher estuary, Cornwall, U.K., have a population density ranging between 8 and 9 × 106 m−2 in the winter months, corresponding to a dry weight of 1·4 and 1·6 g m−2. They reach a peak abundance of 22·86 × 106 m−2 (3·4 g) in May. About 40 species are present, and the species composition remained seasonally stable over the period of study. Analysis of age-structure suggests that the major species have continuous asynchronous reproduction. Respiration rates of 16 species have been determined at 20 °C using Cartesian diver respirometry. For five species, respiration/body size regressions were obtained in the form log10R = log10a+b log10V, where R = respiration in nl O2 ind−1 h−1 and V = body volume in nl: Mesotheristus setosus (log10a = −0·04,b = 0·74), Sphaerolaimus hirsutus (log10a = 0·11, b = 0·68), Axonolaimus paraspinosus (log10a = 0·00, b = 0·79), Metachromadora vivipara (log10a = −0·59, b = 1·07), Praeacanthonchus punctatus (log10a = 0·00, b = 0·55). For the remaining 11 species, several animals were used in each diver and, by assuming b = 0·75, log10a′ values were calculated: Viscosia viscosa (log10a′ = 0·188), Innocuonema tentabundum (−0·012), Ptycholaimellus ponticus (−0·081), Odontophora setosa (−0·092), Sphaerolaimus balticus (−0·112), Dichromadora cephalata (−0·133), Atrochromadora microlaima (−0·142), Cylindrotheristus normandicus (−0·150), Terschellingialongicaudata (−0·170), Sabatieria pulchra (−0·197), Terschellingia communis (−0·277). These values are compared with recalculated values for other species from the literature. Annual respiration of the nematode community is 28·01 O2 m−2, equivalent to 11·2 g carbon metabolised. Community respiration is compared with figures from N. American saltmarshes. At 20 °C, a respiration of about 61 O2 m−2 year−1 g−1 wet weight of nematodes appears to be typical. Annual production is estimated to be 6·6 g C m−2. The correlation between feeding-group, body-size, habitat and the repiration rate of individual species is discussed.