Étude des motivations de consommation alimentaire d’adolescents québécois de 12 à 14 ans par l’utilisation de la photographie

Introduction : L’adolescence est une période cruciale dans le développement des saines habitudes alimentaires et pour le maintien de celles-ci à l’âge adulte. Les choix alimentaires sont guidés par de multiples facteurs individuels, environnementaux et sociaux qui, durant la période de l’adolescence, se butent à une quête identitaire. Objectifs : Explorer et mettre en relief les principaux déterminants jouant un rôle dans le processus décisionnel des choix alimentaires chez de jeunes adolescents québécois tout en évaluant la méthode de recherche qualitative utilisée. Méthodologie : Issue du projet de recherche « Les dimensions socioculturelles des pratiques alimentaires et d'activité physique des jeunes : une enquête qualitative auprès d'adolescents québécois de 12 à 14 ans », cette étude repose sur l’analyse de 30 entrevues semi-dirigées utilisant des photographies en lien avec l’alimentation. Résultats : Les facteurs individuels et ceux liés aux environnements sociaux se démarquent principalement. Parmi les facteurs individuels, le goût et les perceptions sensorielles, la représentation ou l’impression personnelle des aliments et les connaissances nutritionnelles sont très influents. La famille ainsi que les activités sociales associées à l’aliment ou au lieu de consommation dominent au chapitre des facteurs sociaux. Enfin, l’utilisation de la photographie s’avère un outil de collecte de données très intéressant afin d’obtenir des propos complémentaires en situation d’entrevue. Conclusion : Cette étude confirme l’importance de certains déterminants (surtout individuels et sociaux) qui influencent les comportements alimentaires des jeunes adolescents québécois. Les connaissances acquises dans le cadre de ce projet seront utiles pour les divers intervenants appelés à développer ou à mettre en œuvre des programmes d’intervention adaptés pour la promotion de la santé et de saines habitudes chez les jeunes adolescents québécois. Mots clés : jeunes, adolescents, adolescence, motivations de consommation, choix alimentaire, alimentation, photographie

Les mères avec un trouble de personnalité limite en protection de la jeunesse : un paradoxe entre les difficultés et les services

Une proportion significative de mères d’enfants pris en charge par la protection de la jeunesse souffrirait d’un trouble de personnalité limite (TPL). En effet, les difficultés parentales associées à ce trouble prédisposent davantage à des situations d’abus ou de négligence envers leurs enfants. Cependant, il existe peu d’information sur les difficultés et les besoins de ces mères dans ce contexte particulier. Cette étude qualitative a été réalisée auprès de 30 mères avec un TPL et dont au moins un enfant était suivi par le Centre jeunesse de Montréal-Institut universitaire. La présente étude a permis de mieux décrire les difficultés des mères en lien avec leur TPL, leurs enfants et leur situation conjugale. Leurs expériences des services en protection de la jeunesse ont révélé des suivis instables et peu adaptés à leurs difficultés. Les mères ont abordé l’importance des qualités relationnelles des intervenants à l’établissement d’une collaboration de la part des intervenants et l’importance de mettre en place des services spécifiquement dédiés aux parents. Il semblerait pertinent d’adapter les services de protection de la jeunesse afin d’inclure des interventions qui ciblent les difficultés spécifiques des parents qui ont un TPL, notamment en ce qui a trait à leurs habiletés parentales.

Studies on osmoregulation in the penaeid prawn Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers)

Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers) is the most abundant species along the coast of Kerala. It is cultured extensively by adoption of traditional farming practices. The geographical location and water source determines the seasonal and annual environmental fluctuations the prawn farming systems experiences. The life cycle of the shrimp includes its migration to the coastal deeper waters for spawning and the immigration of larvae to the estuaries for growth. The survival of the species in such complex ecosystems is thus critical to its life cycle. The animal adapts itself to different environments through a physiological process known as osmoregulation. The present study on osmoregulation in the penaeid prawn Metapenaeus dobsoni was thus undertaken to understand the mechanism adopted by this species to survive in different environments. A number of experimental work have been conducted to understand the effect of salinity on the internal variations. However the effect of the complex environmental conditions as existent in nature on the osmotic variations in this species has not been dealt with in any of the earlier studies.

Climate-Adaptive Community Water Management for Food Security: Experiences from the UNDP Community Water Initiative

Facing the double menace of climate change threats and water crisis, poor communities have now encountered ever more severe challenges in ensuring agricultural productivity and food security. Communities hence have to manage these challenges by adopting a comprehensive approach that not only enhances water resource management, but also adapts agricultural activities to climate variability. Implemented by the Global Environment Facility’s Small Grants Programme, the Community Water Initiative (CWI) has adopted a distinctive approach to support demand-driven, innovative, low cost and community-based water resource management for food security. Experiences from CWI showed that a comprehensive, locally adapted approach that integrates water resources management, poverty reduction, climate adaptation and community empowerment provides a good model for sustainable development in poor rural areas.

Compact Representations for Fast Nonrigid Registration of Medical Images

We develop efficient techniques for the non-rigid registration of medical images by using representations that adapt to the anatomy found in such images. Images of anatomical structures typically have uniform intensity interiors and smooth boundaries. We create methods to represent such regions compactly using tetrahedra. Unlike voxel-based representations, tetrahedra can accurately describe the expected smooth surfaces of medical objects. Furthermore, the interior of such objects can be represented using a small number of tetrahedra. Rather than describing a medical object using tens of thousands of voxels, our representations generally contain only a few thousand elements. Tetrahedra facilitate the creation of efficient non-rigid registration algorithms based on finite element methods (FEM). We create a fast, FEM-based method to non-rigidly register segmented anatomical structures from two subjects. Using our compact tetrahedral representations, this method generally requires less than one minute of processing time on a desktop PC. We also create a novel method for the non-rigid registration of gray scale images. To facilitate a fast method, we create a tetrahedral representation of a displacement field that automatically adapts to both the anatomy in an image and to the displacement field. The resulting algorithm has a computational cost that is dominated by the number of nodes in the mesh (about 10,000), rather than the number of voxels in an image (nearly 10,000,000). For many non-rigid registration problems, we can find a transformation from one image to another in five minutes. This speed is important as it allows use of the algorithm during surgery. We apply our algorithms to find correlations between the shape of anatomical structures and the presence of schizophrenia. We show that a study based on our representations outperforms studies based on other representations. We also use the results of our non-rigid registration algorithm as the basis of a segmentation algorithm. That algorithm also outperforms other methods in our tests, producing smoother segmentations and more accurately reproducing manual segmentations.

Implementación de metodologías logísticas para la optimización de operaciones de adecuación y acondicionamiento de vehículos para el SITP en Bogotá

Hoy en día, Bogotá cuenta con aproximadamente 15800 buses de servicio público, no obstante, alrededor de un 45% de esta flota se encuentra en un estado crítico. La existencia de modelos de buses previos al 2003, la falta de revisiones periódicas, negligencias en el cumplimiento de los requisitos para la prestación del servicio, la resistencia al cambio por parte de los transportistas, y demás factores dificultan la labor de actualizar y unificar la flota en el actual plan del Sistema Integrado de Transporte de la ciudad. El Sistema integrado de transporte procura introducir un sistema confiable, eficaz, y rápido que se adapte a la creciente necesidad de movilidad en Bogotá. Este sistema tiene como propósito la integración del sistema Transmilenio con la estructura tradicional de transporte masivo; se pretende complementar, fortalecer e integrar todos los eslabones de transporte segmentado que existen en la ciudad. Las primeras fases del sistema pretenden cambiar la estructura de flota afiliadora a operadora como funciona en Transmilenio, crear un sistema organizado e integrado de buses de servicio público (Urbano, Especial, Complementario, Troncal y Alimentador), y asegurar la calidad en el servicio. El presente proyecto pretende evaluar, analizar y optimizar los procesos que permitirían la adecuación extensiva de la flota de transporte público para su introducción al Sistema Integrado de Transporte. Los procesos principales incluyen la adecuación de todos los vehículos antiguos (modelos anteriores al 2003 pasan por un proceso de reparación, mantenimiento, acondicionamiento) y la implementación de sistemas de tecnológicos. En adición, se plantea crear un sistema homogéneo que permite estándares de calidad y facilidad de mantenimiento.

La travesía obsoleta: la indefensión del consumidor

La obsolescencia programada es el deseo de tener algo un poco más nuevo, un poco mejor, un poco más rápido de lo necesario. El texto estudia este fenómeno a la luz del Estatuto del Consumidor – Ley 1480 de 2011 para determinar si el consumidor colombiano está suficientemente protegido con él.

Transformación urbana del área de expansión de Cali. estudio de caso: corredor Cali – Jamundí, 2000 – 2013

El deseo de comprender cómo se desarrollará la nueva área de expansión de Cali conllevó a formular una investigación sobre la gestión y la planeación urbana del Corredor Cali–Jamundí. La sospecha sobre la escasa planeación surtida se comprueba parcialmente en la medida que muchos temas de fundamental valor no fueron previstos y acarrean hoy problemáticas en el desarrollo del sector. El modelo de gestión aislado implementado como la ausencia de una planificación intermedia resulta hoy en un desarrollo con retrasos y rezagos en la conexión a redes de servicios públicos, a vías de superior jerarquía y en el olvido de los equipamientos de ciudad. Se realizó una consulta histórica de la planificación en la ciudad, una observación bajo los conceptos sobre gestión urbanística de Javier García-Bellido y un análisis morfotipológico de seis planes parciales para comprender la propuesta de ciudad del Corredor y las implicaciones de la gestión urbana.

Collaborative recommender agents based on case-based reasoning and trust

La comunitat científica que treballa en Intel·ligència Artificial (IA) ha dut a terme una gran quantitat de treball en com la IA pot ajudar a les persones a trobar el que volen dins d'Internet. La idea dels sistemes recomanadors ha estat extensament acceptada pels usuaris. La tasca principal d'un sistema recomanador és localitzar ítems, fonts d'informació i persones relacionades amb els interessos i preferències d'una persona o d'un grup de persones. Això comporta la construcció de models d'usuari i l'habilitat d'anticipar i predir les preferències de l'usuari. Aquesta tesi està focalitzada en l'estudi de tècniques d'IA que millorin el rendiment dels sistemes recomanadors. Inicialment, s'ha dut a terme un anàlisis detallat de l'actual estat de l'art en aquest camp. Aquest treball ha estat organitzat en forma de taxonomia on els sistemes recomanadors existents a Internet es classifiquen en 8 dimensions generals. Aquesta taxonomia ens aporta una base de coneixement indispensable pel disseny de la nostra proposta. El raonament basat en casos (CBR) és un paradigma per aprendre i raonar a partir de la experiència adequat per sistemes recomanadors degut als seus fonaments en el raonament humà. Aquesta tesi planteja una nova proposta de CBR aplicat al camp de la recomanació i un mecanisme d'oblit per perfils basats en casos que controla la rellevància i edat de les experiències passades. Els resultats experimentals demostren que aquesta proposta adapta millor els perfils als usuaris i soluciona el problema de la utilitat que pateixen el sistemes basats en CBR. Els sistemes recomanadors milloren espectacularment la qualitat dels resultats quan informació sobre els altres usuaris és utilitzada quan es recomana a un usuari concret. Aquesta tesi proposa l'agentificació dels sistemes recomanadors per tal de treure profit de propietats interessants dels agents com ara la proactivitat, la encapsulació o l'habilitat social. La col·laboració entre agents es realitza a partir del mètode de filtratge basat en la opinió i del mètode col·laboratiu de filtratge a partir de confiança. Els dos mètodes es basen en un model social de confiança que fa que els agents siguin menys vulnerables als altres quan col·laboren. Els resultats experimentals demostren que els agents recomanadors col·laboratius proposats milloren el rendiment del sistema mentre que preserven la privacitat de les dades personals de l'usuari. Finalment, aquesta tesi també proposa un procediment per avaluar sistemes recomanadors que permet la discussió científica dels resultats. Aquesta proposta simula el comportament dels usuaris al llarg del temps basat en perfils d'usuari reals. Esperem que aquesta metodologia d'avaluació contribueixi al progrés d'aquesta àrea de recerca.

Traduire l’ironie : un point de vue pragmatique et textuel sur la traduction

Dans cette communication, nous nous proposons d’examiner la traduction de Candide de Voltaire en hongrois afin de démontrer l’effet modificateur des procédés utilisés au cours de la traduction de l’ironie. Nous allons montrer que les signaux textuels de l’ironie (alliance des termes paradoxaux, système binaire, rythme accéléré ou ellipse des causes) sont adaptés aux particularités de la langue cible par le moyen des procédés tels que complémentation, remplacement et ajout des morphèmes.

Predicting mesh density for adaptive modelling of the global atmosphere

The shallow water equations are solved using a mesh of polygons on the sphere, which adapts infrequently to the predicted future solution. Infrequent mesh adaptation reduces the cost of adaptation and load-balancing and will thus allow for more accurate mapping on adaptation. We simulate the growth of a barotropically unstable jet adapting the mesh every 12 h. Using an adaptation criterion based largely on the gradient of the vorticity leads to a mesh with around 20 per cent of the cells of a uniform mesh that gives equivalent results. This is a similar proportion to previous studies of the same test case with mesh adaptation every 1–20 min. The prediction of the mesh density involves solving the shallow water equations on a coarse mesh in advance of the locally refined mesh in order to estimate where features requiring higher resolution will grow, decay or move to. The adaptation criterion consists of two parts: that resolved on the coarse mesh, and that which is not resolved and so is passively advected on the coarse mesh. This combination leads to a balance between resolving features controlled by the large-scale dynamics and maintaining fine-scale features.

A hierarchical distributed approach for mining molecular fragments

Recently, two approaches have been introduced that distribute the molecular fragment mining problem. The first approach applies a master/worker topology, the second approach, a completely distributed peer-to-peer system, solves the scalability problem due to the bottleneck at the master node. However, in many real world scenarios the participating computing nodes cannot communicate directly due to administrative policies such as security restrictions. Thus, potential computing power is not accessible to accelerate the mining run. To solve this shortcoming, this work introduces a hierarchical topology of computing resources, which distributes the management over several levels and adapts to the natural structure of those multi-domain architectures. The most important aspect is the load balancing scheme, which has been designed and optimized for the hierarchical structure. The approach allows dynamic aggregation of heterogenous computing resources and is applied to wide area network scenarios.

Resource availability and the persistence of seed-eating bird populations in agricultural landscapes – a mechanistic modelling approach

1. Reductions in resource availability, associated with land-use change and agricultural intensification in the UK and Europe, have been linked with the widespread decline of many farmland bird species over recent decades. However, the underlying ecological processes which link resource availability and population trends are poorly understood. 2. We construct a spatial depletion model to investigate the relationship between the population persistence of granivorous birds within the agricultural landscape and the temporal dynamics of stubble field availability, an important source of winter food for many of those species. 3. The model is capable of accurately predicting the distribution of a given number of finches and buntings amongst patches of different stubble types in an agricultural landscape over the course of a winter and assessing the relative value of different landscapes in terms of resource availability. 4. Sensitivity analyses showed that the model is relatively robust to estimates of energetic requirements, search efficiency and handling time but that daily seed survival estimates have a strong influence on model fit. Understanding resource dynamics in agricultural landscapes is highlighted as a key area for further research. 5. There was a positive relationship between the predicted number of bird days supported by a landscape over-winter and the breeding population trend for yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella, a species for which survival has been identified as the primary driver of population dynamics, but not for linnet Carduelis cannabina, a species for which productivity has been identified as the primary driver of population dynamics. 6. Synthesis and applications. We believe this model can be used to guide the effective delivery of over-winter food resources under agri-environment schemes and to assess the impacts on granivorous birds of changing resource availability associated with novel changes in land use. This could be very important in the future as farming adapts to an increasingly dynamic trading environment, in which demands for increased agricultural production must be reconciled with objectives for environmental protection, including biodiversity conservation.

Adaptive alarm processor for fault diagnosis on power transmission networks

The authors describe a learning classifier system (LCS) which employs genetic algorithms (GA) for adaptive online diagnosis of power transmission network faults. The system monitors switchgear indications produced by a transmission network, reporting fault diagnoses on any patterns indicative of faulted components. The system evaluates the accuracy of diagnoses via a fault simulator developed by National Grid Co. and adapts to reflect the current network topology by use of genetic algorithms.

Thessaly and Macedon at Delphi

The Daochos Monument at Delphi has received some scholarly attention from an art-historical and archaeological perspective; this article, however, examines it rather as a reflection of contemporary Thessalian history and discourse, an aspect which has been almost entirely neglected. Through its visual imagery and its inscriptions, the monument adopts and adapts long-standing Thessalian themes of governance and identity, and achieves a delicate balance with Macedonian concerns to forge a symbolic rapprochement between powers and cultures in the Greek north. Its dedicator, Daochos, emerges as far more than just the puppet of Philip II of Macedon. This hostile and largely Demosthenic characterisation, which remains influential even in modern historiography, is far from adequate in allowing for an understanding of the relationship between Thessalian and Macedonian motivations at this time, or of the importance of Delphi as the pan-Hellenic setting of their interaction. Looking closely at the Daochos Monument instead allows for a rare glimpse into the Thessalian perspective in all its complexity.