耐热树脂的增强与增韧研究

耐热树脂或称特种工程塑料主要包括聚芳飒类、聚醚酮类、聚芳酷、液晶类、聚酞亚胺和聚苯硫醚等。长春应化所已获得有关聚芳醚酮（PEK-C），聚芳醚砜（PES-C）和聚酞亚胺（PEI）等特种工程塑料的专利12项。在特种工程塑料中，PEK-C，PES-C和PEI有着最高的机械强度（室温下的拉伸强度在100MPa以上）。PES-C和PEI的耐热等级最高（热变形温度分别为225℃和220-260℃）。PE工有极好的阻燃性（氧指数为47）和耐磨性。而PEK-C的加工性好、韧性高、耐磨损和抗电击穿等性质突出，其综合物性与英国ICI公司的聚醚醚酮（PEEK）相近，是良好的高性能复合材料基体树脂。具有优异综合物性的PEK-C、PES-C、PEI及其改性系列材料在机械、电子电气、军工、医疗及食品等许多领域有着广泛的应用前景。近年来，长春应化所在酞侧基聚芳醚酮和聚芳醚矾的结构一加工一物性关系及开发应用等方面作了大量的研究工作，主要涉及此两种聚合物的粘弹性、屈服行为、断裂行为、转变与松弛以及复合与共混等方面内容。这些研究工作表明，酞侧基聚芳醚酮和聚芳醚矾经过共混和复合改性能够具有更优异的使用性能，而且这些研究中的一些方法同样可以应用于其它耐热树脂的改性。高分子材料科学的发展趋势就是在更深层次上把握材料的结构特点及其与宏观物性间的相互关耽达到高分子分子设计和材料设计的目标，实现高性能化和高功能化使现有的高分子材料找到更广泛而合理的应用。工程塑料的高性能化是高分子材料科学近年来发展的一个主要方向。为满足航天航空、电子信息、汽车工业家用电器以及机械等多方面技术领域的需要，要求材料的机械性能、耐热性、耐腐蚀性和长期使用性等性能进一步提高。在现有工程塑料品种的基础上通过共混增韧、复合增强等改性方法使其成为高性能的结构材料，是高分子材料私｝学的前沿课题及重要任务。本文采用熔融加工的方法制备了PEK-C和PES-C耐热树脂的共混与复合材料，利用热分析、力学性能检测、微观形貌观察、加工性能检测等手段研究了共混物及复合材料的结构与性能。通过对PEK-C和PES-C的冲击断裂过程的研究，我们发现，两种材料在裂纹起始扩展时所能承受的最大应力值相同，但PES-C的裂纹引发（ti）和扩展（tp）所需时间仅是PEK-C的一半，此即PES-C的冲击强度（I）和断裂韧性（KIC）较低的原因。因此，如能延长裂纹引发和扩展的时间，也就是说如能扩大断裂过程区，抑制裂纹的早期形成就能达到增韧的目的。在PES-C的增韧研究方面，我们可以借鉴通用塑料的增韧方法，即在高聚物基体中，以适当的手段掺加第二相粒子，通过粒子的变形和引发基体在粒子周围产生剪切屈服或银纹化等作用机理，实现增韧目的。所不同的是，对PES-C类耐热树脂来说，实现增韧的同时应保持材料原有的高强度和高耐热性等优良险质。另一方面，由于耐热树脂的加工温度极高，适合于通用塑料的偶联剂等界面改性技术已不再适用于特种工程塑料。针对PES-C的增韧方法和机理的研究工作可归纳为以下三个方面：①刚性有机粒子（PPS，LCP等）增韧；②柔性有机粒子（UHMWPE）增韧；③刚性无机粒子（硅灰石）增韧。物理老化或结构松弛效应使得高聚物材料的结构和宏观物性随时间而发生变化。随时间的增长，PES-C和PES-C／PPS共混物的拉伸强度增加、冲击韧性减小，而且这种变化趋势表现出物理老化过程的自衰减特性。研究结果表明，PES-C／pps共棍物的结构松弛速率比PES-C慢。具有良好界面相互作用的PES一C／PPS共混物材料的强度和韧性始终高于PES-C纯组份聚合物。因此说，pES-C／PPS共混物不仅具有良好的短期性能，而且在高温下长期使用过程中，其力学性能将始终优于纯组份聚合物。我们研究了热固性聚酞亚胺预聚物（P01）增容聚芳醚酮／聚苯硫醚共混物的热学性能、力学性能、形态结构及加工性，对POI在聚芳醚酮／聚苯硫醚共混物中所起的增容作用机理进行了初步探讨。实验发现，PEK-C／PPS共混物在保持PEK一C原有的高强度和高模量的同时，加工流动性和韧性得到一定程度的改善。PEK-C／ppS／Pm三元共混物中，少量的POI能够控制PPS分散相的相区尺寸，防止分散相粒子的自凝聚，起到了增容剂的作用。热固性高聚物预聚体可用于增容热塑性高聚物共混体系，这种增容方法有其特殊性和新颖性，增容后的聚芳醚酮／聚苯硫醚共棍物的力学性能得以改善。利用纤维可以作为结晶性高聚物的异相成核剂的特性，将合适的结晶性高聚物与非晶高聚物共混，可以在在一定程度上改善非晶高聚物与纤维间的界面粘结，提高纤维增强效率。这种方法对PEK-C类耐热树脂尤为重要。通过与即S共混，玻纤增强PEK-C复合材料中纤维与基体间的界面粘结以及纤维的长径比明显增加，因而复合材料的强度和模量显著提高，而且加工流动性也得到一定程度的改善。从考虑综合物性的角度出发，利用结晶性高聚物改善纤维与非晶树脂基体间的界面粘结时，结晶性高聚物的用量存在一个最佳值。与PEEK／GF复合材料相比，PEK-C／PPS／GF复合材料在加工能耗、价格等方面存在很大优势，可以预期这一高性能复合材料可应用于制造高强度、高耐热、耐腐蚀、耐磨损、耐疲劳的往复运动部件、振动或转动等机械零部件。

铅超积累花卉的筛选与螯合强化及其应用

近年来，土壤重金属污染的植物修复得到世界各国的重视，将花卉植物应用于污染土壤修复方面的研究应该说是刚刚兴起，但具有巨大的修复潜力。我国的铅污染形势十分严峻，大量的铅污染土壤亟待修复。铅在土壤中生物有效态的含量很低，因此必须采用一些有效的强化手段（如施用螯合剂）来提高植物的修复效率。 本研究以草本花卉为研究对象，通过室外盆栽筛选实验，分析了30 种花卉植物对Pb 的耐性特征和积累特性，并与螯合诱导技术相结合，强化花卉植物的修复效果，同时尽量减少可能造成的环境风险和健康危害。 根据超积累植物应具备的4 个基本特征，对参试的30 种花卉植物进行盆栽初步筛选分析。实验结果表明，对Pb 污染耐性较强且积累能力较强的花卉有9种；对Pb 污染耐性较强但积累能力较弱的花卉共12 种，这些植物在植物稳定修复方面可能有一定价值；其它9 种花卉对Pb 污染耐性较弱且积累能力较弱，是Pb 的非超积累植物。 盆栽浓度梯度筛选实验表明，满天星和火炬鸡冠是具有铅超积累植物特征的花卉。满天星转移系数大于1，地上部铅含量超过了铅超积累植物需要达到的临界含量标准，但对高浓度铅污染耐性较差且富集系数小于1；火炬鸡冠耐性较强且地上部铅含量超过了铅超积累植物需要达到的临界含量标准，但转移系数和富集系数均小于1。 水培实验表明：EDTA、NTA 强化效果较好；矮牵牛幼苗土培强化实验确定：先加EDTA，一周后加入NTA，且二者的比例为2：1 时修复效率最高；在7 种铅积累能力较强的花卉植物成熟后，收获前按上述方法分两次施加混合螯合剂，实验结果证实此修复方法具有有效性、经济性、安全性和公众可接受性。

Geological records of marine environmental changes in the southern Okinawa Trough

Indexes of sediment grain size, sedimentation rates, geochemical composition, heavy minerals, benthic foraminiferal fauna, indicator species of the Kuroshio Current, paleo-SST and carbonate dissolution of core E017 conformably suggest a great marine environmental change occurring at about 10.1-9.2 cal. kaBP in the southern Okinawa Trough, which may correspond to the strengthening of the Kuroshio Warm Current and re-entering the Okinawa Trough through the sea area off northeast Taiwan. The invasion of Kuroshio current has experienced a process of gradual strengthening and then weakening, and its intensity became more fluctuation during the last 5000 years. Compared to the transition of sediment grain size, geochemical composition and heavy minerals, the foraminiferal faunas show a 900-year lag, which may indicate that the invasion of Kuroshio Current and the consequent sea surface and deep-water environmental changes is a gradual process, and fauna has an obvious lag compared to environment altering. The carbonate dissolution of the Okinawa Trough has had an apparent strengthening since 9.2 cal. kaBP, and reached a maximum in the late 3000 years, which may be caused by the deep-water environmental changes due to the invasion of Kuroshio Current.

元谋盆地河湖相沉积记录的上新世印度季风转型事件

The Indian monsoon, an integral part of the global climate system, has been extensively investigated during the past decades. Most of the proxy records are derived from marine sediments and focused on time periods of the late Miocene and Pleistocene. The Pliocene represents a period when Earth’s boundary conditions underwent dramatic changes. However, variations of the Indian monsoon during the Pliocene and its forcing mechanisms have remained unclear. The Yuanmou Basin, located in the region of the Indian monsoon, provides an ideal target for understanding the Pliocene history of Indian monsoon variations. Detailed investigations on the lithostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy and limnology of a 650-m-thick fluvio-lacustrine sedimentary sequence from the basin are carried out in the present study. The clay and clay-plus-fine-silt fractions of the sediments are referred to the midlake-facies components, and changes in the percentages of both fractions generally reflect changes in the water level of the lakes developed in the basin closely related to variations in the intensity of the Indian monsoon. Whereas the greenish-gray lacustrine mud beds represent the environment of deep-water lakes, and the frequency of individual lacustrine mud beds is considered to indicate the frequency of the deep-water lakes developed in the basin associated with the variability of the Indian monsoon. The proxy data suggest that the Indian monsoon experienced abrupt shifts at 3.53, 3.14, 2.78 and 2.42 Ma, respectivey. 1) Since 3.53 Ma, the midlake-facies components displayed a general trend of increase in the concentrations, accompanied by an increase in the sedimentation rate from an average ~10 to 25 cm ka–1. The data suggest that high stands of the lakes in the basin rose progressively, implying a gradual intensification of the Indian monsoon since that time. This shift occurred coeval with the accelerated uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau, denoting a close link between the Indian monsoon strengthening and the Tibetan Plateau uplifting. 2) 2.78 Ma ago, the concentrations of the midlake-facies components decreased abruptly and the dominant fraction of the sediments turned to fluvial sands. The data indicate that lakes in the basin disappeared, reflecting a dramatic decline in the intensity of the Indian monsoon at that time. This shift coincided with the formation of extensive Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, implying a quick response of the low-latitude monsoon regime to the high-latitude glaciation. 3) At 3.14 Ma, the initial appearance of blackish-grey mud beds with long durations and occasional occurrences of lacustrine mud beds indicate that the basin was overall dominated by shallow lakes, implying a shift to decreased variability of the Indian monsoon at that time. At 2.42 Ma, an increase in the frequency and a decrease in the duration of the lacustrine mud beds suggest that deep-water lakes were frequently developed in the basin, denoting a shift to increased variability of the Indian monsoon at that time. The former shift coincides with the onset of large-scale glaciation in the circum Atlantic region and the latter corresponds to the inception of predominance of the 41 ka periodicity in Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet cover fluctuations, presumably suggesting a physical link between the Indian monsoon system and the high-latitude ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere.

Qual a eficácia clínica do sistema CEREC com os seus diferentes materiais para reabilitação em prótese fixa e sobre implantes?

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina Dentária

Microabrasion-corrosion of cast CoCrMo alloy in simulated body fluids

Wear and corrosion of metal-on-metal hip replacements results in wear debris and metal-ion release in vivo, which may subsequently cause pain and hypersensitivity for patients. Retrieved metal-on-metal hip replacements have revealed that two-body sliding wear and three-body abrasive wear are the predominant wear mechanisms. However, there is a lack of understanding of the combined effects of wear/corrosion, especially the effect of abrasion-corrosion.

This study investigates the sliding-corrosion and abrasion-corrosion performance of a cast CoCrMo alloy in simulated hip joint environments using a microabrasion rig integrated with an electrochemical cell. Tests have been conducted in 0.9% NaCl, phosphate buffered saline solution, 25% and 50% bovine serum solutions with 0 or 1 g cm(-3) SiC at 37 degrees C. Experimental results reveal that under abrasion-corrosion test conditions, the presence of proteins increased the total specific wear rate. Conversely, electrochemical noise measurements indicated that the average anodic current levels were appreciably lower for the proteinaceous solutions when compared with the inorganic solutions. A severely deformed nanocrystalline layer was identified immediately below the worn surface for both proteinaceous and inorganic solutions. The layer is formed by a recrystallisation process and/or a strain-induced phase transformation that occurs during microabrasion-corrosion. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Micro-abrasion mechanisms of cast CoCrMo in simulated body fluids

The abrasion seen on some of the retrieved CoCrMo hip joints has been reported to be caused by entrained hard particles in vivo. However, little work has been reported on the abrasion mechanisms of CoCrMo alloy in simulated body environments. Therefore. this study covers the mapping of micro-abrasion wear mechanisms of cast CoCrMo induced by third body hard particles under a wide range of abrasive test conditions. This study has a specific focus on covering the possible in vivo wear modes seen on metal-on-metal (MoM) surfaces. Nano-indentation and nano-scratch tests were also employed to further investigate the secondary wear mechanisms-nano-scale material deformation that involved in micro-abrasion processes. This work addresses the potential detrimental effects of third body hard particles in vivo such as increased wear rates (debris generation) and corrosion (metal-ion release). The abrasive wear mechanisms of cast CoCrMo have been investigated under various wear-corrosion conditions employing two abrasives, SiC (similar to 4 mu m) and Al(2)O(3) (similar to 1 mu m), in two test solutions, 0.9% NaCl and 25% bovine serum. The specific wear rates, wear mechanisms and transitions between mechanisms are discussed in terms of the abrasive size, volume fraction and the test solutions deployed. The work shows that at high abrasive volume fractions, the presence of protein enhanced the wear loss due to the enhanced particle entrainment, whereas at much lower abrasive volume fractions, protein reduced the wear loss by acting as a boundary lubricant or rolling elements which reduced the abrasivity (load per particle) of the abrasive particles. The abrasive wear rate and wear mechanisms of the CoCrMo are dependent on the nature of the third body abrasives, their entrainment into the contact and the presence of the proteins. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Comunicação organizacional e identidade colectiva num agrupamento de escolas

O reforço e a diversificação do investimento na comunicação por parte das instituições educativas são discutidos neste estudo como uma das consequências da nova gestão pública. Tendo em vista a ‘qualidade’ e a ‘eficácia’ das suas prestações, as escolas têm procurado tornar-se mais dialogantes, assumindo a aposta na comunicação organizacional como parte integrante de uma estratégia empreendedora, que lhes tem vindo a conferir uma nova identidade colectiva unificada em torno dos valores neoliberais. Não obstante, os sistemas de comunicação criados são mais complexos do que se poderia supor. Revelando a influência de pressões híbridas, estes sistemas transformaram-se num contexto mediador da mudança embutido em novas concepções de escola e dos novos mandatos para a educação (assim legitimados interna e externamente), surgindo, ao mesmo tempo, como o locus de produção de novas identidades. Tal acontece porque a comunicação constitui o ponto de convergência entre as diferentes políticas educativas e as práticas localmente adoptadas na sequência de um processo de interpretação criativa das diferentes pressões. É este o sentido com que afirmamos que a comunicação se constitui numa meta-ideia ao serviço da ‘qualidade’, ainda que esta possa ser perspectivada a partir do ideal burocrático da organização (como sinónimo de eficiência administrativa), do ideal profissional (centrada no processo de ensino-aprendizagem) ou do ideal empreendedor (valorizando a capacidade de resposta às solicitações do mercado). Os dados empíricos, que sustentaram o nosso estudo, resultaram da observação do quotidiano de um agrupamento de escolas do ensinobásico e dos testemunhos recolhidos, ao longo de três anos, nesta comunidade educativa. Recorrendo ao estudo de caso como estratégia de investigação enveredámos inicialmente, num contexto de descoberta, pela realização de observações ‘desarmadas e naturais’. Usámos, posteriormente, a análise documental, a entrevista e o questionário na recolha de informação complementar, o que, mediante o cruzamento de métodos de análise qualitativa e quantitativa, nos permitiu tirar partido da triangulação dos dados. Os resultados obtidos apontam para a centralidade dos processos de comunicação na transformação induzida pela nova gestão pública e para o desenvolvimento de uma matriz discursiva bilinguista, que procura harmonizar os imperativos de ‘mercado’ com o discurso pedagógico e com modelos burocrático-profissionais de organização.

Multilayered micro/nanocrystalline CVD diamond coatings for biotribology

In the present work multilayered micro/nanocrystalline (MCD/NCD) diamond coatings were developed by Hot Filament Chemical Vapour Deposition (HFCVD). The aim was to minimize the surface roughness with a top NCD layer, to maximize adhesion onto the Si3N4 ceramic substrates with a starting MCD coating and to improve the mechanical resistance by the presence of MCD/NCD interfaces in these composite coatings. This set of features assures high wear resistance and low friction coefficients which, combined to diamond biocompatibility, set this material as ideal for biotribological applications. The deposition parameters of MCD were optimized using the Taguchi method, and two varieties of NCD were used: NCD-1, grown in a methane rich gas phase, and NCD-2 where a third gas, Argon, was added to the gas mixture. The best combination of surface pre-treatments in the Si3N4 substrates is obtained by polishing the substrates with a 15 μm diamond slurry, further dry etching with CF4 plasma for 10 minutes and final ultrasonic seeding in a diamond powder suspension in ethanol for 1 hour. The interfaces of the multilayered CVD diamond films were characterized with high detail using HRTEM, STEM-EDX and EELS. The results show that at the transition from MCD to NCD a thin precursor graphitic film is formed. On the contrary, the transition of the NCD to MCD grade is free of carbon structures other than diamond, as a result of the richer atomic hydrogen content and of the higher substrate temperature for MCD deposition. At those transitions, WC nanoparticles were found due to contamination from the filament, being also present at the first interface of the MCD layer with the silicon nitride substrate. In order to study the adhesion and mechanical resistance of the diamond coatings, indentation and particle jet blasting tests were conducted, as well as tribological experiments with homologous pairs. Indentation tests proved the superior behaviour of the multilayered coatings that attained a load of 800 N without delamination, when compared to the mono and bilayered ones. The multilayered diamond coatings also reveal the best solid particle erosion resistance, due to the MCD/NCD interfaces that act as crack deflectors. These results were confirmed by an analytical model on the stress field distribution based on the von Mises criterion. Regarding the tribological testing under dry sliding, multilayered coatings also exhibit the highest critical load values (200N for Multilayers with NCD-2). Low friction coefficient values in the range μ=0.02- 0.09 and wear coefficient values in the order of ~10-7 mm3 N-1 m-1 were obtained for the ball and flat specimens indicating a mild wear regime. Under lubrication with physiological fluids (HBSS e FBS), lower wear coefficient values ~10-9-10-8 mm3 N-1 m-1) were achieved, governed by the initial surface roughness and the effective contact pressure.

Caracterização mecânica e análise da resistência à corrosão em diferentes solos, de aços inoxidáveis duplex

O aço inoxidável é um material de alta durabilidade e resistência, utilizado nos mais diversos setores comerciais. O conhecimento das suas características e propriedades é essencial para uma escolha mais seletiva e vantajosa. Pretende‐se com este trabalho, estudar as propriedades mecânicas, a resistência ao desgaste e o comportamento, em ambientes mais agressivos de três tipos de aços inoxidáveis duplex, produzidos pela OUTOKUMPU e comercialmente conhecidos pelas designações LDX 2101, SAF 2507 e o SAF 2205. Para tal efeito foram realizados ensaios de Dureza Vickers, antes e após dobragem; ensaios de tracção em duas diferentes situações: seguindo a norma NP EN 10002‐ 1:2006 e após a realização de alguns ciclos de carga e descarga; ensaio de Impacto à temperatura ambiente e após arrefecimento criogénico; ensaio de resistência à corrosão. Também foi feito o estudo de resistência ao desgaste com base na técnica de micro‐abrasão por esfera rotativa e o estudo metalográfico. Foi também objetivo deste trabalho, relacionar o uso dos referidos aços duplex e as consequências que esse uso tem para o meio ambiente, bem como o seu comportamento quando exposto a condições extremas. Para tal, foram colocadas amostras dos referidos aços, em dois tipos de solos com condições de humidade e acidez diferentes analisando o seu estado após imersão em solo com condições controladas durante 272 dias.

"I might be a duck, but I'm human" : an analysis of clothing in Disney cartoons

Mickey Mouse, one of the world's most recognizable cartoon characters, did not wear a shirt in his earliest incarnation in theatrical shorts and, for many years, Donald Duck did not wear pants and still rarely does so. Especially when one considers the era in which these figures were first created by the Walt Disney Studio, in the 1920s and 1930s, why are they portrayed without full clothing? The obvious answer, of course, is that they are animals, and animals do not wear clothes. But these are no ordinary animals: in most cases, they do wear clothing - some clothing, at least - and they walk on two legs, talk in a more or less intelligible fashion, and display a number of other anthropomorphic traits. If they are essentially animals, why do they wear clothing at all? On the other hand, if these characters are more human than animal, as suggested by other behavioral traits - they walk, talk, work, read, and so on - why are they not more often fully clothed? To answer these questions I undertook three major research strategies used to gather evidence: interpretive textual analysis of 321 cartoons; secondary analysis of interviews conducted with the animators who created the Disney characters; and historical and archival research on the Disney Company and on the times and context in which it functioned. I was able to identify five themes that played a large part in what kind of clothing a character wore; first, the character's gender and/or sexuality; second, what species or "race" the character was; third, the character's socio-economic status; fourth, the degree to which the character was anthropomorphized; and, fifth, the context in which the character and its clothing appeared in a particular scene or narrative. I concluded that all of these factors played a part in determining, to some extent, the clothing worn by particular characters at particular times. However, certain patterns emerged from the analysis that could not be explained by these factors alone or in combination. Therefore, my analysis also investigates the individual and collective attitudes and desires of the men in the Disney studio who were responsible for creating these characters and the cultural conditions under which they were created. Drawing on literature from the psychoanalytic approach to film studies, I argue that the clothing choices spoke to an idealized fantasy world to which the animators (most importantly, Walt Disney himself), and possibly wider society, wanted to return.

Estudio para el fortalecimiento del sector floricultor colombiano en el mercado japonés

Este proyecto trata acerca del sector floricultor colombiano (2005-2009)y su relación con el mercado japonés, como proveedor potencial de flores de alta calidad y altamente valoradas en el mercado. Adicionalmente, se busca proponer a los floricultores colombianos la posibilidad de fortalecer su presencia en el mercado japonés, el cual ofrece grandes e importante oportunidades para su fortalecimiento y expansión.