Detection of HIV and HCV RNA in semen from Brazilian coinfected men using multiplex PCR before and after semen washing

INTRODUCTION: Prolonged survival of patients under HAART has resulted in new demands for assisted reproductive technologies. HIV serodiscordant couples wish to make use of assisted reproduction techniques in order to avoid viral transmission to the partner or to the newborn. It is therefore essential to test the effectiveness of techniques aimed at reducing HIV and HCV loads in infected semen using molecular biology tests. METHODS: After seminal analysis, semen samples from 20 coinfected patients were submitted to cell fractioning and isolation of motile spermatozoa by density gradient centrifugation and swim-up. HIV and HCV RNA detection tests were performed with RNA obtained from sperm, seminal plasma and total semen. RESULTS: In pre-washing semen, HIV RNA was detected in 100% of total semen samples, whereas HCV RNA was concomitantly amplified in only one specimen. Neither HIV nor HCV were detected either in the swim-up or in the post-washing semen fractions. CONCLUSIONS: Reduction of HIV and/or HCV shedding in semen by density gradient centrifugation followed by swim-up is an efficient method. These findings lead us to believe that, although semen is rarely found to contain HCV, semen processing is highly beneficial for HIV/HCV coinfected individuals.

Os diferentes tipos de resultados nas cooperativas numa perspetiva jurídica e contabilística

As cooperativas assumem um papel fundamental na economia social portuguesa, o que justifica a necessidade de um conhecimento mais aprofundado destas entidades tanto a nível jurídico como a nível contabilístico. O principal objetivo deste estudo consiste em identificar os vários tipos de resultados nas cooperativas, compreender e caraterizar o tratamento jurídico e contabilístico dos mesmos e aferir se o normativo contabilístico em vigor permite evidenciar as especificidades daqueles. Assim, utilizando uma metodologia qualitativa, com recurso à análise de conteúdo, realizou-se um estudo de caso múltiplo. Antes, porém, procedeu-se à revisão de literatura, seletiva e seminal, sobre o estado da arte dos resultados das cooperativas em Portugal. Foram identificados três tipos de resultados, os resultados cooperativos, os resultados extracooperativos e os resultados extraordinários. O estudo mostra que o tratamento jurídico e contabilístico dos resultados cooperativos não está devidamente adequado à realidade das mesmas, por duas razões: em primeiro lugar, não são claramente identificáveis na legislação em vigor os diferentes tipos de resultados; e, em segundo lugar, constata-se que os resultados nas cooperativas têm o mesmo tratamento contabilístico que os resultados das sociedades comerciais, apesar das diferenças substanciais entre as duas formas jurídicas. Concluiu-se, então que a alteração do enquadramento contabilístico aplicável às cooperativas é pertinente e necessária no sentido de impor uma contabilização separada dos resultados cooperativos e dos resultados extracooperativos e extraordinários. Esta contabilização separada é essencial, por razões fiscais mas sobretudo para que as demonstrações financeiras apresentem a imagem verdadeira e apropriada do desempenho das cooperativas. Conclui-se, de igual modo, que existe no ordenamento português um normativo contabilístico aplicável às entidades do setor não lucrativo que seria adequado para evidenciar as especificidades das cooperativas em matéria dos resultados, dado que o modelo das demonstrações dele constante permitiria o desdobramento dos resultados por atividades.

Post-Treated Prostate Cancer: Normal Findings and Signs of Local Relapse on Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) for prostate cancer has increased over recent years, mainly for detection, staging, and active surveillance. However, suspicion of recurrence in the set of biochemical failure is becoming a significant reason for clinicians to request mp-MRI. Radiologists should be able to recognize the normal post-treatment MRI findings. Fibrosis and atrophic remnant seminal vesicles after prostatectomy are often found and must be differentiated from local relapse. Moreover, brachytherapy, external beam radiotherapy, cryosurgery, and hormonal therapy tend to diffusely decrease the signal intensity of the peripheral zone on T2-weighted images (T2WI) due to the loss of water content, consequently mimicking tumor and hemorrhage. The combination of T2WI and functional studies like diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced improves the identification of local relapse. Tumor recurrence tends to restrict on diffusion images and avidly enhances after contrast administration either within or outside the gland. The authors provide a pictorial review of the normal findings and the signs of local tumor relapse after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy, cryosurgery, and hormonal therapy.

Induction of male sterility through manipulation of genetic mechanisms present in vector species of Triatominae. II. Partial restoration of male fertility

The development of integrated measures which involve sterile mate release to supplement the conventional insecticidal techniques used in controlagainst insects of medical importance, raised the question, whether the vectors of Chagas'disease possess the natural mechanisms by manipulation of which they may be controlled. Results of earlier expenments, that had been published previously, were restricted to fragmentary information that raised various questions, the answer to which became available in the study herein described. Interspecific hybrids were produced from reciprocal crosses between T. pseudomaculata and T. sórdida and from unilateral crosses between female T. pseudomaculata and male. T. infestans. These females mated with males, laid less than the normal complement of eggs, but offspring was relatively abundant. When T. pseudomaculata females were paired with T. brasiliensis males, hybridization was more difficult because few of the females mated and those that did had a strongly reduced fertility. Adults emerged from ali crosses but exhibited sex disproportion, females predominating in all populations but one. The two Rhodnius species tested were also found to cross, but only when female R. prolixus were paired with male R. neglectus. These females laid a relatively high complement o f eggs, had a strongly reduced fertility, but 50% of the fertile eggs developed into vigorous adults, males predominating females. Neither type of hybrid male elicited fertilized eggs from either parental type of female, through their vesicula seminal is were found to be packed with spermatozoa, some normal looking and moving, others underdeveloped and motionless. Although, no artificial insemination was performed, the sperm in itself did not appear to be the prime inducer of sterility. Females paired with these hybrids did mate, sperm was transfered, as evidenced by the discharged spermatophores smeared with sperm, but did notcontain spermatozoa in their spermatecae. The failure of the sperm to migrate to the spermatecae indicate prezygotic pos-copulation incompatibility, thus the hybrid male can't be used to suppress populations. The female hybrids mated with parent males of either species had reduced fertility and ther sons were sterile as were those of their fertile daughters. However, continous backcrossing of the hybrid females and their female progeny to parental males partially restored fertility of the males and increased fertility of females, as scored by egg hatchability. Fertility of hybrid females, measured by the yield of adults capable to reproduce, indicated that the reproductive perfomance decreased when hybrid females and their daughters were backcrossed additional generations to parental males. It is tentatively suggested that hybrid females could be used for suppression if they compete efficiently with wild females.

Body and transcendence in Virginia Woolf and Clarice Lispector = Corpo e transcendência em Virgínia Woolf e Clarice Lispector

Virginia Woolf and Clarice Lispector belong to quite different historical, political and cultural contexts. Beyond its antecedents and roots in European modernism, Brazilian modernism developed according to peculiar patterns and lines, cultivating, for example, more clearly political, nationalist and regionalist tendencies than happened in the British area. Molly Hite’s essay “Virginia Woolf’s Two Bodies” suggests the existence of two kinds of body represented and perhaps experienced by Virginia Woolf: “one kind was the body for others, the body cast in social roles”, the other, the “visionary body”, a second physical presence, which brings into play new perspectives on the female modernist body and new strategies of political and aesthetic representation. It is this “visionary body”, that, in many moments, intersects with transcendence. These two kinds of body are also present in Clarice Lispector’s work, structured, of course, around other complexities and gradations, explained by a different temporal context, but still touching common seminal questions. In Lispector, it is through the body cast in social roles that you reach the “visionary body” and transcendence. The movement is not a flight, as in Woolf, on the contrary it is a necessity, a condition to get to the essence.

Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is endemic in many parts of the world and is primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse or from mother to child. Sexual transmission occurs more efficiently from men to women than women to men and might be enhanced by sexually transmitted diseases that cause ulcers and result in mucosal ruptures, such as syphilis, herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2), and chancroid. Other sexually transmitted diseases might result in the recruitment of inflammatory cells and could increase the risk of HTLV-1 acquisition and transmission. Additionally, factors that are associated with higher transmission risks include the presence of antibodies against the viral oncoprotein Tax (anti-Tax), a higher proviral load in peripheral blood lymphocytes, and increased cervicovaginal or seminal secretions. Seminal fluid has been reported to increase HTLV replication and transmission, whereas male circumcision and neutralizing antibodies might have a protective effect. Recently, free virions were discovered in plasma, which reveals a possible new mode of HTLV replication. It is unclear how this discovery might affect the routes of HTLV transmission, particularly sexual transmission, because HTLV transmission rates are significantly higher from men to women than women to men.

Minimal computation structures for visual information applications based on printed electronics

In the early nineties, Mark Weiser wrote a series of seminal papers that introduced the concept of Ubiquitous Computing. According to Weiser, computers require too much attention from the user, drawing his focus from the tasks at hand. Instead of being the centre of attention, computers should be so natural that they would vanish into the human environment. Computers become not only truly pervasive but also effectively invisible and unobtrusive to the user. This requires not only for smaller, cheaper and low power consumption computers, but also for equally convenient display solutions that can be harmoniously integrated into our surroundings. With the advent of Printed Electronics, new ways to link the physical and the digital worlds became available. By combining common printing techniques such as inkjet printing with electro-optical functional inks, it is starting to be possible not only to mass-produce extremely thin, flexible and cost effective electronic circuits but also to introduce electronic functionalities into products where it was previously unavailable. Indeed, Printed Electronics is enabling the creation of novel sensing and display elements for interactive devices, free of form factor. At the same time, the rise in the availability and affordability of digital fabrication technologies, namely of 3D printers, to the average consumer is fostering a new industrial (digital) revolution and the democratisation of innovation. Nowadays, end-users are already able to custom design and manufacture on demand their own physical products, according to their own needs. In the future, they will be able to fabricate interactive digital devices with user-specific form and functionality from the comfort of their homes. This thesis explores how task-specific, low computation, interactive devices capable of presenting dynamic visual information can be created using Printed Electronics technologies, whilst following an approach based on the ideals behind Personal Fabrication. Focus is given on the use of printed electrochromic displays as a medium for delivering dynamic digital information. According to the architecture of the displays, several approaches are highlighted and categorised. Furthermore, a pictorial computation model based on extended cellular automata principles is used to programme dynamic simulation models into matrix-based electrochromic displays. Envisaged applications include the modelling of physical, chemical, biological, and environmental phenomena.

Finasteride-associated male infertility

Finasteride is a potent and specific inhibitor of the 5alpha-reductase enzyme in men. Clinical studies have shown that finasteride 1mg/day is effective for promoting hair growth in men with male pattern hair loss. However, there is a concern about the use of finasteride, especially in young fertile patients, because of its action on testosterone metabolism. This paper describes 3 cases of young patients who had very poor seminal quality during finasteride treatment (1 mg/day), and their seminal quality greatly improved after cessation of finasteride treatment. Two of them presented with a left varicocele and the other was obese. We hypothesize that finasteride may not dramatically change the spermatogenesis process in healthy men, but in patients with conditions related to infertility, an amplification of the negative influence of finasteride could occur. Future studies should be done to clarify the extent of the effect of finasteride in patients fertility problems.

Contribuição ao conhecimento da biologia de Carcharhinus porosus Ranzani, 1839 (PISCES, CHONDRICHTHYES) das reentrâncias Maranhenses

184 machos da Carcharchinus porosas foram capturados com rede de emalhar nas Reentrâncias Maranhenses, entre Cururupu (1º 20' S e 45º W) e São Luis (2º 241 30'' S e 44º W) no período de outubro de 1983 à janeiro de 1984 e de junho à setembro de 1984. O desenvolvimento dos machos desta espécie foi estudado através da relação peso-comprimento e do crescimento: dos claspers, dos testículos, dos epidídimos e do fígado. Com exceção dos claspers e do fígado, o crescimento dos órgãos em questão é contínuo. No crescimento dos claspers evidenciou-se 3 fases que correspondem: a fase juvenil, a fase de adolescência e a fase adulta. Demonstrou-se, também, que existe uma descontinuidade no crescimento do fígado no momento da passagem da fase de adolescência à fase adulta, e que esta se verifica quando se relaciona o peso deste órgão com o peso corporal. Esfregaços do conteúdo da visívula seminal mostraram que o líquido branco presente neste órgão é livre de espermatozóides até 70 cm. Com base no crescimento dos claspers e na produção de espermatozóides normais, estabeleceu-se o tamanho de primeira maturidade em 71 cm (fim da fase de adolescência) e o tamanho de 100% de maturidade em 75 cm (início da fase adulta).

Parâmetros endócrinos em ratos tratados cronicamente com extrato concentrado de Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni

Os efeitos de princípios ativos de S.revaudiana sobre parâmetros endócrinos de ratos foram estudados após administração crônica (60 dias) de extrato aquaso bruto(decocto) concentrado nas folhas desse planeta, começando em idade pré-púbere (25 a 30 dias de idade). Foram feitas as seguintes determinações: glicemia, níveis séricos de T3, T4 e T3R, união de [3H] R1881 à fração citosólica de próstata, teor de zinco em próstata, testículo, glândula salivar submandibular e pâncreas, e conteúdo hídrico em testículo e próstata. Estudou-se também a curva de ganho de peso corporal e os pesos terminais de testículo, próstata, vesícula seminal, glândula submandibular e adrenal. Os resultados deixaram potente que o grupo experimental não diferiu do controle significativamente em nenhum dos parâmetros analisados, exceto quanto ao peso de vesícula seminal, que diminuiu em 608, tanto em termos absolutos como em relação ao peso corporal. Conclui-se que os parâmetros endócrinos estudados no rato não são fundamentalmente alterados por doses farmacológicas de princípios ativos de S.rebaudiana.

Morfo-anatomia de sementes de Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Will. (Fabaceae) como contribuição ao estudo Farmacognóstico de plantas da região Amazônica

Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. (Fabaceae) é popularmente conhecida como cumaru. Suas sementes são utilizadas pela população, por seus efeitos terapêuticos, dados pela cumarina, hoje comercializada para distúrbios vasculares e linfáticos e pela produção de óleo. Realizou-se um estudo morfo-anatômico de sementes de seis indivíduos desta espécie através da caracterização morfológica, determinação do peso da matéria fresca e das dimensões de 100 sementes, além de cortes histológicos transversais e longitudinais, considerando-se o tegumento e o embrião. A semente é oblonga, levemente comprimida na região do hilo. O tegumento seminal apresenta cutícula delgada e lisa, macroesclereídeos, osteoesclereídeos, mesofilo interno e membrana basal. O embrião constitui-se de dois cotilédones e o eixo embrionário retilíneo, formado por plúmula, epicótilo e radícula.

Biometria testicular, eletroejaculação e características seminais de caititus, Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae) mantidos em cativeiro na Amazônia Oriental

Estudos relacionados à obtenção e avaliação de sêmen de Tayassu tajacu são escassos, sendo necessárias pesquisas a respeito. Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar a biometria testicular de caititus adultos cativos, testar a eficiência da eletroejaculação para obtenção de sêmen e avaliar suas características seminais ao longo do ano. Procedeu-se à eletroejaculação em oito animais adultos e as amostras de sêmen colhidas foram avaliadas quanto às características físicas e morfológicas. Os animais tinham testículo esquerdo com 3,8 ± 0,4 cm X 2,6 ± 0,3 cm e 2,3 ± 0,2 de consistência, e testículo direito com 3,8 ± 0,5 cm X 2,7 ± 0,3 cm e 2,3 ± 0,2 de consistência. A taxa de sucesso nas colheitas foi de 75,21%. O sêmen possuiu: volume 0,81 ± 0,86 mL, concentração 137,44 ± 153 x 106 sptz mL-1, pH 7,92 ± 0,73, motilidade 52,66 ± 28,79%, vigor 2,2 ± 0,8, integridade de membrana plasmática 55,84 ± 28,55%, defeitos maiores 22,87 ± 12,93%, defeitos menores 9,11 ± 5,88% e defeitos totais 31,52 ± 13,81%. Os animais apresentaram simetria testicular, a eletroejaculação se mostrou eficiente para a obtenção de ejaculados em caititus e as flutuações observadas na produção seminal não foram suficientes para caracterizá-los como animais de reprodução sazonal.

Taxonomic relevance of seed and seedling morphology in two Amazonian species of Entada (Leguminosae)

We carried out a comparative morphological study to evaluate the taxonomic value of seed and seedling traits of Entada polystachya and E. simplicata (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae, Mimoseae). Seeds of both species were collected from wild populations in Roraima State, Brazil. Our results show consistent quantitative and qualitative differences between these species regarding their seeds and seedlings. Testa fracture lines, funiculus impression, lens characters, radicle shape and length, and cotyledon lobes length, seedling morphology group, number of pinnae at first node, and hypocotyl length permit a straightforward distinction of E. polystachya from E. simplicata, supporting a recent treatment of the latter taxon as a distinct species, endemic to Roraima State, northern Amazonia, Brazil.

A multi–physics approach applied to masonry structures with non–hydraulic lime mortars

Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Civil (área de especialização em Engenharia de Estruturas).

Evaluación genética del bienestar animal y eficiencia reproductiva con el aporte de la determinación de paternidades mediante técnicas de biología molecular en bovinos de carne

Buena parte de la producción bovina de carne de la provincia de Córdoba está incluida en áreas que sufren durante todo o parte del año de condiciones climáticas desfavorables. Las razas bovinas de origen índico y africano muestran mayor adaptación al estrés térmico, que se manifestaría en un mejor de desempeño en el aspecto reproductivo. Sin embargo existen dificultades de manejo de esas razas por su temperamento menos adecuado que las razas británicas. En explotaciones extensivas de nuestra Provincia no existe información genética relacionada con caracteres de comportamiento. En ese sentido una raza sanga de origen africano (Tuli) y sus cruzas se están ensayando en la Universidad Católica de Córdoba como parte de la búsqueda de soluciones a los problemas planteados anteriormente. No se disponen aún de parámetros poblacionales (fenotípicos y genéticos) de esta raza y sus cruzas. En la evaluación genética es indispensable el uso de mediciones con información genealógica, es decir, se debe identificar los padres de los individuos. El análisis de regiones altamente polimórficas del genoma (microsatélites) permite determinar el perfil genético de cada animal, para ser utilizado en la determinación de paternidades, en principio y luego con otras aplicaciones. Sobre el animal las mediciones relacionadas con la fertilidad son vitales y no es posible encontrar predictores de la fertilidad en toros en servicio natural múltiple, ya que no es posible identificarlos terneros en ese sentido. La forma de evaluar la fertilidad real, sería mediante la medición de la producción de terneros, además de la calidad seminal y circunferencia escrotal. Con respecto al nivel de estrés, se usará la evaluación del temperamento mediante ensayos de comportamiento, aunque la medición de hormonas esteroides sería una prueba complementaria