Évaluation objective de la douleur chronique secondaire à l’arthrose chez le chat

La prévalence de l’arthrose féline augmente fortement avec l’âge atteignant plus de 80% des chats de plus de 11 ans. L'arthrose induit une douleur chronique s’exprimant par des changements de comportements et une diminution de la mobilité. Il n'existe aucun outil validé pour évaluer la douleur chronique associée à l’arthrose chez le chat. Conséquemment, aucun traitement ciblant cette douleur n’a pu être validé. Notre hypothèse de recherche est que la douleur arthrosique chez le chat induit des handicaps fonctionnels, des changements neurophysiologiques et un état d'hypersensibilité qu'il faut évaluer pour quantifier de manière fiable cette douleur et ses répercussions sur la qualité de vie de l'animal. Nos objectifs étaient 1) de développer des outils adaptés aux chats mesurant les handicaps fonctionnels grâce à des outils cinématiques, cinétiques et de suivi de l'activité motrice ; 2) de caractériser les changements fonctionnels et neurophysiologiques secondaires à la douleur arthrosique et de tester avec ces outils un traitement analgésique à base d'anti-inflammatoire non stéroïdien ; 3) de développer une technique adaptée aux chats pouvant caractériser la présence du phénomène de sensibilisation centrale à l'aide d'une évaluation de la sommation temporelle mécanique ; 4) de tester la possibilité de mesurer le métabolisme glucidique cérébral par tomographie d’émission par positrons comme marqueur des changements supraspinaux secondaires à la chronicisation de la douleur. Grâce au développement d’outils de mesure de douleur chronique objectifs, sensibles et répétables nous avons caractérisé la douleur chez les chats arthrosiques. Ils présentent des signes de boiterie quantifiée par une diminution de l’amplitude de l’articulation ou par une diminution de la force verticale d’appui au sol et une diminution de l’activité motrice quotidienne. Ces deux derniers outils ont permis de démontrer qu’un anti-inflammatoire non stéroïdien (le méloxicam) administré pendant quatre semaines réduit la douleur arthrosique. De plus, grâce au développement de tests sensoriels quantitatifs et à l'utilisation d'imagerie cérébrale fonctionnelle, nous avons démontré pour la première fois que la douleur arthrosique conduisait à des modifications du système nerveux central chez le chat. Particulièrement, les chats arthrosiques développent le phénomène de sensibilisation centrale mis en évidence par un seuil de retrait aux filament de von Frey diminué (mesure réflexe) mais aussi par une facilitation de la sommation temporelle mécanique (mesure tenant compte de la composante cognitive et émotionnelle de la douleur). L'augmentation du métabolisme cérébral dans le cortex somatosensoriel secondaire, le thalamus et la substance grise périaqueducale, souligne aussi l'importance des changements liés à la chronicisation de la douleur. Un traitement analgésique adapté à l’arthrose permettra d’améliorer la qualité de vie des chats atteints, offrira une option thérapeutique valide aux praticiens vétérinaires, et profitera aux propriétaires qui retrouveront un chat actif et sociable. La découverte de l'implication du phénomène de sensibilisation central combiné à l'investigation des changements cérébraux secondaires à la douleur chronique associée à l'arthrose par imagerie fonctionnelle ouvre de nouvelles avenues de recherche chez le chat (développement et/ou validation de traitements adaptés à l'état d'hypersensibilité) et les humains (potentiel modèle naturel de douleur chronique associée à l'arthrose).

Les algorithmes de haute résolution en tomographie d'émission par positrons : développement et accélération sur les cartes graphiques

La tomographie d’émission par positrons (TEP) est une modalité d’imagerie moléculaire utilisant des radiotraceurs marqués par des isotopes émetteurs de positrons permettant de quantifier et de sonder des processus biologiques et physiologiques. Cette modalité est surtout utilisée actuellement en oncologie, mais elle est aussi utilisée de plus en plus en cardiologie, en neurologie et en pharmacologie. En fait, c’est une modalité qui est intrinsèquement capable d’offrir avec une meilleure sensibilité des informations fonctionnelles sur le métabolisme cellulaire. Les limites de cette modalité sont surtout la faible résolution spatiale et le manque d’exactitude de la quantification. Par ailleurs, afin de dépasser ces limites qui constituent un obstacle pour élargir le champ des applications cliniques de la TEP, les nouveaux systèmes d’acquisition sont équipés d’un grand nombre de petits détecteurs ayant des meilleures performances de détection. La reconstruction de l’image se fait en utilisant les algorithmes stochastiques itératifs mieux adaptés aux acquisitions à faibles statistiques. De ce fait, le temps de reconstruction est devenu trop long pour une utilisation en milieu clinique. Ainsi, pour réduire ce temps, on les données d’acquisition sont compressées et des versions accélérées d’algorithmes stochastiques itératifs qui sont généralement moins exactes sont utilisées. Les performances améliorées par l’augmentation de nombre des détecteurs sont donc limitées par les contraintes de temps de calcul. Afin de sortir de cette boucle et permettre l’utilisation des algorithmes de reconstruction robustes, de nombreux travaux ont été effectués pour accélérer ces algorithmes sur les dispositifs GPU (Graphics Processing Units) de calcul haute performance. Dans ce travail, nous avons rejoint cet effort de la communauté scientifique pour développer et introduire en clinique l’utilisation des algorithmes de reconstruction puissants qui améliorent la résolution spatiale et l’exactitude de la quantification en TEP. Nous avons d’abord travaillé sur le développement des stratégies pour accélérer sur les dispositifs GPU la reconstruction des images TEP à partir des données d’acquisition en mode liste. En fait, le mode liste offre de nombreux avantages par rapport à la reconstruction à partir des sinogrammes, entre autres : il permet d’implanter facilement et avec précision la correction du mouvement et le temps de vol (TOF : Time-Of Flight) pour améliorer l’exactitude de la quantification. Il permet aussi d’utiliser les fonctions de bases spatio-temporelles pour effectuer la reconstruction 4D afin d’estimer les paramètres cinétiques des métabolismes avec exactitude. Cependant, d’une part, l’utilisation de ce mode est très limitée en clinique, et d’autre part, il est surtout utilisé pour estimer la valeur normalisée de captation SUV qui est une grandeur semi-quantitative limitant le caractère fonctionnel de la TEP. Nos contributions sont les suivantes : - Le développement d’une nouvelle stratégie visant à accélérer sur les dispositifs GPU l’algorithme 3D LM-OSEM (List Mode Ordered-Subset Expectation-Maximization), y compris le calcul de la matrice de sensibilité intégrant les facteurs d’atténuation du patient et les coefficients de normalisation des détecteurs. Le temps de calcul obtenu est non seulement compatible avec une utilisation clinique des algorithmes 3D LM-OSEM, mais il permet également d’envisager des reconstructions rapides pour les applications TEP avancées telles que les études dynamiques en temps réel et des reconstructions d’images paramétriques à partir des données d’acquisitions directement. - Le développement et l’implantation sur GPU de l’approche Multigrilles/Multitrames pour accélérer l’algorithme LMEM (List-Mode Expectation-Maximization). L’objectif est de développer une nouvelle stratégie pour accélérer l’algorithme de référence LMEM qui est un algorithme convergent et puissant, mais qui a l’inconvénient de converger très lentement. Les résultats obtenus permettent d’entrevoir des reconstructions en temps quasi-réel que ce soit pour les examens utilisant un grand nombre de données d’acquisition aussi bien que pour les acquisitions dynamiques synchronisées. Par ailleurs, en clinique, la quantification est souvent faite à partir de données d’acquisition en sinogrammes généralement compressés. Mais des travaux antérieurs ont montré que cette approche pour accélérer la reconstruction diminue l’exactitude de la quantification et dégrade la résolution spatiale. Pour cette raison, nous avons parallélisé et implémenté sur GPU l’algorithme AW-LOR-OSEM (Attenuation-Weighted Line-of-Response-OSEM) ; une version de l’algorithme 3D OSEM qui effectue la reconstruction à partir de sinogrammes sans compression de données en intégrant les corrections de l’atténuation et de la normalisation dans les matrices de sensibilité. Nous avons comparé deux approches d’implantation : dans la première, la matrice système (MS) est calculée en temps réel au cours de la reconstruction, tandis que la seconde implantation utilise une MS pré- calculée avec une meilleure exactitude. Les résultats montrent que la première implantation offre une efficacité de calcul environ deux fois meilleure que celle obtenue dans la deuxième implantation. Les temps de reconstruction rapportés sont compatibles avec une utilisation clinique de ces deux stratégies.

Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by hydrothermal method

Stable, OH free zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal method by varying the growth temperature and concentration of the precursors. The formation of ZnO nanoparticles were confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) studies. The average particle size have been found to be about 7-24 nm and the compositional analysis is done with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) results shows that the band gap of ZnO nanoparticles is blue shifted with decrease in particle size. Photoluminescence properties of ZnO nanoparticles at room temperature were studied and the green photoluminescent emission from ZnO nanoparticles can originate from the oxygen vacancy or ZnO interstitial related defects.

Utilidad de la electromiografía de esfínter anal en el diagnóstico diferencial de la atrofia multisistémica: una revisión de la literatura

La atrofia multisistémica (AMS) es una enfermedad degenerativa caracterizada por disautonomías y síntomas extrapiramidales. El diagnóstico diferencial con otros parkinsonismos es difícil, por lo cual se requiere una ayuda paraclínica para soportar el diagnóstico clínico. La degeneración del núcleo de Onuf, exclusiva en esta enfermedad, podría sugerir que la presencia de denervación en el esfínter anal podría ser tomada en cuenta como criterio diagnóstico de AMS. Se realizó una revisión sistemática con el fin de determinar la utilidad de la electromiografía de esfínter anal (EMG-EA) en el diagnóstico diferencial de AMS contra otros parkinsonismos. Se incluyeron 17 estudios que analizaron los resultados de EMG-EA en pacientes con AMS. De éstos, 11 de estudios fueron analíticos y compararon pacientes con AMS y otros parkinsonismos. Los 6 estudios restantes fueron descriptivos. La duración de los potenciales de unidad motora (PUM) es significativamente mayor en pacientes con AMS comparados con otros parkinsonismos, y utilizando un punto de corte > 13 ms muestra características operativas que hacen a este parámetro potencialmente útil. Solo un estudio encontró diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de PUM polifásicos, el cual tuvo una sensibilidad y especificidad clínicamente útil cuando el punto de corte es mayor a 60%. El resto de los estudios no reportan diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre parkinsonismos. La literatura disponible apunta a la potencial utilidad de la EMG-EA en el diagnóstico diferencial de la AMS de otros parkinsonismos; sin embargo es necesario conducir más estudios para solventar las limitaciones metodológicas existentes.

Agonist-dependent internalization of D2 receptors: imaging quantification by confocal microscopy

In positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography studies using D2 dopamine (DA) receptor radiotracers, a decrease in radiotracer binding potential (BP) is usually interpreted in terms of increased competition with synaptic DA. However, some data suggest that this signal may also reflect agonist (DA)-induced increases in D2 receptor (D2R) internalization, a process which would presumably also decrease the population of receptors available for binding to hydrophilic radioligands. To advance interpretation of alterations in D2 radiotracer BP, direct methods of assessment of D2R internalization are required. Here, we describe a confocal microscopy-based approach for the quantification of agonist-dependent receptor internalization. The method relies upon double-labeling of the receptors with antibodies directed against intracellular as well as extracellular epitopes. Following agonist stimulation, DA D2R internalization was quantified by differentiating, in optical cell sections, the signal due to the staining of the extracellular from intracellular epitopes of D2Rs. Receptor internalization was increased in the presence of the D2 agonists DA and bromocriptine, but not the D1 agonist SKF38393. Pretreatment with either the D2 antagonist sulpiride, or inhibitors of internalization (phenylarsine oxide and high molarity sucrose), blocked D2-agonist induced receptor internalization, thus validating this method in vitro. This approach therefore provides a direct and streamlined methodology for investigating the pharmacological and mechanistic aspects of D2R internalization, and should inform the interpretation of results from in vivo receptor imaging studies.

Agonist-dependent internalization of D2 receptors: Imaging quantification by confocal microscopy

In positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography studies using D2 dopamine (DA) receptor radiotracers, a decrease in radiotracer binding potential (BP) is usually interpreted in terms of increased competition with synaptic DA. However, some data suggest that this signal may also reflect agonist (DA)-induced increases in D2 receptor (D2R) internalization, a process which would presumably also decrease the population of receptors available for binding to hydrophilic radioligands. To advance interpretation of alterations in D2 radiotracer BP, direct methods of assessment of D2R internalization are required. Here, we describe a confocal microscopy-based approach for the quantification of agonist-dependent receptor internalization. The method relies upon double-labeling of the receptors with antibodies directed against intracellular as well as extracellular epitopes. Following agonist stimulation, DA D2R internalization was quantified by differentiating, in optical cell sections, the signal due to the staining of the extracellular from intracellular epitopes of D2Rs. Receptor internalization was increased in the presence of the D2 agonists DA and bromocriptine, but not the D1 agonist SKF38393. Pretreatment with either the D2 antagonist sulpiride, or inhibitors of internalization (phenylarsine oxide and high molarity sucrose), blocked D2-agonist induced receptor internalization, thus validating this method in vitro. This approach therefore provides a direct and streamlined methodology for investigating the pharmacological and mechanistic aspects of D2R internalization, and should inform the interpretation of results from in vivo receptor imaging studies.

From dichotic listening to the irrelevant sound effect: a behavioural and neuroimaging analysis of the processing of unattended speech

The assumption that ignoring irrelevant sound in a serial recall situation is identical to ignoring a non-target channel in dichotic listening is challenged. Dichotic listening is open to moderating effects of working memory capacity (Conway et al., 2001) whereas irrelevant sound effects (ISE) are not (Beaman, 2004). A right ear processing bias is apparent in dichotic listening, whereas the bias is to the left ear in the ISE (Hadlington et al., 2004). Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging data (Scott et al., 2004, submitted) show bilateral activation of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in the presence of intelligible, but ignored, background speech and right hemisphere activation of the STG in the presence of unintelligible background speech. It is suggested that the right STG may be involved in the ISE and a particularly strong left ear effect might occur because of the contralateral connections in audition. It is further suggested that left STG activity is associated with dichotic listening effects and may be influenced by working memory span capacity. The relationship of this functional and neuroanatomical model to known neural correlates of working memory is considered.

The long-term safety and efficacy of bilateral transplantation of human fetal striatal tissue in patients with mild to moderate Huntington's disease.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease involving progressive motor, cognitive and behavioural decline, leading to death approximately 20 years after motor onset. The disease is characterised pathologically by an early and progressive striatal neuronal cell loss and atrophy, which has provided the rationale for first clinical trials of neural repair using fetal striatal cell transplantation. Between 2000 and 2003, the 'NEST-UK' consortium carried out bilateral striatal transplants of human fetal striatal tissue in five HD patients. This paper describes the long-term follow up over a 3-10-year postoperative period of the patients, grafted and non-grafted, recruited to this cohort using the 'Core assessment program for intracerebral transplantations-HD' assessment protocol. No significant differences were found over time between the patients, grafted and non-grafted, on any subscore of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale, nor on the Mini Mental State Examination. There was a trend towards a slowing of progression on some timed motor tasks in four of the five patients with transplants, but overall, the trial showed no significant benefit of striatal allografts in comparison with a reference cohort of patients without grafts. Importantly, no significant adverse or placebo effects were seen. Notably, the raclopride positron emission tomography (PET) signal in individuals with transplants, indicated that there was no obvious surviving striatal graft tissue. This study concludes that fetal striatal allografting in HD is safe. While no sustained functional benefit was seen, we conclude that this may relate to the small amount of tissue that was grafted in this safety study compared with other reports of more successful transplants in patients with HD.

TNF-α influences the lateral dynamics of TNF receptor I in living cells

In mammalian cells, inflammation is mainly mediated by the binding of tumor necrosis factor alpha to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1. In this study, we investigated lateral dynamics of TNF-R1 before and after ligand binding using high-density single-particle tracking in combination with photoactivated localization microscopy. Our single-molecule data indicates the presence of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 with different mobilities in the plasma membrane, suggesting different molecular organizations. Cholesterol depletion led to a decrease of slow receptor species and a strong increase in the average diffusion coefficient. Moreover, as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment, the mean diffusion coefficient moderately increased while its distribution narrowed. Based on our observation, we propose a refined mechanism on the structural arrangement and activation of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 in the plasma membrane.

Automatic attention lateral asymmetry in visual discrimination tasks

There is evidence that automatic visual attention favors the right side. This study investigated whether this lateral asymmetry interacts with the right hemisphere dominance for visual location processing and left hemisphere dominance for visual shape processing. Volunteers were tested in a location discrimination task and a shape discrimination task. The target stimuli (S2) could occur in the left or right hemifield. They were preceded by an ipsilateral, contralateral or bilateral prime stimulus (S1). The attentional effect produced by the right S1 was larger than that produced by the left S1. This lateral asymmetry was similar between the two tasks suggesting that the hemispheric asymmetries of visual mechanisms do not contribute to it. The finding that it was basically due to a longer reaction time to the left S2 than to the right S2 for the contralateral S1 condition suggests that the inhibitory component of attention is laterally asymmetric.

A Time Efficient Optical Model for GATE Simulation of a LYSO Scintillation Matrix Used in PET Applications

A time efficient optical model is proposed for GATE simulation of a LYSO scintillation matrix coupled to a photomultiplier. The purpose is to avoid the excessively long computation time when activating the optical processes in GATE. The usefulness of the model is demonstrated by comparing the simulated and experimental energy spectra obtained with the dual planar head equipment for dosimetry with a positron emission tomograph ( DoPET). The procedure to apply the model is divided in two steps. Firstly, a simplified simulation of a single crystal element of DoPET is used to fit an analytic function that models the optical attenuation inside the crystal. In a second step, the model is employed to calculate the influence of this attenuation in the energy registered by the tomograph. The use of the proposed optical model is around three orders of magnitude faster than a GATE simulation with optical processes enabled. A good agreement was found between the experimental and simulated data using the optical model. The results indicate that optical interactions inside the crystal elements play an important role on the energy resolution and induce a considerable degradation of the spectra information acquired by DoPET. Finally, the same approach employed by the proposed optical model could be useful to simulate a scintillation matrix coupled to a photomultiplier using single or dual readout scheme.

Dynamic Changes in the Mental Rotation Network Revealed by Pattern Recognition Analysis of fMRI Data

We investigated the temporal dynamics and changes in connectivity in the mental rotation network through the application of spatio-temporal support vector machines (SVMs). The spatio-temporal SVM [Mourao-Miranda, J., Friston, K. J., et al. (2007). Dynamic discrimination analysis: A spatial-temporal SVM. Neuroimage, 36, 88-99] is a pattern recognition approach that is suitable for investigating dynamic changes in the brain network during a complex mental task. It does not require a model describing each component of the task and the precise shape of the BOLD impulse response. By defining a time window including a cognitive event, one can use spatio-temporal fMRI observations from two cognitive states to train the SVM. During the training, the SVM finds the discriminating pattern between the two states and produces a discriminating weight vector encompassing both voxels and time (i.e., spatio-temporal maps). We showed that by applying spatio-temporal SVM to an event-related mental rotation experiment, it is possible to discriminate between different degrees of angular disparity (0 degrees vs. 20 degrees, 0 degrees vs. 60 degrees, and 0 degrees vs. 100 degrees), and the discrimination accuracy is correlated with the difference in angular disparity between the conditions. For the comparison with highest accuracy (08 vs. 1008), we evaluated how the most discriminating areas (visual regions, parietal regions, supplementary, and premotor areas) change their behavior over time. The frontal premotor regions became highly discriminating earlier than the superior parietal cortex. There seems to be a parcellation of the parietal regions with an earlier discrimination of the inferior parietal lobe in the mental rotation in relation to the superior parietal. The SVM also identified a network of regions that had a decrease in BOLD responses during the 100 degrees condition in relation to the 0 degrees condition (posterior cingulate, frontal, and superior temporal gyrus). This network was also highly discriminating between the two conditions. In addition, we investigated changes in functional connectivity between the most discriminating areas identified by the spatio-temporal SVM. We observed an increase in functional connectivity between almost all areas activated during the 100 degrees condition (bilateral inferior and superior parietal lobe, bilateral premotor area, and SMA) but not between the areas that showed a decrease in BOLD response during the 100 degrees condition.

Caracterização de microorganismos aquáticos por processamento digital de imagens e redes neurais artificiais

A identificação e o monitoramento de microorganismos aquáticos, como bactérias e microalgas, tem sido uma tarefa árdua e morosa. Técnicas convencionais, com uso de microscópios e corantes, são complexas, exigindo um grande esforço por parte dos técnicos e pesquisadores. Uma das maiores dificuldades nos processos convencionais de identificação via microscopia é o elevado número de diferentes espécies e variantes existentes nos ambientes aquáticos, muitas com semelhança de forma e textura. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a caracterização e classificação de microorganismos aquáticos (bactérias e microalgas), bem como a determinação de características cinemáticas, através do estudo da mobilidade de microalgas que possuem estruturas que permitem a natação (flagelos). Para caracterização e reconhecimento de padrões as metodologias empregadas foram: o processamento digital de imagens e redes neurais artificiais (RNA). Para a determinação da mobilidade dos microorganismos foram empregadas técnicas de velocimetria por processamento de imagens de partículas em movimento (Particle Tracking Velocimetry - PTV). O trabalho está dividido em duas partes: 1) caracterização e contagem de microalgas e bactérias aquáticas em amostras e 2) medição da velocidade de movimentação das microalgas em lâminas de microscópio. A primeira parte envolve a aquisição e processamento digital de imagens de microalgas, a partir de um microscópio ótico, sua caracterização e determinação da densidade de cada espécie contida em amostras. Por meio de um microscópio epifluorescente, foi possível, ainda, acompanhar o crescimento de bactérias aquáticas e efetuar a sua medição por operadores morfológicos. A segunda parte constitui-se na medição da velocidade de movimentação de microalgas, cujo parâmetro pode ser utilizado como um indicador para se avaliar o efeito de substâncias tóxicas ou fatores de estresse sobre as microalgas. O trabalho em desenvolvimento contribuirá para o projeto "Produção do Camarão Marinho Penaeus Paulensis no Sul do Brasil: Cultivo em estruturas Alternativas" em andamento na Estação Marinha de Aquacultura - EMA e para pesquisas no Laboratório de Ecologia do Fitoplâncton e de Microorganismos Marinhos do Departamento de Oceanografia da FURG. O trabalho propõe a utilização dos níveis de intensidade da imagem em padrão RGB e oito grandezas geométricas como características para reconhecimento de padrões das microalgas O conjunto proposto de características das microalgas, do ponto de vista de grandezas geométricas e da cor (nível de intensidade da imagem e transformadas Fourier e Radon), levou à geração de indicadores que permitiram o reconhecimento de padrões. As redes neurais artificiais desenvolvidas com topologia de rede multinível totalmente conectada, supervisionada, e com algoritmo de retropropagação, atingiram as metas de erro máximo estipuladas entre os neurônios de saída desejados e os obtidos, permitindo a caracterização das microalgas.

Primary Pulmonary Choriocarcinoma After Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Normalization Following Hydatidiform Mole A Report of Two Cases

BACKGROUND: Primary pulmonary choriocarcinoma (PPC) is rare and frequently leads to death.CASES: Two young patients presented with previous molar pregnancy and spontaneous serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) normalization. Patient 1 was referred to our center after partial response to chemotherapy. Pulmonary lobectomy was performed, and hCG rapidly declined. During further chemotherapy, liver metastasis was detected by positron emission tomography. Right hepatectomy was performed, and hCG declined for 28 days, but increased again despite chemotherapy. This patient died from hepatic failure 3 years after diagnosis. Patient 2 presented with persistently high hCG, though the affected organ was not identified. Chemotherapy was unsuccessful. Patient reevaluation showed an isolated pulmonary mass. Pulmonary lobectomy was performed; 2 weeks later, hCG was normal and consolidation with 2 cycles of chemotherapy was administered. The patient has been in remission for 24 months. PPC was confirmed by histo pathology and immunohistochemistry in both cases. Gestational origin of the tumor was confirmed by molecular genetic analysis (polymorphic microsatellite markers).CONCLUSION: The possibility of choriocarcinoma cannot be overlooked in young women with an isolated pulmonary mass. Early diagnosis, prompt chemotherapy, and surgical resection in a specialized center improves the prognosis. (J Reprod Med 2010;55:311-316)

Commissioning and performance of the CMS silicon strip tracker with cosmic ray muons

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)