La signification expérientielle et les facteurs qui influencent la qualité de vie au travail des cadres gestionnaires infirmiers de premier niveau œuvrant en établissements de santé

Au cours des trois dernières décennies, le travail quotidien des cadres gestionnaires infirmiers de premier niveau (CGIPN) a subi de profondes transformations quant aux rôles qu’ils occupent et aux responsabilités qui leur incombent dans les divers établissements de santé. Ces CGIPN vivent et subissent de la pression au regard de leur charge de travail, faisant en sorte qu’ils perçoivent avoir peu de temps pour réaliser adéquatement leur travail en gestion, et que plusieurs infirmières de la relève qui souhaitent faire carrière en gestion se questionnent sur la possibilité d’œuvrer dans ce domaine de la pratique. Peu d’études portent sur l’état de la qualité de vie au travail (QVT) chez ces professionnels. Divisé en trois volets, le projet de recherche mixte séquentielle exploratoire a pour objectif général d’explorer la QVT chez les CGIPN et les facteurs qui l’influencent dans les divers établissements de santé québécois. Les objectifs spécifiques visent à : 1) décrire et comprendre ce que signifie la QVT auprès des 14 CGIPN œuvrant en Centre hospitalier affilié (CHA) à l’Université, 2) décrire et comprendre ce que signifie l’absence d’une QVT auprès des CGIPN en CHA, 3) développer et valider un nouvel instrument de mesure des facteurs favorables et défavorables pouvant influer sur la QVT à partir des données qualitatives auprès de CGIPN (n= 11) œuvrant en Centre de santé et des services sociaux et de CGIPN (n= 11) en Centre hospitalier universitaire, 4) identifier et mesurer les facteurs qui influencent la QVT des CGIPN (n= 291) travaillant dans divers établissements publics de santé et 5) déterminer si les caractéristiques sociodémographiques influencent le choix des facteurs de la QVT. Inspiré de la philosophie du Human caring de Watson comme perspective disciplinaire, le premier volet qualitatif fait appel à une méthode phénoménologique descriptive husserlienne. Pour ce faire, deux séries d’entretiens semi-dirigés à l’aide d’un guide d’entrevue visent à répondre aux deux premiers objectifs. Le second volet cible l’élaboration et la validation d’un instrument de mesure permettant de répondre au troisième objectif de la recherche et le dernier volet, de type quantitatif corrélationnel, s’applique à répondre aux deux derniers objectifs. Dans la première phase, l’analyse visuelle des données qualitatives (verbatim) permet l’émergence des résultats qualitatifs, soit de cinq eidos-thèmes favorables exprimés par les participants et décrits par ordre d’importance : 1) l’actualisation du leadership et des habiletés politiques pour l’amélioration de la qualité des soins infirmiers, 2) les éléments contextuels propices à l’humanisation organisationnelle, 3) le soutien organisationnel favorisant l’épanouissement socioprofessionnel et personnel, 4) l’organisation apprenante favorisant le développement des compétences en gestion des soins infirmiers et 5) l’accompagnement personnalisé répondant aux besoins spécifiques des novices en gestion des soins infirmiers. L’essence de la QVT pour les CGIPN se définit par l’émancipation socioprofessionnelle du cadre gestionnaire infirmier de premier niveau dans sa pratique clinico-administrative au sein d’une organisation humaniste. De plus, trois eidos-thèmes défavorables se dégagent des analyses qualitatives. Les résultats, décrits par ordre d’importance, sont : 1) la déshumanisation organisationnelle, 2) les conditions défavorables à la pratique en gestion des soins infirmiers et 3) l’accompagnement insuffisant des gestionnaires infirmiers novices. L’essence de l’absence d’une QVT pour les CGIPN se présente comme la dysharmonie au travail du cadre gestionnaire infirmier de premier niveau à l’intérieur d’une structure organisationnelle déshumanisante mettant en péril sa pratique clinico-administrative. Par la suite, une mise en relation des deux essences du phénomène a permis de faire émerger la signification universelle de l’expérience de la QVT et l’absence de celle-ci pour des CGIPN œuvrant en CHA comme étant : une dialectique en administration des services infirmiers dans laquelle se vit des pratiques humanisantes permettant l’atteinte d’un idéal de QVT, en coexistence avec des pratiques déshumanisantes conduisant à l’absence de QVT. Afin de respecter les postulats des méthodes quantitatives, les huit eidos-thèmes qui émergent de la première phase qualitative se transforment en facteurs favorables (FF) et défavorables (FD) à la QVT pour la réalisation des deuxième et troisième phases de la recherche. Dans la seconde phase, le construit théorique qui provient des huit eidos-thèmes et 23 thèmes permet de développer un nouvel instrument de mesure qui s’avère unique à cette population à l’étude. L’analyse psychométrique de l’instrument de mesure (questionnaire auto-administré en mode électronique) permet l’obtention d’un score global du coefficient alpha de Cronbach (α) de 0,93, ce qui est jugé excellent. Dans la troisième et dernière phase, les analyses statistiques des données (logiciel SPSS, version 22 pour Windows 7, 2013) issues de l’enquête quantitative provinciale en ligne (Web) mettent en évidence des résultats probants. Les résultats du questionnaire en ligne avec une échelle ordinale à cinq niveaux révèlent un score global du coefficient alpha de Cronbach à 0,95. De plus, les résultats quantitatifs suggèrent que les facteurs favorables (FF) à la QVT ont des scores moyens de 3,99 (FF1), 3,97 (FF2), 3,96 (FF3), 3,72 (FF4) et 3,53 (FF5) et les trois facteurs défavorables (FD) à la QVT ont des scores moyens de 3,91(FD1), 3,78 (FD2) et 3,56 (FD3). Ces facteurs correspondent aux eidos-thèmes favorables et défavorables de la QVT du volet qualitatif phénoménologique. Les résultats quantitatifs révèlent quelques relations significatives des caractéristiques sociodémographiques (âge et années d’expérience) sur le choix des facteurs qui influencent le plus fortement la QVT. En conclusion, le fait de pouvoir mieux décrire et comprendre la signification de la QVT ainsi que son absence et de pouvoir identifier les facteurs qui sont les plus susceptibles de l’influencer permet de formuler des recommandations pour les quatre domaines de la pratique infirmière. Des pistes d’avenues sont formulées pour maintenir la relève infirmière à des postes de CGIPN au sein des organisations de santé en lui assurant des moyens pour optimiser humainement sa QVT.

Social perception gaze patterns, symptom severity and resting brain function measured using Arterial Spin Labelling

Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterised by qualitative alterations in reciprocal social interactions. Some recent studies show alterations in gaze patterns during social perception and rest-functional abnormalities in the ‘social brain network’. This study investigated: i) social perception gaze patterns in children with ASD and controls, ii) the relationship between autism clinical severity and social perception gaze patterns, iii) the relationship between resting cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and social perception gaze patterns. Methods: Nine children with ASD and 9 children with typical development were studied. Eye-tracking was used to detect gaze patterns during presentation of stimuli depicting social scenes. Autism clinical severity was established using the Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised (ADI-R). Arterial spin labelling MRI was used to quantify rCBF. Results: The ASD group looked less at social regions and more at non-social regions than controls. No significant correlation was found between ASD clinical severity and social perception gaze patterns. In the ASD group, gaze behaviour was related to rCBF in the temporal lobe regions at trend level. Positive correlations were found between temporal rCBF and gaze to the face region, while negative correlations were found between temporal rCBF and gaze to non-social regions. Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that social perception gaze patterns are altered in children with ASD, and could be related to temporal rCBF.

Early social experience and individual differences in infants' joint attention

Fifty-nine healthy infants were filmed with their mothers and with a researcher at two, four, six and nine months in face-to-face play, and in toy-play at six and nine months. During toy-play at both ages, two indices of joint attention (JA)—infant bids for attention, and percent of time in shared attention—were assessed, along with other behavioural measures. Global ratings were made at all four ages of infants’ and mothers’ interactive style. The mothers varied in psychiatric history (e.g., half had experienced postpartum depression) and socioeconomic status, so their interactive styles were diverse. Variation in nine-month infant JA — with mother and with researcher — was predicted by variation in maternal behaviour and global ratings at six months, but not at two or four months. Concurrent adult behaviour also influenced nine-month JA, independent of infant ratings. Six-month maternal behaviours that positively predicted later JA (some of which remained important at nine months) included teaching, conjoint action on a toy, and global sensitivity. Other behaviours (e.g., entertaining) negatively predicted later JA. Findings are discussed in terms of social-learning and neurobiological accounts of JA emergence.

Regional response differences across the human amygdaloid complex during social conditioning

The amygdala is consistently implicated in biologically relevant learning tasks such as Pavlovian conditioning. In humans, the ability to identify individual faces based on the social outcomes they have predicted in the past constitutes a critical form of associative learning that can be likened to “social conditioning.” To capture such learning in a laboratory setting, participants learned about faces that predicted negative, positive, or neutral social outcomes. Participants reported liking or disliking the faces in accordance with their learned social value. During acquisition, we observed differential functional magnetic resonance imaging activation across the human amygdaloid complex consistent with previous lesion, electrophysiological, and functional neuroimaging data. A region of the medial ventral amygdala and a region of the dorsal amygdala/substantia innominata showed signal increases to both Negative and Positive faces, whereas a lateral ventral region displayed a linear representation of the valence of faces such that Negative > Positive > Neutral. This lateral ventral locus also differed from the dorsal and medial loci in that the magnitude of these responses was more resistant to habituation. These findings document a role for the human amygdala in social learning and reveal coarse regional dissociations in amygdala activity that are consistent with previous human and nonhuman animal data.

Towards a strategic use of computer mediated communication to support flexible learning in the workplace

A number of central precepts of flexible delivery of workplace training are challenged by research showing that vocational learners are typically non-verbal, and prefer structured and social learning environments. That research is reviewed, together with a number of strategies that will assist flexible delivery to these learners. These strategies are largely amenable to
computer-mediated communication.

Self adjusted security architecture for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs)

In this work we present a novel security architecture for MANETs that merges the clustering and the threshold key management techniques. The proposed distributed authentication architecture reacts with the frequently changing topology of the network and enhances the process of assigning the node's public key. In the proposed architecture, the overall network is divided into clusters where the clusterheads (CH) are connected by virtual networks and share the private key of the Central Authority (CA) using Lagrange interpolation. Experimental results show that the proposed architecture reaches to almost 95.5% of all nodes within an ad-hoc network that are able to communicate securely, 9 times faster than other architectures, to attain the same results. Moreover, the solution is fully decentralized to operate in a large-scale mobile network.

Is off-campus engineering study off the agenda? Professional accreditation and distance education

In engineering, distance/off-campus study is an essential element of access to education for those in remote locations and/or seeking to upgrade their qualifications via the lifelong learning route whilst employed. Internationally, engineering education accrediting bodies have moved toward outcomes-based assessment of graduate competency, but are still struggling to relinquish their historical attachment to the measurement of inputs. A genuinely outcomes-based accreditation system based on the demonstrated individual student attainment of appropriate graduate attributes (which might be delivered/gained by a range of means) offers the best way forward for an equitable, representative and socially just undergraduate engineering education system that encourages suitably qualified candidates from a range of social, employment, educational, gender, age and geographic circumstances to aspire to the professional sphere of the engineering workforce. Until outcomes-based education becomes the norm in engineering, it is likely that distance learners in engineering will face significant difficulties.

Computing in a social context : gender difference in participation

The thesis reviews the literature relating to girls and computing within a framework which is structured around three specific questions. First, are there differences between girls and boys in their participation in class computing activities and/or in non-class computing activities? Second, do these differences in participation in computing activities have broader implications which justify the growing concern about the under-representation of girls? Third, wahy are girls under-represented in these activities? Although the available literature is predominantly descriptive, the underlying implicit theoretical model is essentially a social learning model. Girl's differential participation is attributed to learned attitudes towards computing rathan to differences between girls and boys in general ability. These attitudes, which stress the masculine, mathematical, technological aspects of computing are developed through modelling, direct experience, intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcement and generalisation from pre-existing, attitudes to related curriculum areas. In the literature it is implicitly assumed that these attitudes underlie girl's decisions to self-select out of computing activities. In this thesis predictions from a social learning model are complemented by predictions derived from expectancy-value, cognitive dissonance and self-perception theories. These are tested in three separate studies. Study one provides data from a pretest-posttest study of 24 children in a year four class learning BASIC. It examines pre- and posttest differences between girls and boys in computing experience, knowledge and achievement as well as the factors relating to computing achievement. Study two uses a pretest-posttest control group design to study the gender differences in the impact of the introduction of Logo into years 1, 3, 5 and 7 in both a coeducational and single-sex setting using a sample of 222 children from three schools. Study three utilises a larger sample of 1176 students, drawn from three secondary schools and five primary schools, enabling an evaluation of gender differences in relation to a wide range of class computing experiences and in a broader range of school contexts. The overall results are consistent across the three studies, supporting the contention that social factors, rather than ability differences influence girls' participation and achievement in computing. The more global theoretical framework, drawing on social learning, expectancy-value, cognitive dissonance and self-perception theories, provides a more adequate explanation of gender differences in participation than does any one of these models.

Applying genetic algorithm for optimizing broadcasting process in ad-hoc network

Optimizing broadcasting process in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is considered as a main challenge due to many problems, such as Broadcast Storm problem and high complexity in finding the optimal tree resulting in an NP-hard problem. Straight forward techniques like simple flooding give rise to Broadcast Storm problem with a high probability. In this work, genetic algorithm (GA) that searches over a population that represents a distinguishable ‘structure’ is adopted innovatively to suit MANETs. The novelty of the GA technique adopted here to provide the means to tackle this MANET problem lies mainly on the proposed method of searching for a structure of a suitable spanning tree that can be optimized, in order to meet the performance indices related to the broadcasting problem. In other words, the proposed genetic model (GM) evolves with the structure of random trees (individuals) ‘genetically’ generated using rules that are devised specifically to capture MANET behaviour in order to arrive at a minimal spanning tree that satisfies certain fitness function. Also, the model has the ability to give different solutions depending on the main factors specified such as, ‘time’ (or speed) in certain situations and ‘reachability’ in certain others.

Where shall the future student learn? Student expectations of university facilities for teaching and learning

This paper examines some of the issues surrounding educational facilities - their design and impact upon student learning now and into the future. It details some of the recent literature in this area with particular emphasis upon teaching and learning trends that match the needs of modern students. The responses of a group of first year university students in the School of Property, Construction and Project Management at RMIT University are also matched against these trends. The conclusions from these responses drawn indicate that the future university student will want flexible learning spaces that can adapt to both individual and collaborative work with a strong emphasis on social learning and advanced technology. The responses also indicate a mismatch between existing lecture theatres and tutorial rooms and the third space learning that these graduates of 2011 want. The results have implications for all higher education institutions as we enter the new millennium.

Reliable aggregation on network traffic for web based knowledge discovery

The web is a rich resource for information discovery, as a result web mining is a hot topic. However, a reliable mining result depends on the reliability of the data set. For every single second, the web generate huge amount of data, such as web page requests, file transportation. The data reflect human behavior in the cyber space and therefore valuable for our analysis in various disciplines, e.g. social science, network security. How to deposit the data is a challenge. An usual strategy is to save the abstract of the data, such as using aggregation functions to preserve the features of the original data with much smaller space. A key problem, however is that such information can be distorted by the presence of illegitimate traffic, e.g. botnet recruitment scanning, DDoS attack traffic, etc. An important consideration in web related knowledge discovery then is the robustness of the aggregation method , which in turn may be affected by the reliability of network traffic data. In this chapter, we first present the methods of aggregation functions, and then we employe information distances to filter out anomaly data as a preparation for web data mining.