Inoculation of Lacazia loboi into the subcutaneous tissue of the hamster cheek pouch

The subcutaneous tissue of the hamster cheek pouch, a site of immunologic privilege, has been used to investigate the potential infectivity of different types of parasites. It has been demonstrated that the implantation of fragments of lesions induced by the fungus Lacazia loboi, the etiologic agent of Jorge Lobo's disease, into the subcutaneous tissue of the hamster cheek pouch resulted in parasite multiplication and dissemination to satellite lymph nodes16. Here we describe the evolution of lesions induced by the inoculation of the isolated fungus into this immunologically privileged site. The morphology of the inflammatory response and fungal viability and proliferation were evaluated. Inoculation of the fungus into the cheek pouch induced histiocytic granulomas with rare lymphocytes. Although fungal cells were detected for a period of up to 180 days in these lesions, the fungi lost viability after the first day of inoculation. In contrast, when the parasite was inoculated into the footpad, non-organized histiocytic lesions were observed. Langhan's giant cells, lymphocytes and fungal particles were observed in these lesions. Fungal viability was observed up to 60 days after inoculation and non-viable parasites were present in the persistent lesions up to 180 days post-inoculation. These data indicate that the subcutaneous tissue of the hamster cheek pouch is not a suitable site for the proliferation of Lacazia loboi when the fungus isolated from human tissues is tested.

Pyogenic abscesses and parasitic diseases

Parasitic diseases which during their course in the host switch the immune system from a T helper 1 to a T helper 2 response may be detrimental to the host, contributing to granuloma formation, eosinophilia, hyper-IgE, and increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections. Patients and animals with acute schistosomiasis and hyper-IgE in their serum develop pyogenic liver abscess in the presence of bacteremia caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The Salmonella-S. mansoni association has also been well documented. The association of tropical pyomyositis (pyogenic muscle abscess) and pyogenic liver abscess with Toxocara infection has recently been described in the same context. In tropical countries that may be an interesting explanation for the great morbidity of bacterial diseases. If the association of parasitic infections and pyogenic abscesses and/or fungal diseases are confirmed, there will be a strong case in favor of universal treatment for parasitic diseases to prevent or decrease the morbidity of superinfection with bacteria and fungi.

Erythema induratum of Bazin and renal tuberculosis: report of an association

Erythema induratum of Bazin is a disease that usually affects women, in whom erythematous subcutaneous nodules and plaques appear on the posterior part of the lower extremities, some of which ulcerate. In many countries, tuberculosis is still the main etiologic factor. We report a case of a 40-year-old woman who presented a course of protracted and recurrent episodes over five years of cutaneous lesions on her legs. These tend to involute, but new crops appear at irregular intervals. It was painful, erythematous-violaceous nodules, some of which drained a reddish secretion. The histopathologic features of the lesions demonstrated inflammatory infiltration, with predominance of neutrophils in dermis and hypodermis, necrotizing vasculitis in the arterioles and septal fibrosis. There was no granuloma. The Ziehl-Neelsen stain did not revealed acid-fast bacilli, and the culture of biopsy specimen was negative. The tuberculin skin test was strongly positive (17 mm). The chest X-ray was normal. Few months later she presented adynamia and urinary complaints, such as polacyuria and dysuria. It has been done an urynalysis, which demonstrated acid pH urine, sterile pyuria and microscopic hematuria. It was then raised the diagnostic hypothesis of renal tuberculosis. The urine culture for M. tuberculosis was positive in two out of ten samples. The treatment was instituted with rifampin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide, with complete regression. This case illustrates a clear association between erythema induratum and renal tuberculosis, demonstrated by the remission of the cutaneous lesions after the treatment of the renal tuberculosis.

Epistaxis Como Primeira Manifestação de Granulomatose Wegener. Caso Clínico.

A Granulomatose de Wegener é uma doença sistémica de etiologia desconhecida, caracterizada pela tríade clínica: envolvimento da mucosa nasal e dos seios perinasais, infiltração e cavitação pulmonar e doença renal com hematúria. A Granulomatose de Wegener afecta normalmente adultos jovens e de meia idade e embora seja incomum nas crianças, pode surgir em qualquer estrato etário. Apresentamos o caso clínico de uma adolescente de 14 anos, com sintomas de epistaxis, cuja investigação posterior mostrou insuficiência renal e múltiplos nódulos pulmonares. O teste positivo para o anticorpo antineutrofílico citoplasmático suportou o diagnóstico de Granulomatose de Wegener, necessitando de terapêutica com hemodiálise e imunossupressão.

The histopathology of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico

Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (LCL) known as "chiclero's ulcer" in southeast Mexico, was described by SEIDELIN in 1912. Since then the sylvatic region of the Yucatan peninsula has been documented as an endemic focus of LCL. This study of 73 biopsies from parasitological confirmed lesions of LCL cases of Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana infection was undertaken: 1) to examine host response at tissue level; and 2) to relate manifestations of this response to some characteristics of clinical presentation. Based on Magalhães' classification we found that the most common pattern in our LCL cases caused by L. (L.) mexicana was predominantly characterized by the presence of unorganized granuloma without necrosis, (43.8%). Another important finding to be highlighted is the fact that in 50/73 (68.5%) parasite identification was positive. There was direct relation between the size of the lesion and time of evolution (r s = 0.3079, p = 0.03), and inverse correlation between size of the lesion and abundance of amastigotes (r s = -0.2467, p = 0.03). In view of the complexity of clinical and histopathological findings, cell-mediated immune response of the disease related to clinical and histopathological features, as so genetic background should be studied.

Does Cleome droserifolia have anti-schistosomiasis mansoni activity?

The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of the crude extract of Cleome droserifolia (CD) leaves on experimentally infected mice with Schistosoma mansoni. Two groups of mice, showing a patent infection of S. mansoni, one of them was daily treated with an alcoholic extract of CD leaves (0.31 g kg-1 body weight, i.p.) for 21 days. The schistosomicidal activity of the CD extract was evaluated, three weeks post-treatment, on some parasitological and histopathological aspects including worm load, oogram pattern, faecal eggs releasing and granuloma formation. In addition, serum thyroid hormones levels (tri-iodothyronine; T3 and tetra-iodo-thyronin; T4), serum total protein contents and hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) were evaluated. Treatment using CD extract resulted in a weak reduction in worm burden (32.46%) and affected the viability of both mature and immature eggs as indicated by the increase in the percentage of dead eggs and the decrease in the percentage of live ones. In addition, a week post-treatment, eggs elimination was observed in the stool of the infected-treated group which was low compared to the infected group. There was a suppressive effect of the extract on granuloma formation that could be due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. These data are confirmed by increasing hepatic GSH, serum total proteins and thyroid hormone levels in the infected-treated group as compared to the infected group. Treatment significantly enhanced b globulin fractions of the protein. Based on these assumptions, CD extract has beneficial effects on thyroid hormones status and anti-schistosomiasis activity. The beneficial effects of CD extract could be related to its direct effects on the parasite, and secondary to its effect on the antioxidant capacity of the host. The present study could emphasize the precise mechanism (s) of CD extract protection.

Human infection by Angiostrongylus costaricensis in Venezuela: first report of a confirmed case

A proven case of human infection caused by Angiostrongylus costaricensis is reported for the first time in Venezuela. The patient was a 57-year-old female surgically operated because of signs of peritonitis with a palpable mass at the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. WBC count reported 16,600 cells/mm³, with 46% eosinophils. The tumoral aspect of ileocolic area and peritoneal lymph nodes prompted the resection of a large area of the terminal ileum, cecum, part of the ascending colon and a small part of the jejunum, where a small lesion was found. The pathology showed thickened areas of the intestinal wall with areas of hemorrhage and a perforation of the cecum. Histology showed intense eosinophil infiltration of the whole intestinal wall, granulomas with giant cells and eosinophils. Some of the granuloma surrounded round or oval eggs with content characterized by a large empty area, cells or embryo in the center, and sometimes nematode larvae. A cross section of an adult nematode worm was observed inside a branch of mesenteric artery. The intestinal affected area, the characteristics of the lesions, the presence of eggs in the submucosa with nematode larvae inside, and the observation of a nematode inside a mesenteric artery, makes sufficient criteria for the diagnosis of an infection by Angiostrongylus costaricensis.

Granulomas do Pénis - Uma Complicação Rara da Terapia Intravesical com Bacilo Calmette-Guérin

A imunoterapia com o Bacilo Calmette-Guérin é amplamente usada no tratamento e profilaxia da neoplasia urotelial superficial. As complicações associadas ao tratamento são comuns. Os autores relatam um caso de inflamação granulomatosa do pênis, associada à terapia intravesical com Bacilo Calmette-Guérin, com múltiplos nódulos eritematosos indolores localizados na glande. É também efetuada uma revisão da literatura. A balanopostite granulomatosa é uma complicação rara associada à imunoterapia com Bacilo Calmette-Guérin, com uma apresentação clinicamente heterogênea que pode dificultar o diagnóstico. O seu reconhecimento clínico é essencial para o início precoce de tuberculostáticos e interrupção de Bacilo Calmette-Guérin.

Paracoccidioidomycosis: infiltrated, sarcoid-like cutaneous lesions misinterpreted as tuberculoid leprosy

The authors report a case of paracoccidioidomycosis misinterpreted as tuberculoid leprosy, both on clinical and histological examination. Sarcoid-like cutaneous lesion as the initial presentation is rare in young patient with paracoccidioidomycosis and can simulate other infectious or inflammatory diseases. On histology, tuberculoid granuloma presented similar difficulties. Treatment with dapsone, a sulfonamide derivative, could have delayed the presumed natural clinical course to the classical juvenile type of paracoccidioidomycosis, observed only 24 months after the patient had been treated for leprosy.

Partial Rhombencephalosynapsis.

Clinical history - A 4-year-old boy, born prematurely at 29 weeks (twin pregnancy), with periventricular leukomalacia and epilepsy underwent brain MRI. Neurological examination showed severe developmental retardation with axial hypotonia, spastic tetraparesis and convergent strabismus. Imaging findings - Cranial MRI revealed typical aspects of partial rhombencephalosynapsis with vermian hypoplasia, midline fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres and transversely oriented folia and fissures. There was also mild dilatation and dysmorphism of the ventricular system, the septum pellucidum was absent, the hippocampi were malrotated and had vertical orientation and additional finding of associated periventricular cystic leukomalacia. Discussion - Rhombencephalosynapsis (RS) is a rare congenital defect of the cerebellum classically characterised by vermian agenesis or hypogenesis, fusion of the hemispheres, and closely apposed or fused dentate nuclei. It is now considered to result from an absence of division of the cerebellar hemispheres, following an insult between the 28th and 44th day of gestation (i.e., before the formation of the vermis). Other features have also been described such as fusion of the thalami and cerebral peduncles, malrotated hippocampi, corpus callosum agenesis, hypoplastic chiasm, absence of the septum pellucidum, ventriculomegaly, agenesis of the posterior lobe of the pituitary and cortical malformations. Musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, urinary tract, and respiratory abnormalities have been reported. Typical symptoms consist of swallowing difficulties, delayed motor acquisitions, muscular hypotonia, spastic quadriparesis, cerebellar signs including dysarthria, gait ataxia, abnormal eye movements, and seizures and hydrocephalus. The major MRI signs consist of fused cerebellar hemispheres, with absent or hypoplastic vermis, narrow diamond-shaped fourth ventricle and fused dentate nuclei. In a minority of cases, partial RS has been identified by MRI, demonstrating the presence of the nodulus and the anterior vermis and absence of part of the posterior vermis with only partial fusion of the hemispheres in the inferior part. Other cerebellar malformations involving vermian agenesis or hypoplasia include the Dandy–Walker continuum, Joubert syndrome, tectocerebellar dysraphy or pontocerebellar hypoplasias, and are now easily distinguished from RS by both brain MRI and morphology.

Iatrogenia rara ao alopurinol

Existem raríssimos casos citados de granulomas da medula óssea por iatrogenia ao alopurinol. Os granulomas são um achado raro nas biópsias da medula óssea e podem ter várias etiologias, nomeadamente infeciosas, neoplásicas, autoimunes, iatrogénicas ou sarcoidose. Na ausência de características patognomónicas, recorre-se à integração de dados clínicos, laboratoriais, imagiológicos e histológicos para estabelecer o diagnóstico. Descrevemos o caso de um caucasiano, 59 anos, referenciado à consulta de Medicina por gota úrica, tendo sido medicado com alopurinol e colchicina. Ao longo do seguimento surgiram anemia e trombocitopenia. Do estudo por mielograma e biópsia osteomedular salientavam-se “numerosos granulomas de tipo epitelióide, sem células multinucleadas, sem identifica- ção de microrganismos PAS pós diástase ou Ziehl-Neelsen, sem neoplasia, compatível com mielite granulomatosa”. A etiologia estabelecida foi a de reação de hipersensibilidade ao alopurinol pelo que foi descontinuado. Repetido o exame um ano depois, não se observaram granulomas, facto que reforçou a hipótese diagnóstica.

Retroníquia: Reconhecer para Tratar

Introdução: Retroníquia é o termo proposto por alguns autores para definir o processo caracterizado por onicocriptose proximal e consequente inflamação crónica da prega ungueal proximal (PUP), provavelmente de etiologia traumática. Os autores descrevem dois casos desta entidade clínica recentemente descrita. Casos clínicos: Caso 1: Jovem de 18 anos é observada por sinais inflamatórios do hálux esquerdo com 5 meses de evolução, em relação com trauma pelo calçado. Ao exame objectivo observava-se xantoníquia e paroníquia proximal com formação de granuloma subungueal e presença de exsudado. Tinha sido previamente medicada com antifúngico tópico e sistémico sem benefício clínico. Clinicamente sugestivo de retroníquia, optou-se por uma primeira abordagem terapêutica conservadora com anti-­séptico local e betametasona/gentamicina tópica. A refractariedade à terapêutica determinou a avulsão da lâmina ungueal, com subsequente resolução completa do quadro clínico. Caso 2: Doente de 19 anos é observada por inflamação recalcitrante de ambos os háluces com 6 meses de evolução, negando evento traumático precipitante ou melhoria com aplicação de antifúngicos tópicos. À observação constatava-­se, bilateralmente, a presença de distrofia total da unha do primeiro dedo do pé, com xantoníquia e onicomadese parcial, associada a paroníquia da PUP e granuloma subungueal. Com a hipótese diagnóstica de retroníquia efectuou ciclo de terapêutica tópica com anti-­séptico local e betametasona/gentamicina em creme, assistindo-­se a onicomadese da lâmina suprajacente e resolução progressiva do quadro clínico e sintomático encontrando‐se actualmente sob vigilância clínica. Conclusão: Apesar de contar com menos de 35 casos divulgados na literatura, a retroníquia poderá ser mais frequente que o estimado. Supõe-­se que a grande maioria dos casos será incorrectamente diagnosticada e tratada, à semelhança do reportado nestes dois casos. O diagnóstico da retroníquia é clínico e suportado pela tríade de espessamento proximal da unha, paroníquia crónica da PUP e presença de granuloma subungueal.

THE RELEVANCE OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS ON THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS OF BALB/C MICE INOCULATED WITH Lacazia loboi

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the protein-calorie malnutrition in BALB/c isogenic mice infected with Lacazia loboi, employing nutritional and histopathological parameters. Four groups were composed: G1: inoculated with restricted diet, G2: not inoculated with restricted diet, G3: inoculated with regular diet, G4: not inoculated with regular diet. Once malnutrition had been imposed, the animals were inoculated intradermally in the footpad and after four months, were sacrificed for the excision of the footpad, liver and spleen. The infection did not exert great influence on the body weight of the mice. The weight of the liver and spleen showed reduction in the undernourished groups when compared to the nourished groups. The macroscopic lesions, viability index and total number of fungi found in the footpads of the infected mice were increased in G3 when compared to G1. Regarding the histopathological analysis of the footpad, a global cellularity increase in the composition of the granuloma was observed in G3 when compared to G1, with large numbers of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, discrete numbers of lymphocytes were present in G3 and an increase was observed in G1. The results suggest that there is considerable interaction between Jorge Lobo's disease and nutrition.

Esplenoportografia em pacientes com hepatoesplenomegalia acompanhada de infecção malárica

Foi praticada a esplenoportografia em 10 pacientes portadores de malária, sendo a infecção causada pelo P. falciparum em 5 casos, pelo P. vivax em 3 casos e pela associação de ambos os plasmódios em outros 2 casos. Em 2 dêsses 10 casos, havia associação da malária com a esquistossomose mansoni. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram: 1) tortuosidade da veia esplênica em 4 casos. Êste fato é explicado pela hepatoesplenomegalia, restringindo a distância entre os hilos dos dois órgãos e portanto causando uma retração da veia esplênica em seu sentido longitudinal; 2) discreta pobreza das ramificações portais intrahepálicas, representada pela ausência ou deficiência de contrastação dos ramos aicotômicos portais mais finos. Esta imagem foi encontrada em 7 casos, e pode ser explicada pela vasoconstricção das ramificações portais, relatadas por Skirrow em Macacus rhesus infectados pelo P. knowlesi (19, 20). Outra explicação mais simplista para êste fato está relacionada com a grande diluição do contraste ao atingir os ramos portais mais finos, tendo em vista a ampliação do leito vascular, em virtude da grande hepatoesplenomegalia - sendo de nocar-se que a hepatomegalia era proeminente em 6 dos casos; 3) o hepatograma, além dos aspectos mencionados, mostrou um aumento apreciável e universal do fígado em 6 casos cujos limites podiam ser apreciados em todos os sentidos, contrastando de certo modo com o hepatograma de esquistossomose hepatoesplênica, em que predominam alterações vasculares intrahepáticas, com aspectos sugestivos de peripileflebite esquistossomótica. Parece que êsses resultados não foram influenciados pela espécie do plasmódio em causa, isto ê, o falciparum ou o vivax. Nove dos dez pacientes foram submetidos à punção biópsia hepática, sendo que as alterações histopatológicas observadas foram bastante discretas, estando portanto em acordo com as pequenas modificações evidenciadas no esplenoportograma. Apenas em um dos dois casos de esquistossomose mansoni associada, na qual foi praticada a biópsia, havia fibrose interlobular com a presença de granuloma esquistcssomótico. Neste mesmo caso, a esplenoportografia demonstrou imagens de ncoformação vascular em tôrno dos ramos dicotômicos do sistema porta intrahepático, com seu aspecto musgoso descrito por Bogliolo, considerado característico da esquistossomose mansoni.

Estudo imunocitológico do fígado, baço e gânglio linfático de pacientes na forma hepatoesplênica da esquistossomose mansônica, utilizando a microscopia de fluorescência

Os autores estudaram amostras de fígado, baço e linfonodos de 45 pacientes portadores da forma hépatoesplênica da esqúistossomose mansônica, utilizando a técnica de imunofluorescência para detecção de antígenos em tecidos. Os casos que dispunham de dados clínicos e laboratoriais mais completos foram divididos em 3 grupos, de acôrdo com a idade, tendo sido tentada uma correlação entre a gravidade da doença e os achados imunológicos no baço e fígado. A correlação se mostrou positiva quanto ao baço e, sobretudo, nos grupos de crianças e adultos jovens. O estudo imunocitológico dos fígados à luz U.V. demonstrou a presença de células fagocitárías fluorescentes nos espaços porta, faixas de fibrose e, mais raramente nos sinusoides. A distribuição e freqüência das células fluorescentes, excetuados os granulomas, mostrou-se irregular e incaracterística. Estudo semelhante no baço demonstrou uniformidade de distribuição das células fluorescentes, predominantemente nos cordões de Billroth e nos sinusoides; menos freqüentemente nas trabéculas. Os folículos linfóides aparecem desprovidos de células fluorescentes. Do exame de numerosos granulomas em fígado e linfonodos, foi realizado um estudo evolutivo desta lesão. Os diversos aspectos imunocitológicos permitiram estabelecer cinco fases neste processo. As células fluorescentes são fagocitárias e reconhecíveis como polimorfonucleares neutrófilos e histiócitos; células redondas pequenas e algumas células alongadas não puderam ser identificadas. O material fluorescente dentro do ôvo ou no interior do citoplasma dos fagócitos aparece na forma de grumos e de finos grânulos com fluorescência verde-maçã brilhante. Os principais aspectos defendidos pelos autores podem ser sumariados como segue: o baço é mais uniformemente representativo do estado imunológico vigente nesta doença; as lesões fibroplásticas do fígado guardam relação direta com reações imunológicas; o infiltrado inflamatório dos espaços porta e das Jaixas de fibrose é especifico, pelo menos em parte; o granuloma esquistossoviótico é um processo reacional específico frente ao material antigênico contido no ôvo; o material antigênico demonstrado pelo método usado na esquistosomose mansônica é particulado (o método não permite demonstrar antígenos solúveis).