Energy and raw material consumption analysis of powder bed fusion: case study: CNC machining and laser additive manufacturing

Laser additive manufacturing (LAM), known also as 3D printing, is a powder bed fusion (PBF) type of additive manufacturing (AM) technology used to manufacture metal parts layer by layer by assist of laser beam. The development of the technology from building just prototype parts to functional parts is due to design flexibility. And also possibility to manufacture tailored and optimised components in terms of performance and strength to weight ratio of final parts. The study of energy and raw material consumption in LAM is essential as it might facilitate the adoption and usage of the technique in manufacturing industries. The objective this thesis was find the impact of LAM on environmental and economic aspects and to conduct life cycle inventory of CNC machining and LAM in terms of energy and raw material consumption at production phases. Literature overview in this thesis include sustainability issues in manufacturing industries with focus on environmental and economic aspects. Also life cycle assessment and its applicability in manufacturing industry were studied. UPLCI-CO2PE! Initiative was identified as mostly applied exiting methodology to conduct LCI analysis in discrete manufacturing process like LAM. Many of the reviewed literature had focused to PBF of polymeric material and only few had considered metallic materials. The studies that had included metallic materials had only measured input and output energy or materials of the process and compared to different AM systems without comparing to any competitive process. Neither did any include effect of process variation when building metallic parts with LAM. Experimental testing were carried out to make dissimilar samples with CNC machining and LAM in this thesis. Test samples were designed to include part complexity and weight reductions. PUMA 2500Y lathe machine was used in the CNC machining whereas a modified research machine representing EOSINT M-series was used for the LAM. The raw material used for making the test pieces were stainless steel 316L bar (CNC machined parts) and stainless steel 316L powder (LAM built parts). An analysis of power, time, and the energy consumed in each of the manufacturing processes on production phase showed that LAM utilises more energy than CNC machining. The high energy consumption was as result of duration of production. Energy consumption profiles in CNC machining showed fluctuations with high and low power ranges. LAM energy usage within specific mode (standby, heating, process, sawing) remained relatively constant through the production. CNC machining was limited in terms of manufacturing freedom as it was not possible to manufacture all the designed sample by machining. And the one which was possible was aided with large amount of material removed as waste. Planning phase in LAM was shorter than in CNC machining as the latter required many preparation steps. Specific energy consumption (SEC) were estimated in LAM based on the practical results and assumed platform utilisation. The estimated platform utilisation showed SEC could reduce when more parts were placed in one build than it was in with the empirical results in this thesis (six parts).

Biofuel handling, pretreatment and traffic use in China

This paper describes the development situation of biofuel in China and the research progress and application in transportation and aviation area, including several key technologies of biofuel production: biofuel pretreatment and handling. This paper is aiming to find the best storing, transmitting, feeding and pretreating methods of various materials, as well as a comparison among the advantages and disadvantages of different pretreatment methods, which is expected to reduce cost in production process and reach the maximized benefits. Meanwhile, a case study of one biomass fuel production factory in China is presented with evaluation and analysis on their technology application.

Estudo das características de adsorção de água e da estabilidade das microcápsulas de óleo essencial de laranja na seleção de material de parede

Este trabalho consistiu no estudo e comparação das características de adsorção de água de três amostras de microcápsulas de óleo essencial de laranja, obtidas pela secagem por atomização de três diferentes emulsões preparadas pela adição de óleo essencial de laranja (oel), a uma solução aquosa de material de parede (mp) constituída de capsul (5,0, 0,0 e 10,0%), goma arábica (5,0, 10,0 e 0,0%) sendo constante para as três emulsões a maltodextrina (36,0%), água (44,0%) e óleo essencial (10,0%). A microencapsulação foi realizada a 220 e 110° C de ar de entrada e saída do secador usando um atomizador rotativo a 20.000rpm. Com base à determinação das isotermas de adsorção de água a 30, 40 e 50° C e usando o modelo de GAB para ajustar os pontos experimentais foram avaliadas as características das isotermas, a estabilidade e área superficial de adsorção de água das diferentes amostras de microcápsulas obtidas. Os resultados indicaram ser importante o estudo das características de adsorção de água para estimar a estabilidade das microcápsulas de oel e a comparação destas mostrou que as microcápsulas obtidas pela secagem por atomização da emulsão preparada com 5,0% de capsul e 5,0% de goma arábica apresentaram o melhor resultado.

Microencapsulação de óleo essencial de laranja: seleção de material de parede

No presente trabalho se procedeu à comparação de agentes microencapsulantes, material de parede (mp), na microencapsulação de óleo essencial de laranja (material ativo) através da secagem por atomização. Foram preparadas três amostras de emulsões pela adição de óleo essencial de laranja a uma solução aquosa do mp composta de capsul (5,0, 0,0 e 10,0%), goma arábica (5,0, 10,0 e 0,0%) sendo constante para as três amostras maltodextrina (36,0%), água (44,0%) e óleo essencial (10,0%). Foram avaliadas as curvas de secagem das emulsões frente à retenção do óleo essencial de laranja e a tendência de formação de dobras superficiais das partículas e verificou-se a hipótese "menor a tendência de formação de dobras na superfície das microcápsulas maior a retenção de material ativo". A microencapsulação foi obtida pela secagem por atomização, com temperaturas de 220ºC e 110ºC do ar de entrada e de saída da câmara de secagem, respectivamente, e com atomizador rotativo (20.000rpm). A comparação das microcápsulas obtidas a partir das três amostras de emulsões mostrou que aquela preparada com 10,0% de capsul e 0,0% de goma arábica apresentou o maior resultado. O período de taxa constante de secagem desta mistura é curto e com maior retenção de umidade após a secagem. As microcápsulas obtidas apresentaram maior retenção de óleo essencial e dobras superficiais menos pronunciadas decorrentes do menor entumescimento das gotículas durante a secagem.

Data Governance and Automated Marketing – A Case Study of Expected Benefits of Organizing Data Governance in an ICT Company

This research is looking to find out what benefits employees expect the organization of data governance gains for an organization and how it benefits implementing automated marketing capabilities. Quality and usability of the data are crucial for organizations to meet various business needs. Organizations have more data and technology available what can be utilized for example in automated marketing. Data governance addresses the organization of decision rights and accountabilities for the management of an organization’s data assets. With automated marketing it is meant sending a right message, to a right person, at a right time, automatically. The research is a single case study conducted in Finnish ICT-company. The case company was starting to organize data governance and implementing automated marketing capabilities at the time of the research. Empirical material is interviews of the employees of the case company. Content analysis is used to interpret the interviews in order to find the answers to the research questions. Theoretical framework of the research is derived from the morphology of data governance. Findings of the research indicate that the employees expect the organization of data governance among others to improve customer experience, to improve sales, to provide abilities to identify individual customer’s life-situation, ensure that the handling of the data is according to the regulations and improve operational efficiency. The organization of data governance is expected to solve problems in customer data quality that are currently hindering implementation of automated marketing capabilities.

Preparação de um material de referência certificado para controle de agrotóxicos em hortifrutigranjeiros: estudo da homogeneidade

Neste trabalho são apresentados os esforços para garantir a homogeneidade de um material de referência. Níveis residuais (mg.kg-1) de quatro agrotóxicos (γ-HCH, fenitrotiona, clorpirifós e procimidona) foram adicionados à polpa de tomate com o objetivo de se preparar um material de referência certificado. As propriedades mais importantes desses materiais são a homogeneidade e a estabilidade. Antes de serem enviados a outros laboratórios, os materiais de referência precisam ter sua homogeneidade verificada. Nas etapas prévias, amostras foram avaliadas de modo a prover dados sobre o tratamento mais adequado para minimizar a variabilidade analítica do lote preparado e garantir a qualidade da amostra candidata a material de referência certificado, tão bem como a estimativa da incerteza associada à homogeneidade. A análise de variância fornece informações sobre a variabilidade do lote preparado e o grau de invariabilidade da amostra fortificada. Depois da preparação, as amostras foram expostas à radiação gama na dose de 2 kGy e submetidas a um estudo interlaboratorial para certificação. As concentrações certificadas dos agrotóxicos após caracterização foram 0,191 ± 0,047 mg.kg-1; 0,192 ± 0,068 mg.kg-1; 0,225 ± 0,076 mg.kg-1e 0,177 ± 0,051 mg.kg-1 para o γ-HCH, a fenitrotiona, clorpirifós e procimidona respectivamente.

Preparação de um material de referência certificado para controle de agrotóxicos em hortifrutigranjeiros: estudo da estabilidade

Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados dos estudos de estabilidade referentes à produção de um material de referência certificado. Foram avaliados níveis residuais de concentração dos agrotóxicos γ-HCH, fenitrotiona, clorpirifós e procimidona em polpa de tomate. A pasteurização e a irradiação gama foram empregadas à polpa de tomate, visando manter a integridade da amostra candidata a material de referência. A polpa foi preparada e dividida em duas partes. Cada parte foi fortificada com os referidos agrotóxicos na faixa de concentração de 0,1 a 0,2 mg.kg-1. Uma das partes foi submetida à pasteurização a 90 °C por 4 minutos e a outra parte foi irradiada com dose de 2,0 kGy depois de homogeneizada. A estabilidade e a incerteza da amostra, correspondente ao período de tempo avaliado, foram determinadas através da análise de regressão em conjunto com a ANOVA. Os resultados indicaram que ambos os procedimentos de preparo da amostra são adequados para a conservação da polpa de tomate fortificada com os quatro agrotóxicos, com vantagem para o tratamento por irradiação com a dose de 2,0 kGy.

Microparticles obtained by complex coacervation: influence of the type of reticulation and the drying process on the release of the core material

Microparticles obtained by complex coacervation were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde or with transglutaminase and dried using freeze drying or spray drying. Moist samples presented Encapsulation Efficiency (%EE) higher than 96%. The mean diameters ranged from 43.7 ± 3.4 to 96.4 ± 10.3 µm for moist samples, from 38.1 ± 5.36 to 65.2 ± 16.1 µm for dried samples, and from 62.5 ± 7.5 to 106.9 ± 26.1 µm for rehydrated microparticles. The integrity of the particles without crosslinking was maintained when freeze drying was used. After spray drying, only crosslinked samples were able to maintain the wall integrity. Microparticles had a round shape and in the case of dried samples rugged walls apparently without cracks were observed. Core distribution inside the particles was multinuclear and homogeneous and core release was evaluated using anhydrous ethanol. Moist particles crosslinked with glutaraldehyde at the concentration of 1.0 mM.g-1 protein (ptn), were more efficient with respect to the core retention compared to 0.1 mM.g-1 ptn or those crosslinked with transglutaminase (10 U.g-1 ptn). The drying processes had a strong influence on the core release profile reducing the amount released to all dry samples

Influence of spray drying operating conditions on microencapsulated rosemary essential oil properties

Spray drying is an important method used by the food industry in the production of microencapsulated flavors to improve handling and dispersion properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the process conditions on the properties of rosemary essential oil microencapsulated by spray drying using gum Arabic as encapsulant. The effects of the wall material concentration (10-30%), inlet air temperature (135-195 ºC), and feed flow rate (0.5-1.0 L.h-1) on the moisture content, hygroscopicity, wettability, solubility, bulk and tapped densities, particle density, flowability, and cohesiveness were evaluated using a 2³ central composite rotational experimental design. Moisture content, hygroscopicity and wettability were significantly affected by the three factors analyzed. Bulk density was positively influenced by the wall material concentration and negatively by the inlet air temperature. Particle density was influenced by the wall material concentration and the inlet air temperature variables, both in a negative manner. As for the solubility, tapped density, flowability, and cohesiveness, the models did not fit the data well. The results indicated that moderate wall material concentration (24%), low inlet air temperature (135 ºC), and moderate feed flow rate (0.7 L.h-1) are the best spray drying conditions.

Presence of central nervous system tissues as bovine spongiform encephalopathy specified risk material in Turkish raw meat ball (cig kofte)

Abstract Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is a virulent disease which may infect by affecting the central nervous system (CNS) tissues in cattle and causes degeneration in nerves. Central nervous system tissues such as brain and spinal cord which are classified as specified risk materials (SRMs) are regarded to be main source of infection. The contamination of the meat with the specific risk materials (SRMs) can occur in phases of slaughter, fragmentation of carcass and processing. This study was conducted in order to investigate the existence of CNS tissues in raw meat ball (cig kofte) which is commonly consumed in the Southeastern Region of Turkey, particularly in Şanlıurfa. For this purpose, 145 samples of raw meat ball were tested. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (Ridascreen risk material 10/5, R-biofarm GmbH) which determine glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as determinant were used. As a result of the analyses, positivity was detected in 21 of totally 145 samples of raw meat ball (14.48%). 6 (4.14%) of the samples gave low level of positivity (≥ 0.1 standard absorbance), 10 (6.90%) gave medium level of positivity (>0.2 standard absorbance) and 5 (3.45%) gave high level of positivity (≥0.5 standard absorbance). As a consequence, meats are contaminated in any phase of both slaughter and meat production even if accidentally. Regarding this matter, necessary measures should be taken and hygiene rules should be applied.

Characterization and Investigation on Material Compatibilities of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Module Components

Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) are considered as the future of photovoltaic (PV) technology. The advantage of BIPV system is its multi-functionality; they fulfil the functions of a building envelope with the added benefit of generating power by replacing the traditional roofing and façade materials with PV that generate power. In this thesis, different types of PV cells and modules have been described in detail with their efficiencies and usage trends in the last decade. The different BIPV products for roof and façade are discussed in detail giving several examples. The electricity generation potential of BIPV in selected countries is compared with their actual electricity consumption. Further, the avoided greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with electricity generation from traditional sources and transportation and distribution (T&D) losses are calculated. The results illustrate huge savings in GHGs. In BIPV different types of façade and backsheets are used. In this thesis, selected backsheets and façade were characterized in terms of their surface structure identification using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and physical characterization using surface energy measurements. By using FTIR-ATR, surface polymeric materials were identified and with SEM-EDX, identification of the surface elements was possible. Surface energy measurements were useful in finding the adhesives and knowing the surface energies of the various backsheets and façade. The strength of adhesion between the facade and backsheets was studied using peel test. Four different types of adhesives were used to study the fracture pattern and peel tests values to identify the most suitable adhesive. It was found out that pretreatment increased the adhesive strength significantly.

Control of Bubbling Fluidized Bed Conditions

The objectives of this master’s thesis were to understand the importance of bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) conditions and to find out how digital image processing and acoustic emission technology can help in monitoring the bed quality. An acoustic emission (AE) measurement system and a bottom ash camera system were evaluated in acquiring information about the bed conditions. The theory part of the study describes the fundamentals of BFB boiler and evaluates the characteristics of bubbling bed. Causes and effects of bed material coarsening are explained. The ways and methods to monitor the behaviour of BFB are determined. The study introduces the operating principles of AE technology and digital image processing. The empirical part of the study describes an experimental arrangement and results of a case study at an industrial BFB boiler. Sand consumption of the boiler was reduced by optimization of bottom ash handling and sand feeding. Furthermore, data from the AE measurement system and the bottom ash camera system was collected. The feasibility of these two systems was evaluated. The particle size of bottom ash and the changes in particle size distribution were monitored during the test period. Neither of the systems evaluated was ready to serve in bed quality control accurately or fast enough. Particle size distributions according to the bottom ash camera did not correspond to the results of manual sieving. Comprehensive interpretation of the collected AE data requires much experience. Both technologies do have potential and with more research and development they may enable acquiring reliable and real-time information about the bed conditions. This information could help to maintain disturbance-free combustion process and to optimize bottom ash handling system.

Design and Material Selection of High-Speed Rotating Electrical Machines

The increasing emphasis on energy efficiency is starting to yield results in the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions; however, the effort is still far from sufficient. Therefore, new technical solutions that will enhance the efficiency of power generation systems are required to maintain the sustainable growth rate, without spoiling the environment. A reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is only possible with new low-carbon technologies, which enable high efficiencies. The role of the rotating electrical machine development is significant in the reduction of global emissions. A high proportion of the produced and consumed electrical energy is related to electrical machines. One of the technical solutions that enables high system efficiency on both the energy production and consumption sides is high-speed electrical machines. This type of electrical machines has a high system overall efficiency, a small footprint, and a high power density compared with conventional machines. Therefore, high-speed electrical machines are favoured by the manufacturers producing, for example, microturbines, compressors, gas compression applications, and air blowers. High-speed machine technology is challenging from the design point of view, and a lot of research is in progress both in academia and industry regarding the solution development. The solid technical basis is of importance in order to make an impact in the industry considering the climate change. This work describes the multidisciplinary design principles and material development in high-speed electrical machines. First, high-speed permanent magnet synchronous machines with six slots, two poles, and tooth-coil windings are discussed in this doctoral dissertation. These machines have unique features, which help in solving rotordynamic problems and reducing the manufacturing costs. Second, the materials for the high-speed machines are discussed in this work. The materials are among the key limiting factors in electrical machines, and to overcome this limit, an in-depth analysis of the material properties and behavior is required. Moreover, high-speed machines are sometimes operating in a harsh environment because they need to be as close as possible to the rotating tool and fully exploit their advantages. This sets extra requirements for the materials applied.

Remote Observation of Radioactive Permit-Required Confined Spaces – Case: Posiva Oy’s Fuel Handling Cell

Posiva Oy’s final disposal facility’s encapsulation plant will start to operate in the 2020s. Once the operation starts, the facility is designed to run more than a hundred years. The encapsulation plant will be first of its kind in the world, being part of the solution to solve a global issue of final disposal of nuclear waste. In the encapsulation plant’s fuel handling cell the spent nuclear fuel will be processed to be deposited into the Finnish bedrock, into ONKALO. In the fuel handling cell, the environment is highly radioactive forming a permit-required enclosed space. Remote observation is needed in order to monitor the fuel handling process. The purpose of this thesis is to map (Part I) and compare (Part II) remote observation methods to observe Posiva Oy’s fuel handling cell’s process, and provide a possible theoretical solution for this case. Secondary purpose for this thesis is to provide resources for other remote observation cases, as well as to inform about possible future technology to enable readiness in the design of the encapsulation plant. The approach was to theoretically analyze the mapped remote observation methods. Firstly, the methods were filtered by three environmental challenges. These are the high levels of radiation, the permit-required confined space and the hundred year timespan. Secondly, the most promising methods were selected by the experts designing the facility. Thirdly, a customized feasibility analysis was created and performed on the selected methods to rank the methods with scores. The results are the mapped methods and the feasibility analysis scores. The three highest scoring methods were radiation tolerant camera, fiberscope and audio feed. A combination of these three methods was given as a possible theoretical solution for this case. As this case is first in the world, remote observation methods for it had not been thoroughly researched. The findings in this thesis will act as initial data for the design of the fuel handling cell’s remote observation systems and can potentially effect on the overall design of the facility by providing unique and case specific information. In addition, this thesis could provide resources for other remote observation cases.