Hiippakunta diakoniatyön tekijänä ja tukijana : Diakoniatyön kehitys Mikkelin hiippakunnassa 1945-1991

ABSTRACT The diocese as the agent and advocate of diaconial work. The development of diaconial work in the Mikkeli diocese 1945–1991. The roots of Finnish diacony are in the individual devotional life of Pietism. An acting faith had to be evident in acts of love. Following German institutional diacony, diaconial institutions were established in Finland until congregational diacony emerged alongside these institutions in the 1890s. Pastor Otto Aarnisalo acted as a pathfinder in this. He aimed to unite diacony with the Church and the life of the congregation. Diacony had been based on the idea of volunteering to separate it from statutory social work. In 1944 the church law was amended, which made diacony the concern of every member of the congregation. In the years immediately following the Second World War, discussion took place in the Church of Finland about the direction that diacony should take. In the consequential debate, caritative services overcame social diacony. The diocese administration moved to Mikkeli in 1945, when the majority of the Vyborg diocese became part of the USSR in the armistice negotiations. The Mikkeli diocese acted in its diaconial work with the same objectives as the diaconial solutions of the whole church. The acting principle of the diocese diacony became a form of helping which emphasised assistance of the individual. Especially from the 1960s onwards, the country's industrialisation and the reduction of agricultural trade had an effect on the Mikkeli diocese. The diocese administration, specifically Bishop Martti Simojoki and his successor Osmo Alaja, aimed to open up connections to the political left and people working in industry. At least indirectly this helped the diaconial work in industrial localities. In the Mikkeli diocese, a diaconial committee was established in 1971, and its work was overseen by the diocesan chapter of the bishop's office. This enabled the work of the diocese to be organised for the different areas of diacony. Previously, the diaconial work of the Finnish church had primarily been in nursing. The Health Insurance Law of 1972 brought a change to this when the responsibility for health services was transferred to the municipalities. Diacony began to move towards a psychological and spiritual emphasis. Beginning in the 1970s, the diocese started holding diaconial themed days at prescribed intervals. Although these did not result in great realignments, they did help clarify the direction that diacony would take. Large international collections were also carried out, especially in the 1980s. At the same time, socio-ethical activity vitalised and diversified Christian services. The idea that every member of the congregation should practice diacony was a strong factor in the Mikkeli diocese as well. The diocese's vision for diacony was holistic; Christian service was the responsibility of every member of the congregation. During the period of study (1945–1991), the theology of diacony was rather tenuous. Bishop Kalevi Toiviainen, however, brought forth the viewpoint of church doctrine and officially sanctioned theology. Diacony was part of the complete faith of the Church.

Prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase-2 and associated molecules in gastric cancer

Background and aims: Low stage and curative surgery are established factors for improved survival in gastric cancer. However, not all low-stage patients have a good prognosis. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is known to associate with reduced survival in several cancers, and has been shown to play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. Since new and better prognostic markers are needed for gastric cancer, we studied the prognostic significance of COX-2 and of markers that associate with COX-2 expression. We also studied markers reflecting proliferation and apoptosis, and evaluated their association with COX-2. Our purpose was to construct an accurate prognostic model by combining tissue markers and clinicopathogical factors. Materials and methods: Of 342 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for gastric cancer at Meilahti Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 337 were included in this study. Low stages I to II were represented by 141 (42%) patients, and high stages III to IV by 196 (58%). Curative surgery was performed on 176 (52%) patients. Survival data were obtained from the national registers. Slides from archive tissue blocks were prepared for immunohistochemistry by use of COX-2, human antigen R (HuR), cyclin A, matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2, MMP-9), and Ki-67 antibodies. Immunostainings were scored by microscopy, and scores were entered into a database. Associations of tumor markers with clinicopathological factors were calculated, as well as associations with p53, p21, and results of flow cytometry from earlier studies. Survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox multivariate models were reconstructed. Cell culture experiments were performed to explore the effect of small interfering (si)RNA of HuR on COX-2 expression in a TMK-1 gastric cancer cell line. Results: Overall 5-year survival was 35.1%. Study I showed that COX-2 was an independent prognostic factor, and that the prognostic impact of COX-2 was more pronounced in low-stage patients. Cytoplasmic HuR expression also associated with reduced survival in gastric cancer patients in a non-independent manner. Cell culture experiments showed that HuR can regulate COX-2 expression in TMK-1 cells in vitro, with an association also between COX-2 and HuR tissue expression in a clinical material. In Study II, cyclin A was an independent prognostic factor and was associated with HuR expression in the gastric cancer material. The results of Study III showed that epithelial MMP-2 associated with survival in univariate, but not in multivariate analysis. However, MMP-9 showed no prognostic value. MMP-2 expression was associated with COX-2 expression. In Study IV, the prognostic power of COX-2 was compared with that of all tested markers associated with survival in Studies I to III, as well as with p21, p53, and flow cytometry results. COX-2 and p53 were independent prognostic factors, and COX-2 expression was associated with that of p53 and Ki-67 and also with aneuploidy. Conclusions: COX-2 is an independent prognostic factor in gastric cancer, and its prognostic power emerges especially in low stage cancer. COX-2 is regulated by HuR, and is associated with factors reflecting invasion, proliferation, and apoptosis. In an extended multivariate model, COX-2 retained its position as an independent prognosticator. COX-2 can be considered a promising new prognostic marker in gastric cancer.

Words as Events : Cretan Mantinádes in Performance and Composition

Words as Events introduces the tradition of short, communicative rhyming couplets, the mantinádes, which are still sung and recited in a variety of performance situations on the island of Crete. The local focus on communicative economy and artistry is further examined in an in-depth analysis of the processes and ideals of composition. Short genres of oral poetry have been widely neglected in folklore research; however, their demand for structural and semantic coherence as well as their dialogic nature appeals to very different human needs from those of the longer poems. In contemporary Crete, poems also appear in written contexts, they are submitted to modern mass media, and people widely exchange them as text messages. By striving to understand the tradition during a period of change, this study analyzes the larger principles that ground the communication, self-expression and creativity in the genre. The aim of this research is thus twofold: to present this specific register of dialogic oral poetry as well as to create a theoretical approach sensitive to the creativity of such short registers. The study is based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Crete between the years 1997 2009. An important aspect of the methodology was to create long-term ties with a number of key-informants who composed mantinádes. The interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological basis for this analysis is in the contemporary Finnish and international research on oral poetry and on anthropological research on communicative speech genres. These theoretical insights are extended by addressing questions of spontaneity and individual agency. Since mantinádes are at the same time a model for composition and a reserve of poems in fixed form, the aesthetics and objectives of performance and composition are also plural. In a traditional singing event, the basic motivation for the singers is to provide a meaningful contribution to a selected theme, which is the shared topic of the poetic dialogue. Consequently, similar topics giving rise to poetic associations can be encountered during various moments of everyday life: the dialogic nature is embodied in the tradition to such degree that it also arises in the performances and composition of single poems and outside of any institutionalized performance arenas. Therefore, as this study discusses in detail, even the apparently non-contextualized poems recited between locals or occurring in the contemporary mass media arenas, are understood and evaluated as utterances that provide an individual perspective within a certain dialogue.

Lasten ja nuorten kokemuksia lastensuojelun alkuvaiheen arvioinnista

Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on kuvailla lasten ja nuorten kokemuksia heidän osallistuttuaan perheineen lastensuojelun alkuvaiheen arviointiin eli lastensuojelutarpeen selvitykseen. Tarkastelen tutkielmassa lasten ja nuorten kokemuksia osallisuuden näkökulmasta. Tavoitteena on, että tämä tutkielma kertoisi lastensuojelutarpeen selvityksestä työkäytäntönä ja lisäisi tietoa siitä, miten lastensuojelu on onnistunut tavoitteessaan lisätä lasten ja nuorten osallisuuden kokemuksia ja lapsilähtöisyyttä lastensuojelun työkäytäntöihin ja erityisesti asiakkuuden alkuvaiheen selvitystyöhön. Tutkielmani on laadullinen tutkimus, jonka aineisto on saatu haastattelemalla yhdeksää 10–17-vuotiasta lasta ja nuorta, jotka ovat osallistuneet lastensuojelutarpeen selvitykseen vuosien 2009–2010 aikana. Lastensuojeluasiakkuus oli päättynyt arvioinnin jälkeen neljän nuoren osalta ja viiden nuoren kohdalla oli päädytty jatkamaan asiakkuutta lastensuojelun avohuollossa. Tutkimusaineiston analysoinnissa käytin temaattista sisällönanalyysiä. Thomasin malli osallisuuden ulottuvuuksista auttoi jäsentämään osallisuuden käsitettä ja lasten ja nuorten puhetta. Tutkimusaineistossa osallisuuden kokemuksen osa-alueiksi muodostuivat 1) tiedon saaminen asiakkuuden alkuvaiheesta ja syistä, jotka johtivat lastensuojelutarpeen selvitykseen, 2) kuulluksi tuleminen ja 3) vaikuttamisen mahdollisuus selvitystyön aikana. Useimmat lapset ja nuoret antoivat kiitettävän arvosanan tiedon saannistaan. Kuulluksi tuleminen edellytti mahdollisuutta itsensä ilmaisemiseen ja tuen saamista siihen. Lastensuojeluun kehitetyt osallistavat menetelmät olivat auttaneet oman mielipiteen kertomisessa. Vaikuttamisen mahdollisuus tarkentui mahdollisuudeksi vaikuttaa siihen, ketkä osallistuivat selvitykseen sekä mahdollisuudeksi vaikuttaa selvityksen sisältöön. Vaikuttamisen mahdollisuuteen sisältyi lisäksi mahdollisuus olla osallistumatta. Osallisuuden kokemukseen vaikuttivat myös se, näkyikö nuoren oma mielipide yhteenvetotekstissä ja se, oliko nuori selvillä asiakassuunnitelman tavoitteista. Kuulluksi tuleminen oli vaikuttanut nuorten käsityksiin lastensuojelusta ja muuttanut niitä positiivisemmiksi. Kuulluksi tulemisen ja osallisuuden kokemuksen seurauksena nuoret kokivat pääsääntöisesti hyötyneensä alkuvaiheen interventiosta. Eniten nuoret mainitsivat emotionaalisesti merkittäviä muutoksia, kuten luottamuksen ja yhteisen keskustelun lisääntymisen perheenjäsenten välillä ja hyväksytyksi tulemisen kokemuksia. Selvitykseen osallistumisen koettiin vaikuttaneen sekä lasten ja nuorten omaan käyttäytymiseen että vanhempien asennoitumiseen positiivisella tavalla. Tärkeimmät lähteet: Muukkonen, Tiina & Tulensalo, Hanna (2004): Kohtaavaa lastensuojelua. Möller (2005): Arviosta sanoisin – Tutkimus lastensuojelun asiakkuuden alkuvaiheeseen liittyvän arvioinnin mallintamisesta. Oranen, Mikko (2008): Mitä mieltä? Mitä mieltä? Lasten osallisuus lastensuojelun kehittämisessä.

OP-Pohjola-ryhmän sidosryhmät : laadullinen tutkimus sidosryhmävalinnasta ja siihen vaikuttavista tekijöistä.

Tutkimus on kvalitatiivinen tapaustutkimus. Tutkimuksen tarkoitus on selvittää mitkä ovat OP -Pohjola-ryhmän tärkeimmät sidosryhmät, millä perusteella sidosryhmät erottuvat muista organisaation ympäristössä toimivista tahoista, sekä millaisten ominaisuuksien perusteella sidosryhmien tärkeyttä arvioidaan OPPohjola- ryhmän näkökulmasta. Sidosryhmät ovat yrityksen ympäristössä toimivia ryhmiä tai tahoja, joiden asema sidosryhmänä perustuu yleensä niiden kykyyn vaikuttaa yrityksen menestykseen (esimerkiksi asiakkaat) tai oikeutettuun asemaan yrityksessä (esimerkiksi omistajat ja henkilökunta). Viimeaikaisissa sidosryhmiin keskittyvässä tutkimuksessa on tunnustettu sidosryhmien merkitys yritysten menestymisen kannalta. Toisaalta kaikkien sidosryhmien huomioimiseen perustuvalla liikkeenjohtamisella on myös eettisiä perusteita. Yleistyneen käsityksen mukaan yrityksellä on vastuuta myös muita tahoja, kuin omistajiaan kohtaan. Sidosryhmien laaja-alainen huomiointi on siis osa vastuullista liiketoimintaa ja sitä kautta yritysten yhteiskuntavastuun lähtökohta. Sidosryhmiä on pyritty määrittelemään lukuisilla eri tavoilla eri tutkijoiden toimesta. Erilaiset määritelmät ovat hämärtäneet sidosryhmän käsitettä jopa niin, että käytännössä kaikki yrityksen ympäristössä toimivat tahot voidaan nähdä yrityksen sidosryhmiksi. Yrityksen on kuitenkin hyödyllistä tunnistaa sen tärkeimmät sidosryhmät, jotta se voi toteuttaa suunnitelmallista sidosryhmäpolitiikka näihin tahoihin päin. Tämä tutkimus pyrkii luomaan yleiskuvan siitä, mitkä ovat OP-Pohjola-ryhmälle sen keskeiset sidosryhmät ja miksi. Tutkimus perustuu OP-Pohjola-ryhmässä työskentelevien henkilöiden teemahaastatteluihin. Haastattelumateriaalia on analysoitu käyttäen apuna sisällönanalyysiä ja sisällön erittelyä. Tutkimuksen teoreettisena viitekehyksenä toimii Mitchellin, Anglen ja Woodin ns. sidosryhmien identifikaation malli, jonka mukaan sidosryhmän tärkeys yrityksen näkökulmasta perustuu siihen, onko sidosryhmällä valtaa, legitiimi asema tai kiireellisiä vaateita suhteessa yritykseen. Sidosryhmien identifikaation mallin mukainen analyysi osoitti, että OP-Pohjola- ryhmän tärkeimmät sidosryhmät ovat asiakkaat sekä lainsäätäjät ja viranomaiset. Muita OP-Pohjola- ryhmän sidosryhmiä ovat omistajat, hallinto, media, henkilökunta, kansalaisjärjestöt ja palkansaajajärjestöt. Sidosryhmän tärkeyteen OP-Pohjola- ryhmän näkökulmasta näytti vaikuttavan eniten sidosryhmän kyky vaikuttaa organisaation menestykseen. Tämä kyky saattoi perustua joko välilliseen tai välittömään valtaa tai esimerkiksi asiantuntemukseen finanssialasta. Se, kuinka ”äänekäs” sidosryhmä on, ei yksistään vaikuta sidosryhmän tärkeyteen yrityksen näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin lähteinä enimmäkseen 2000- luvulla tehtyjä sidosryhmätutkimuksia sekä teoreettista kirjallisuutta sidosryhmiin ja yritysten vastuullisuuteen liittyen.

Plexin B2 in mouse and zebrafish development

Plexins (plxn) are receptors of semaphorins (sema), which were originally characterized as axon guidance cues. Semaphorin-plexin signalling has now been implicated in many other developmental and pathological processes. In this thesis, my first aim was to study the expression of plexins during mouse development. My second aim was to study the function of Plexin B2 in the development of the kidney. Thirdly, my objective was to elucidate the evolutionary conservation of Plexin B2 by investigating its sequence, expression and function in developing zebrafish. I show by in situ hybridisation that plexins are widely expressed also in the non-neuronal tissues during mouse development. Plxnb1 and Plxnb2, for example, are expressed also in the ureteric epithelium, developing glomeruli and undifferentiated metanephric mesenchyme of the developing kidney. Plexin B2-deficient (Plxnb2-/-) mice die before birth and have severe defects in the nervous system. I demonstrate that they develop morphologically normal but hypoplastic kidneys. The ureteric epithelium of Plxnb2-/- kidneys has fewer branches and a lower rate of proliferating cells. 10% of the embryos show unilateral double ureters and kidneys. The defect in the branching is intrinsic to the epithelium as the isolated ureteric epithelium grown in vitro fails to respond to Glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf). We prove by co-immunoprecipitation that Plexin B2 interacts with the Gdnf-receptor Ret. Sema4C, the Plexin B2 ligand, increases branching of the ureteric epithelium in controls but not in Plxnb2-/- kidney explants. These results suggest that Sema4C-Plexin B2 signalling modulates ureteric branching in a positive manner, possibly through directly regulating the activation of Ret. I cloned the zebrafish orthologs of Plexin B2, Plexin B2a and B2b. The corresponding proteins contain the conserved domains the B-subfamily plexins. Especially the expression pattern of plxnb2b recapitulates many aspects of the expression pattern of Plxnb2 in mouse. Plxnb2a and plxnb2b are expressed, for example, in the pectoral fins and at the midbrain-hindbrain region during zebrafish development. The nearly complete knockdown of Plexin B2a alone or together with the 45% knockdown of Plexin B2b did not interfere with the normal development of the zebrafish. In conclusion, my thesis reveals that plexins are broadly expressed during mouse embryogenesis. It also shows that Sema4C-Plexin B2 signalling modulates the branching of the ureteric epithelium during kidney development, perhaps through a direct interaction with Ret. Finally, I show that the sequence and expression of Plexin B2a and B2b are conserved in zebrafish. Their knockdown does not, however, result in the exencephaly phenotype of Plxnb2-/- mice.

Key Factors Influencing Economic Relationships and Communication in Finnish Food Chains

The aim of this report is to discuss the role of the relationship type and communication in two Finnish food chains, namely the pig meat-to-sausage (pig meat chain) and the cereal-to-rye bread (rye chain) chains. Furthermore, the objective is to examine those factors influencing the choice of a relationship type and the sustainability of a business relationship. Altogether 1808 questionnaires were sent to producers, processors and retailers operating in these two chains of which 224 usable questionnaires were returned (the response rate being 12.4%). The great majority of the respondents (98.7%) were small businesses employing less than 50 people. Almost 70 per cent of the respondents were farmers. In both chains, formal contracts were stated to be the most important relationship type used with business partners. Although for many businesses written contracts are a common business practice, the essential role of the contracts was the security they provide regarding the demand/supply and quality issues. Relative to the choice of the relationship types, the main difference between the two chains emerged especially with the prevalence of spot markets and financial participation arrangements. The usage of spot markets was significantly more common in the rye chain when compared to the pig meat chain, while, on the other hand, financial participation arrangements were much more common among the businesses in the pig meat chain than in the rye chain. Furthermore, the analysis showed that most of the businesses in the pig meat chain claimed not to be free to choose the relationship type they use. Especially membership in a co-operative and practices of a business partner were mentioned as the reasons limiting this freedom of choice. The main business relations in both chains were described as having a long-term orientation and being based on formal written contracts. Typical for the main business relationships was also that they are not based on the existence of the key persons only; the relationship would remain even if the key people left the business. The quality of these relationships was satisfactory in both chains and across all the stakeholder groups, though the downstream processors and the retailers had a slightly more positive view on their main business partners than the farmers and the upstream processors. The businesses operating in the pig meat chain seemed also to be more dependent on their main business relations when compared to the businesses in the rye chain. Although the communication means were rather similar in both chains (the phone being the most important), there was some variation between the chains concerning the communication frequency necessary to maintain the relationship with the main business partner. In short, the businesses in the pig meat chain seemed to appreciate more frequent communication with their main business partners when compared to the businesses in the rye chain. Personal meetings with the main business partners were quite rare in both chains. All the respondent groups were, however, fairly satisfied with the communication frequency and information quality between them and the main business partner. The business cultures could be argued to be rather hegemonic among the businesses both in the pig meat and rye chains. Avoidance of uncertainty, appreciation of long-term orientation and independence were considered important factors in the business cultures. Furthermore, trust, commitment and satisfaction in business partners were thought to be essential elements of business operations in all the respondent groups. In order to investigate which factors have an effect on the choice of a relationship type, several hypotheses were tested by using binary and multinomial logit analyses. According to these analyses it could be argued that avoidance of uncertainty and risk has a certain effect on the relationship type chosen, i.e. the willingness to avoid uncertainty increases the probability to choose stable relationships, like repeated market transactions and formal written contracts, but not necessary those, which require high financial commitment (like financial participation arrangements). The probability of engaging in financial participation arrangements seemed to increase with long-term orientation. The hypotheses concerning the sustainability of the economic relations were tested by using structural equation model (SEM). In the model, five variables were found to have a positive and statistically significant impact on the sustainable economic relationship construct. Ordered relative to their importance, those factors are: (i) communication quality, (ii) personal bonds, (iii) equal power distribution, (iv) local embeddedness and (v) competition.

European Union and the developing nations' external debt : EU-15's debt policy, 1960–2008

This Master's Thesis defines the debt policy of the current European Union Member States towards the developing nations. Since no official policy for debt exists in the EU, it is defined to include debt practices (loans and debt relief in development cooperation) and debt within the EU development policy framework. This study (1) describes how the issue of external debt appears in the development policy framework, (2) compares EU Member States' given loans and debt relief to grants for the developing nations (1960s to the 2000s), and (3) measures the current orientation in ODA of each EU Member State between grant aid and loan aid using the Grant-Loan Index (GLI). Theoretical aspects include reasons for selecting between loans (Bouchet 1987) and grants (Odedokun 2004, O'Brien and Williams 2007), policy context of the EU (Van Reisen 2007) and the meaning of external debt in the set-up between the North and the South. In terms of history, the events and impact of the colonial period (where loans have originated) are overviewed and compared in light of today's policies. Development assistance statistics are derived from the OECD DAC statistics portal and EU development policy framework documents from the EU portal. Methodologically, the structure of this study is from policy analysis (Barrien 1999, Hill 2008, Berndtson 2008), but it has been modified to fit the needs of studying a non-official policy. EU Member States are divided into three groups by Carbone (2007a), the Big-3, Northern and Southern donors, based on common development assistance characteristics. The Grant-Loan Index is used to compare Carbone's model, which measures quality of aid, to the GLI measuring the structure of aid. Results indicate that EU- 15 countries (active in debt practices) differ in terms of timing, stability and equality of debt practices in the long-term (1960s to the 2000s). In terms of current practices, (2000-2008), it is noted that there lies a disparity between the actual practices and the way in which external debt is represented in the development policy framework, although debt practices form a relevant portion of total ODA practices for many EU-15 Member States, the issue itself plays a minor role in development policy documents. Carbone’s group division applies well to the Grant – Loan Index’s results, indicating that countries with similar development policy behaviour have similarities in debt policy behaviour, with one exception: Greece. On the basis of this study, it is concluded that EU development policy framework content in terms of external debt and debt practices are not congruent. The understanding of this disparity between the policy outline and differences in long-term practices is relevant in both, reaching the UN’s Millennium Development Goals, and in the actual process of developing development aid.

Wie sollten pragmatische Phraseologismen lexikografisch dargestellt werden? : Modell eines Wörterbuchartikels für pragmatische Phraseologismen in einem deutsch-finnischen Spezialwörterbuch in elektronischer Darstellungsform

Pro gradu -tutkielmassani käsittelen pragmaattisia fraseologismeja ja sitä, kuinka ne pitäisi esittää elektronisessa saksa suomi-erikoissanakirjassa. Tutkielman tavoite on hahmotella sanakirja-artikkelin malli. Sanakirja on semasiologis-onomasiologinen, ts. käyttäjä voi etsiä siitä sekä tiettyä ilmaisua että tiettyä kommunikaatiotilannetta. Sanakirjan pääasiallinen kohderyhmä ovat kääntäjät, mutta se soveltuu myös kielenopiskelijoiden ja muiden saksan kielen kanssa tekemisissä olevien käyttöön. Tutkielman teoriaosuudessa käsittelen fraseologiaa, pragmaattisia fraseologismeja, niiden erityispiirteitä ja kääntämistä sekä työn kannalta merkityksellisiä leksikografian käsitteitä, sanakirjatyyppejä ja sanakirjojen rakenteita. Lisäksi esittelen elektronisten sanakirjojen ominaisuuksia. Onhan melko varmaa, että niiden käyttö yleistyy entisestään tulevaisuudessa mm. niiden helppo- ja nopeakäyttöisyyden vuoksi. Omassa kappaleessaan käsittelen pragmaattisia fraseologismeja leksikografisesta näkökulmasta ja nostan esille niiden esittämiseen liittyviä ongelmia, joista annan olemassa oleviin yksi- ja kaksikielisiin sanakirjoihin perustuvia esimerkkejä. Lopuksi hahmottelen parannusehdotuksiin perustuvan sanakirja-artikkelin teoreettisen mallin ja havainnollistan sitä kolmella esimerkkiartikkelilla. Fraseologian piiriin lukeutuvat pragmaattiset fraseologismit ovat suhteellisen uusi tutkimuskohde. Kontrastiivisia tutkimuksia kieliparissa saksa suomi on erittäin vähän, ja pragmaattisten fraseologismien kääntämistä ei myöskään ole juuri tutkittu. Pragmaattiset fraseologismit jaetaan yleensä kahteen ryhmään: rutiini-ilmaisuihin ja keskustelukiteytymiin. Rutiini-ilmaisut ovat tilannesidoksisia, kiteytyneitä ja pääsääntöisesti lauseenveroisia ilmaisuja, jotka toistuvat arkipäiväisissä kommunikaatiotilanteissa. Ne ovat syntaktisesti ja semanttisesti heterogeenisia, ja niiden funktiot ovat moninaisia: Rutiini-ilmaisuihin kuuluu monia kohteliaisuussanontoja, kuten tervehdyksiä ja toivotuksia, mutta myös hämmästystä, pelkoa, iloa, torjuntaa ym. ilmaisevia fraseologismeja. Keskustelukiteytymät sen sijaan ovat ei-idiomaattisia, esiintyvät epäitsenäisinä, ts. vain lausumaan upotettuina, eivätkä ne ole tilannesidoksisia. Keskustelukiteytymillä on monia kommunikatiivisia tehtäviä, kuten puheen jäsennys, puhekumppanin huomion kohdentaminen tai epävarmuuden ilmaiseminen. Ne ovat yleensä polyfunktionaalisia ja niitä voi usein varioida paljonkin. Kieltä käyttävien on hallittava sekä rutiini-ilmaisujen että keskustelukiteytymien käyttö kommunikaation sujuvuuden takaamiseksi ja kulttuuristen yhteentörmäysten välttämiseksi. Pragmaattisten fraseologismien esittäminen sanakirjoissa on monien tutkijoiden mukaan yhä nykyäänkin osin puutteellista. Perinteisen leksikografian metodit eivät riitä kuvaamaan pragmaattisia fraseologismeja riittävän tarkasti. Parannettavaa on sekä mikro- että makrostruktuurissa, ts. sanakirja-artikkeleissa, hakusanojen valinnassa ja järjestyksessä sekä siinä, minkä hakusanan alta ilmaisu on löydettävissä. Lisäksi ongelmia on sanakirjojen alku- ja lopputeksteissä ja hakusanojen välisissä viittaussuhteissa. Perehdyn tutkielmassani erityisesti mikrostruktuurien ongelmakohtiin. Löytämistäni esimerkeistä käy ilmi, että pragmaattisia fraseologismeja ei yleensä ole varustettu vastaavalla merkinnällä, ne on sijoitettu sanakirja-artikkeliin epäsystemaattisesti ja epäloogisesti eikä rutiini-ilmaisuja ja keskustelukiteytymiä ole erotettu toisistaan. Ilmaisusta ei aina ole annettu sitä muotoa, jossa se todellisuudessa toteutuu, mikä esim. hankaloittaa kielenoppijan mahdollisuutta oppia aktiivisesti käyttämään ilmaisua. Myös syntaktis-semanttiset tiedot ovat ajoittain liian niukkoja, samoin kuin pragmaattis-kommunikatiiviset tiedot, mikä on erittäin vakava puute. Pragmaattisten fraseologismien käyttöä on mahdotonta kuvailla ilman kyseisiä tietoja. Hahmottelemassani sanakirja-artikkelin mallissa jokainen ilmaisu on löydettävissä oman hakusanansa alta. Kääntäjiä ajatellen ilmaisulle annetaan mahdollisimman monia ekvivalentteja ja myös tietoa niistä. Artikkelissa selitetään tarkoin, mitä ilmaisu tarkoittaa ja miten sitä käytetään. Ilmaisun tyylistä, konnotaatioista, tekstispesifisyydestä, ajallisesta ja alueellisesta jakautuneisuudesta ja kommunikatiivisesta funktiosta annetaan yksityiskohtaisia tietoja. Linkeistä on mahdollisuus päästä katsomaan synonyymisten tai samaan tilanteeseen liittyvien ilmaisujen sanakirja-artikkeleita. Ilmaisuille annetaan esimerkkejä, jotka ovat peräisin sekä sanakirjoista ja autenttisista teksteistä että fiktiivisistä dialogeista ja niiden käännöksistä. Pragmaattisten fraseologismien kääntäminen on hankalaa monesta syystä, mm. siksi, että ne ovat kieli- ja kulttuurisidonnaisia ja polyfunktionaalisia. Kääntäjällä on oltava erittäin hyvän kielitaidon ja kulttuuritietämyksen lisäksi tietoa myös sekä lähde- että kohdekielen fraseologiasta. Pragmaattisten fraseologismien erikoissanakirja helpottaisi kääntäjien työtä merkittävästi.

Asiakaslähtöisyyden edellytykset ELY-keskuksissa

Tutkielmassa selvitetään asiakaslähtöisen toiminnan edellytyksiä työ- ja elinkeinohallinnon alaisissa ELY-keskuksissa. Ensim-mäisenä tutkimuskysymyksenä on se, millaiset edellytykset ELY-keskuksilla on tällä hetkellä asiakaslähtöisten toimintatapojen toteuttamiseen ja siten omien asiakaslähtöisyyteen kannustavien strategioidensa noudattamiseen. Tutkielman toinen tutkimusky-symys selvittää sitä, voidaanko asiakaslähtöisyyden edellytysten toteutumisella selittää asiakaspalvelun sisäistä toimivuutta ELY-keskuksissa. Toisin sanoen, kannattaisiko asiakaspalveluaan parantamaan pyrkivien ELY-keskusten panostaa erityisesti joidenkin organisaatioidensa ominaisuuksien kehittämiseen? Asiakaslähtöisyyden käsitettä lähestytään julkishallinnon muutoksen ja uuden julkisen johtamisen näkökulmasta ja teoriaosuudessa korostuvat erityisesti Pirjo Vuokon ja Christian Grönroosin näkemykset aihepiiristä. Asiakaslähtöisyyden käsite määritellään tässä yhteydessä organisaation toimintatavaksi, joka toimiessaan mahdollistaa laadukkaan asiakaspalvelun ja siten organisaation positiivisen tuloksen. Asiakaslähtöisyyden edellytyksiä on empiirisesti tutkittu varsin vähän, joten tutkielmassa luodaan uusi, viisiosainen asiakaslähtöisyyden edellytysten malli, joka viimeistellään faktorianalyysin avulla. Mallissa asiakaslähtöisyyden edellytykset jaetaan johtamisedellytyksiin, strategisiin edellytyksiin, asiakaspalvelun edellytyksiin, työntekijöiden edellytyksiin sekä organisatorisiin edellytyksiin. Näitä ryhmiä ja niiden suhteita tutkitaan ensin kuvailevan analyysin (1. tutkimuskysymys) ja myöhemmin kvantitatiivisen regressioanalyysin avulla (2. tutkimuskysymys). Tutkielman varsinaisena aineistona toimii ELY-keskusten yritysasiantuntijoille suunnattu kysely organisaatioiden uudistumiskyvystä. Tutkielman tekijän ELY-keskuksiin toukokuussa 2010 lähettämään kyselyyn saapui 114 vastausta, mikä tarkoittaa, että noin joka kolmas ELY-keskusten yritysasiantuntijoista vastasi kyselyyn. Tutkielman oheisaineistona toimivat ELY-keskuksia edeltäneiden TE-keskusten toteuttamat asiakaspalautteet ja ulkoiset arvioinnit, joissa ilmenneitä huomioita peilataan uudistumiskykykyselyn tuloksiin. Analyysiluvussa ilmenee, että ELY-keskusten yrityspalveluissa asiakaslähtöisyyden edellytykset toteutuvat tällä hetkellä kohtuullisesti. Strategisella tasolla ja asiakaspalvelussa tilanne on tyydyttävä, työntekijöiden työmotivaation, asiantuntemuksen sekä työyhteisöjen ilmapiirin parissa tilanne on hyvä, mutta organisaatioiden johtamisen kohdalla tilanne on heikko. Johtamisen parissa erityisen ongelmallisilta vaikuttavat työntekijöiden vaikutusmahdollisuuksiin liittyvät tekijät, joilla on aiemmassa tutkimuksessa todettu olevan positiivinen yhteys työorganisaation tulokseen. Positiivista on puolestaan se, että työmotivaatio ja organisaatioiden ilmapiiri vaikuttavat olevan kunnossa ja työntekijöiden yhteistyö toimii ongelmitta. Tutkielman toisen tutkimuskysymyksen vastaukseksi selviää, että ELY-keskusten asiakaspalvelun sisäiseen toimivuuteen vaikuttavat erityisen vahvasti asiakaslähtöisyyden johtamisedellytysten toteutuminen. Nämä samat tekijät, joiden toteutumiseen ELY-keskusten yritysasiantuntijat ovat kaikkein tyytymättömimpiä, ovat myös niitä, jotka kehittyessään vaikuttavat positiivisimmin asiakaspalvelun sisäiseen toimivuuteen. Molempien tutkimuskysymysten vastausten valossa vaikuttaakin ilmeiseltä, että johtamisen kehittäminen ja etenkin työntekijöiden vaikutusmahdollisuuksien lisääminen tulisi nähdä ELY-keskuksissa ensisijaisen tärkeinä tavoitteina.

Avoimesti sitoutuneena : Lähetystyö kristillisessä kasvatuksessa ja vapaaehtoistyössä

In this study the junction of Christian mission, Christian education and voluntary work are examined in the Christian student voluntary association Opiskelijain Lähetysliitto (OL), which is the Finnish successor to the Student Volunteer Movement. The main subjects are the structure and content of the mission education as one aspect of Lutheran education and the reasons for expressing the mission interest through voluntary work. The research questions are as follows: What kind of organization has the OL been? What has mission education been like in the OL? Why have the former chairpersons participated in the OL? How have purposiveness and intentionality arisen among the former chairpersons? The study is empirical despite having a historical and retrospective view, since the OL is explored during the period 1972 2000. The data consists of the OL s annual reports, membership applications (N=629) and interviews of all 25 former chairmen. Data is analysed by qualitative and quantitative content analysis in a partly inductive and partly deductive manner. The pedagogical framework arises from situational learning theory (Lave - Wenger 1991), which was complemented with the criteria for meaningful learning (Jonassen 1995), the octagon model of volunteer motivation (Yeung 2004) and the definitions of intentionality and purposiveness in the theory of teachers pedagogical thinking (Kansanen et al. 2000). The analysis of the archive data showed that the activities of the OL are reminiscent of those of the missions of the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church congregations. The biggest difference was that all OL participants were young adults, the age group that is the greatest challenge to the Church. The OL is therefore an interesting context in which to explore mission education and mission interest. The key result of the study was the forming of a model of mission educa-tion. The model has three educational components: values, goals and methods. The gist of the model is formed by the goals. The main goal is the arousing and strengthening of mission interest which has emotional, cognitive and practical aspects. The subgoals create the horizontal vertical and inward outward dimensions of the model, which are the metalevels of mission education. The subgoals reveal that societal and religious education may embody a missionary dimension when they are understood as missionary training. Further, a distinction between mission education and missionary training was observed. The former emphasizes the main goal of the model and the latter underlines the subgoals. Based on the vertical dimension of the model the study suggests that the definition of religious competence needs to be complemented with missional competence. Reasons for participating in the OL were found to be diverse as noted in other studies on volunteering and motivating factors, and were typical to young people such as the importance of social relations. The study created new motivational themes that occurred in the middle of the continuity newness and the distance proximity dimensions, which were not found in Yeung s research. Mission interest as voluntary work appeared as oriented towards one s own spirituality or towards the social community. On the other hand, mission interest was manifested as intentional education in order to either improve the community or to promote the Christian mission. In the latter case the mission was seen as a purpose in life and as a future profession. Keywords: mission, Christian education, voluntary work, mission education, mission interest, stu-dent movement

Growing up in Affiliation with a Religious Community : A Case Study of Seventh-day Adventist Youth in Finland

This study investigates how the religious community as a socialization context affects the development of young people's religious identity and values, using Finnish Seventh-day Adventism as a context for the case study. The research problem is investigated through the following questions: (1) What aspects support the intergenerational transmission of values and tradition in religious home education? (2) What is the role of social capital and the social networks of the religious community in the religious socialization process? (3) How does the religious composition of the peer group at school (e.g., a denominational school in comparison to a mainstream school) affect these young people s social relations and choices and their religious identity (as challenged versus as reinforced by values at school)? And (4) How do the young people studied negotiate their religious values and religious membership in the diverse social contexts of the society at large? The mixed method study includes both quantitative and qualitative data sets (3 surveys: n=106 young adults, n=100 teenagers, n=55 parents; 2 sets of interviews: n=10 young adults and n=10 teenagers; and fieldwork data from youth summer camps). The results indicate that, in religious home education, the relationship between parents and children, the parental example of a personally meaningful way of life, and encouraging critical thinking in order for young people to make personalized value choices were important factors in socialization. Overall, positive experiences of the religion and the religious community were crucial in providing direction for later choices of values and affiliations. Education that was experienced as either too severe or too permissive was not regarded as a positive influence for accepting similar values and lifestyle choices to those of the parents. Furthermore, the religious community had an important influence on these young people s religious socialization in terms of the commitment to denominational values and lifestyle and in providing them with religious identity and rooting them in the social network of the denomination. The network of the religious community generated important social resources, or social capital, for both the youth and their families, involving both tangible and intangible benefits, and bridging and bonding effects. However, the study also illustrates the sometimes difficult negotiations the youth face in navigating between differentiation and belonging when there is a tension between the values of a minority group and the larger society, and one wants to and does belong to both. It also demonstrates the variety within both the majority and the minority communities in society, as well as the many different ways one can find a personally meaningful way of being an Adventist. In the light of the previous literature about socialization-in-context in an increasingly pluralistic society, the findings were examined at four levels: individual, family, community and societal. These were seen as both a nested structure and as constructing a funnel in which each broader level directs the influences that reach the narrower ones. The societal setting directs the position and operation of religious communities, families and individuals, and the influences that reach the developing children and young people are in many ways directed by societal, communal and family characteristics. These levels are by nature constantly changing, as well as being constructed of different parts, like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, each of which alters in significance: for some negotiations on values and memberships the parental influence may be greater, whereas for others the peer group influences are. Although agency does remain somewhat connected to others, the growing youth are gradually able to take more responsibility for their own choices and their agency plays a crucial role in the process of choosing values and group memberships. Keywords: youth, community, Adventism, socialization, values, identity negotiations

Luottamusmiesten sitoutuminen yritykseen ja ammattijärjestöönsä

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on kartoittaa luottamusmiesten organisaatio- ja ammattijärjestösitoutumiseen liittyviä tekijöitä sekä kuvata eri tavoin sitoutuneita ryhmiä. Keskeisiä tutkimuskysymyksiä ovat siten: Rapauttavatko hyvät esimies-alaissuhteet ja sujuviksi koetut neuvottelusuhteet työnantajan ja ammattiyhdistyksen välillä perustaa luottamusmiesten ammattijärjestösitoutumiselta? Mitkä tekijät vaikuttavat luottamusmiehen organisaatio- ja ammattijärjestösitoutumisen taustalla? Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että oman johtajan/esimiehen ja luottamusmiehen välinen molemminpuolinen hyväksyntä ja siitä syntynyt motivoituneisuus ja työtyytyväisyys yhdistyneenä pitkän työsuhteen antamaan turvallisuuden tunteeseen ovat voimakkaammin pääkonttorien luottamusmiesten organisaatiositoutumisen taustalla. Kun taas kentän luottamusmiesten työssään kokema epävarmuus, oman työn autonomian puute, haasteeton työnjohtoilmasto tuntuivat aiheuttavan enemmän kritiikkiä työorganisaatiota kohtaan ja suuntaavan samaistumista oman ammattijärjestön suuntaan. Enemmistö tutkimuksen luottamusmiehistä oli kuitenkin kaksoissitoutuneita ja he kokivat ammattiliittonsa ja työnantajansa välisten suhteiden perustuvan yhteistyöhön ja luottamukseen organisaation johtoon. Luottamusmiesten sitoutuminen professioon ja työnantajaan näyttäisi olevan toinen vaihtoehtoinen tulevaisuuden kaksoissidoksen malli.

Late Svecofennian leucogranites of southern Finland : Chronicles of an orogenic collapse

Leucogranite magmatism occurred in southern Finland during the later stages of the Paleoproterozoic Svecofennian orogeny. The leucogranites are considered to have formed from pre-existing crustal rocks that have undergone anatexis in the extensional stage of the orogeny, following continental collision and resultant crustal thickening. The leucogranites have been studied in the field using petrographic and mineralogical methods, elemental and isotope geochemistry on whole rocks and minerals, and U-Pb geochronology. On outcrop scale, these granites typically form heterogeneous, layered, sheet-like bodies that migmatize their country rocks. All of the leucogranites are peraluminous and rich in SiO2, but otherwise display significant geochemical variation. Their Nd isotope composition ranges from fairly juvenile to very unradiogenic, and the Hf isotope composition of their zircon shows a varying degree of mixing in the source, the zircon populations becoming more heterogeneous and generally less radiogenic towards the east. The leucogranites have been dated using U-Pb isotopic analyses, utilizing thermal ionization mass spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and laser ablation multicollector ICP mass spectrometry on zircon and monazite. The results show that the granites were emplaced between 1.85 Ga and 1.79 Ga, which is a considerably longer period than has traditionally been perceived for these rocks. The rocks tend to become younger towards the east. Single crystal data also display a wide array of inherited zircons, especially in the eastern part of the leucogranite belt. The most common inherited age groups are ~2.8 2.5 Ga, ~2.1 2.1 Ga, and ~1.9 Ga. Magmatic zircon and monazite usually record similar ages for any one sample.Thermobarometric calculations indicate that the leucogranites in the Veikkola area of southcentral Finland were formed from relatively low-temperature melts, and emplaced at 17-25 km depth, i.e. at mid-crustal level. It is likely that these conditions apply to the Svecofennian leucogranites in general. Large differences in the Hf and Nd isotope compositions, emplacement ages, and distributions of inherited zircon ages show that these granites were formed from different types of source rocks, which probably included both sedimentary and igneous rocks.

Rannansiirtyminen ja ihmisen toimintaympäristön muutos Mätäjokilaakson alueella esihistoriallisella ajalla

In this thesis, I study the changing ladscape and human environment of the Mätäjoki Valley, West-Helsinki, using reconstructions and predictive modelling. The study is a part of a larger project funded by the city of Helsinki aming to map the past of the Mätäjoki Valley. The changes in landscape from an archipelago in the Ancylus Lake to a river valley are studied from 10000 to 2000 years ago. Alongside shore displacement, we look at the changing environment from human perspective and predict the location of dwelling sitesat various times. As a result, two map series were produced that show how the landscape changed and where inhabitance is predicted. To back them up, we have also looked at what previous research says about the history of the waterways, climate, vegetation and archaeology. The changing landscape of the river valley is reconstructed using GIS methods. For this purpose, new laser point data set was used and at the same time tested in the context landscape modelling. Dwelling sites were modeled with logistic regression analysis. The spatial predictive model combines data on the locations of the known dwelling sites, environmental factors and shore displacement data. The predictions were visualised into raster maps that show the predictions for inhabitance 3000 and 5000 years ago. The aim of these maps was to help archaeologists map potential spots for human activity. The produced landscape reconstructions clarified previous shore displacement studies of the Mätäjoki region and provided new information on the location of shoreline. From the shore displacement history of the Mätäjoki Valley arise the following stages: 1. The northernmost hills of the Mätäjoki Valley rose from Ancylus Lake approximately 10000 years ago. Shore displacement was fast during the following thousand years. 2. The area was an archipelago with a relatively steady shoreline 9000 7000 years ago. 8000 years ago the shoreline drew back in the middle and southern parts of the river valley because of the transgression of the Litorina Sea. 3. Mätäjoki was a sheltered bay of the Litorina Sea 6000 5000 years ago. The Vantaanjoki River started to flow into the Mätäjoki Valley approximately 5000 years ago. 4. The sediment plains in the southern part of the river valley rose from the sea rather quickly 5000 3000 years ago. Salt water still pushed its way into the southermost part of the valley 4000 years ago. 5. The shoreline proceeded to Pitäjänmäki rapids where it stayed at least a thousand years 3000 2000 years ago. The predictive models managed to predict the locations of dwelling sites moderately well. The most accurate predictions were found on the eastern shore and Malminkartano area. Of the environment variables sand and aspect of slope were found to have the best predictive power. From the results of this study we can conclude that the Mätäjoki Valley has been a favorable location to live especially 6000 5000 years ago when the climate was mild and vegetation lush. The laser point data set used here works best in shore displacement studies located in rural areas or if further specific palaeogeographic or hydrologic analysis in the research area is not needed.