Studies on the eucalyptus leaf disease complex in Portugal

Native from south eastern Australia, Eucalyptus globulus is the main species in eucalypts plantations in Portugal. The most serious foliar disease in eucalypt plantations is linked to Mycosphaerella senso lato, which affects young trees in the juvenile phase foliage causing leaf necrosis. This disease results in reduced growth rate of the host and lower wood volume, thus causing significant productivity losses. The most common name for this disease was Mycosphaerella Leaf Disease that became inappropriate when most of the pathogens on eucalypts were re-distributed into several genera. The term "Eucalyptus Leaf Disease Complex" is now more appropriate. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the Eucalyptus Leaf Disease Complex in Portugal, focusing on species diversity, taxonomy and the role played by each species in the disease complex on Eucalyptus globulus. Literature on the Eucalyptus Leaf Disease Complex was reviewed and the species were distributed into several genera. A survey based on symptomatic leaves collected from several Eucalyptus globulus plantations and characterized by morphological and molecular tools provided an overview of species incidence and of the most frequent species in the disease complex. The present work reveals additional species of Mycosphaerella senso lato associated with eucalypt plantations in Portugal. Thus, five new records of Teratosphaeria and phylogenetically related species were added to the Iberian Peninsula, namely, Neodevriesia hilliana, for the first time on Myrtaceae; Quasiteratosphaeria mexicana, Teratosphaericola pseudoafricana, Teratosphaeria pluritubularis and Teratosphaeria lusitanica, a new species. Furthermore, new anamorphic structures were found and two new combinations were made. Regarding other genera, some species were observed for the first time, such as Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusicladium eucalypti, Mycosphaerella madeirae, in the mainland. In addition to leave diseases, Teratosphaeria gauchensis was found causing a severe stem and trunk canker on Eucalyptus globulus. The aggressiveness of several species was compared to evaluate each species individually in the complex, permitting to distinguish different behaviours, from primary to secondary pathogens. Cladosporium cladosporioides, M. communis and M. lateralis, appeared to be more aggressive than Teratosphaeria nubilosa. In fact, contrary to the prevailing views on this disease complex, Teratosphaeria nubilosa is not the only species responsible for the disease, which clearly involves a complex of species acting together.

Características edáfico-nutricionais de plantios florestais na região de Manaus. I.Crescimento de Eucalyptus deglupta Blume em solos de diferentes texturas

Foi Investigada a Influência de fatores edáfico-nutricionais no crescimento radicular e aéreo de Eucalyptus deglupta, plantado em solos de diferentes texturas, com idade de 3 anos e espaçamento de 3 x 3 m. Foram analisadas características físicas e químicas destes solos, como granulometria, porosidade, retenção de água, pH, bases trocáveis Corg e Ntotal. Foram realizadas também análises foliares. 0 crescimento radicular foi determinado a partir da avaliação do peso seco de raízes coletadas em trincheiras de 3,00 m de comprimento x 0,40 m de profundidade x 0,40 m de largura. Os resultados indicam que esta espécie teve um crescimento em altura 5 vezes maior no solo mais argiloso. Algumas características do solo estão significativamente correlacionadas com o crescimento aéreo, como o teor de Catroc, a percentagem de saturação de Al, a soma de bases trocáveis, Caorg, e os teores totais de Zn e Mn. 0 peso de raízes mostrou correlação significativa com Altroc, Ctroc, soma de bases trocáveis, percentagem de saturação de Al, Caorg, ZNtotal. Com excessão de Altroce percentagem de saturação de Al, todas estas correlações foram positivas.O peso seco de raízes foi maior na profundidade de 0-20cm no solo mais arenoso, mas nos solos mais argilosos este peso foi praticamente igual nas duas profundidades estudadas. 0 maior crescimento em altura, observado no solo mais argiloso, foi acompanhado de uma relação crescimento aéreo/crescimento radicular maior e portanto mais adequada.

Características da madeira e da polpa kraft não branqueada de Eucalyptus deglupta Blume introduzido na região de Manaus - AM.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar as características da madeira e das, propriedades da polpa de E. deglupta Bl., tendo como referência o E. saligna. As características dimensionais das fibras e dos elementos de vasos da madeira em estudo apresentaram valores superiores aos da madeira de comparação. A constituição química da madeira de E. deglupta demonstrou menores valores para as solubilidades e elementos fundamen tais. O E. deglupta se caracterizou por apresentar menor densidade básica e maior consumo de madeira por unidade de peso de celulose produzida. Foram obtidas polpas kraft das duas espécies e os melhores valores para resistência à tração, alongamento, arreben tamento e rasgo foram mostrados, Inicialmente, pela polpa de E. deglupta. Entretanto, para dobras duplas, resistência à passagem de ar e densidade aparente,o E.deglupta apre sentou resultados sempre inferiores aos do E. saligna.

Características da madeira e da polpa kraft não branqueada de Eucalyptus deglupta Blume introduzido na região de Manaus - AM

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar as características da madeira e das propriedades da polpa de E. deglupta Bl., tendo como referência o E. saligna. As características dimensionais das fibras e dos elementos de vasos da madeira em estudo apresentaram valores superiores aos da madeira de comparação. A constituição química da madeira de E. deglupta demonstrou menores valores para as solubilidades e elementos fundamentais. O E. deglupta se caracterizou por apresentar menor densidade básica e maior consumo de madeira por unidade de peso de celulose produzida. Foram obtidas polpas kraft das duas espécies e os melhores valores pana resistência à tração, alongamento, arrebentamento e rasgo foram mostrados, inicialmente, pela polpa de E. deglupta. Entretanto, para dobras duplas, resistência à passagem de ar e densidade aparente, o E.degluptaapresentou resultados sempre inferiores aos do E. saligna.

BIOLOGIA DE Nystalea nyseus (CRAMER, 1775) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOTODONTIDAE) EM FOLHAS de Eucalyptus urophylla

Essa pesquisa foi conduzida no laboratório de Entomologia Florestal da Universidade Federai de Viçosa à 25 ± 2" C, 60 ± 10% UR e fotoperiodo de 12L:12E. O objetivo foi estudar a biologia de Nystalea nyseus(Cramer, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) em folhas de Eucalyptus urophylla. Ν. nyseusapresentou cinco estádios, com duração, média, de 3,99 ± 0,11; 3,80 ±0,10; 4,95 ± 0,30; 5,96 ±0,21 e 6,85 ±0,14 dias, respectivamente. A duração total da fase larval foi de 25,5 dias. A fase de pré-pupa teve duração de 3,05 ± 0,05; 3,08 ± 0,06 dias e a de pupa 14,75 ± 0,45 c 13,82 ± 0,29 dias para machos e fêmeas, respectivamente. A viabilidade, dos ovos, foi de 74,72% e o período embrionário de 3,40 ± 0,16 dias. A longevidade de adultos, acasalados, foi de 6,71 ± 0,74 dias para machos e 9,14 ± 0,96 dias para fêmeas e razão sexual de 0,55, ou seja uma fêmea para 0,81 macho.

High performance fiber reinforced concrete for the shear reinforcement: experimental and numerical research

High performance fiber reinforced concrete (HPFRC) is developing rapidly to a modern structural material with unique rheological and mechanical characteristics. Despite applying several methodologies to achieve self15 compacting requirements, some doubts still remain regarding the most convenient strategy for developing a HPFRC. In the present study, an innovative mix design method is proposed for the development of high17 performance concrete reinforced with a relatively high dosage of steel fibers. The material properties of the developed concrete are assessed, and the concrete structural behavior is characterized under compressive, flexural and shear loading. This study better clarifies the significant contribution of fibers for shear resistance of concrete elements. This paper further discusses a FEM-based simulation, aiming to address the possibility of calibrating the constitutive model parameters related to fracture modes I and II.

Influence of oxygen plasma treatment parameters on poly(vinylidene fluoride) electrospun fiber mats wettability

Electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) fiber mats find applications in an increasing number of areas, such as battery separators, filtration and detection membranes, due to their excellent properties. However, there are limitations due to the hydrophobic nature and low surface energy of PVDF. In this work, oxygen plasma treatment has been applied in order to modify the surface wettability of PVDF fiber mats and superhydrophilic PVDF electrospun membranes have been obtained. Further, plasma treatment does not significantly influences fiber average size (~400 ± 200 nm), morphology, electroactive -phase content (~80-85%) or the degree of crystallinity (Xc of 42 ± 2%), allowing to maintain the excellent physical-chemical characteristics of PVDF. Plasma treatment mainly induces surface chemistry modifications, such as the introduction of oxygen and release of fluorine atoms that significantly changes polymer membrane wettability by a reduction of the contact angle of the polymer fibers and an overall decrease of the surface tension of the membranes.

Erratum: Influence of oxygen plasma treatment parameters on poly(vinylidene fluoride) electrospun fiber mats wettability

Electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) fiber mats find applications in an increasing number of areas, such as battery separators, filtration and detection membranes, due to their excellent properties. However, there are limitations due to the hydrophobic nature and low surface energy of PVDF. In this work, oxygen plasma treatment has been applied in order to modify the surface wettability of PVDF fiber mats and superhydrophilic PVDF electrospun membranes have been obtained. Further, plasma treatment does not significantly influences fiber average size (~400 ± 200 nm), morphology, electroactive -phase content (~80-85%) or the degree of crystallinity (Xc of 42 ± 2%), allowing to maintain the excellent physical-chemical characteristics of PVDF. Plasma treatment mainly induces surface chemistry modifications, such as the introduction of oxygen and release of fluorine atoms that significantly changes polymer membrane wettability by a reduction of the contact angle of the polymer fibers and an overall decrease of the surface tension of the membranes.

Mechanical performance of natural fiber-reinforced composites for the strengthening of masonry

The growing concerns regarding the environmental impact generated by the use of inorganic materials in different fields of application increased the interest towards products based on materials with low environmental impact. In recent years, researchers have turned their attention towards the development of materials obtained from renewable sources, easily recoverable or biodegradable at the end of use. In the field of civil structures, a few attempts have been done to replace the most common composites (e.g. carbon and glass fibers) by materials less harmful to the environment, as natural fibers. This work presents a comprehensive experimental research on the mechanical performance of natural fibers for the strengthening of masonry constructions. Flax, hemp, jute, sisal and coir fibers have been investigated both from physical and mechanical points of view. The fibers with better performance were tested together with three different matrices (two of organic nature) in order to produce composites. These experimental results represent a useful database for understanding the potentialities of natural fibers as strengthening systems.

Effect of chemical and plasma DBD treatments on pseudostem plantain fiber properties

Las fibras del seudotallo de plátano (FSP) fueron modificadas mediante epiclorhidrina (EP), anhídrido acético (AA), y su combinación (AA_EP), y con plasma a tres descargas de barrera dieléctrica (DBD) 1, 3 y 6 kW min m-2. Las FSP tratadas y sin tratar fueron caracterizadas mediante espectroscopia infrarroja por la transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), termogravimetría (TGA), microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) y pruebas mecánicas de tensión y de humectabilidad. Los espectros FT-IR, las micrografías SEM, y el análisis TGA indicaron pérdidas de lignina, hemicelulosa, impurezas y ceras. Estos efectos en conjunto con las reacciones de grupos OH y -C-C-, con los tratamientos químicos y de plasma respectivamente, incrementaron la hidrofobicidad de las FSP tratadas. Los tratamientos químicos produjeron reacciones de esterificación, eterificación y entrecruzamiento de los grupos OH libres en las FSP, lo que hizo que mostraran mayor rigidez que las expuestas al plasma. Las micrografías SEM mostraron que las FSP expuestas al plasma quedaron con superficie más irregular y rugosa que la de las FSP tratadas químicamente. La humectabilidad de las fibras, medida mediante pruebas de ángulo de contacto, se redujo como consecuencia de ambos tratamientos, característica importante para un relleno en los materiales compuestos.

Auxetic effect of natural fiber knitted fabrics

Since they present a negative Poisson's radio, auxetic materials are different from conventional ones. These materials present an unusual behaviour: when stretched (elongated in the longitudinal direction), their cross-section is increased. There are two different ways to obtain auxetic materials: through polymers or through structures. It is possible to affirm that those obtained through fibrous structures are very recent and that few authors have been dedicated to their study. The main objective of this work is to study the effect of the negative Poisson

Mechanical properties of polypropylene/natural fiber composites: comparison with glass fiber

Natural Fiber Composites based on polypropylene have gained increasing interest over the past two decades, both in the scientific and industry communities. In this study, the mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP)/natural fiber composites were studied and compared with those of polypropylene reinforced by glass fiber. Flax and jute woven fabrics have been used. PP/glass fiber composites showed better performance in terms of tensile properties.

Development of auxetic structures from braided composites produced from basalt fiber

In this work, novel auxetic structure has been developed from braided composites produced from basalt fiber. The paper reported the auxetic and tensile behavior of the structures produced from basalt fiber and also compared with structures developed from braided composites having glass fiber as core. The basic design is modified with straight rod to improve the strengthening behavior of structure with structural elements. The Poisson’s ratio of the modified structure are studied. The Poisson’s ratio of the structure made from basalt and glass reinforced BCRs are almost similar but the tensile behavior of basalt based structure is good than glass fiber.

Study on the degradation of natural fiber geotextiles

Current societal challenges increasingly demand the need to seek for efficient and sustainable solutions to daily problems. Construction, as a result of its activity, is one of the main responsible industry for the exploitation of resources and greenhouse gas emissions. In this way, several research works are being undertaken to change some of the current practices. This paper presents the work being done at University of Minho to study de degradation of natural fibers when used as a sustainable solution for soil reinforcement. Jute and sisal fibrous structures (0º/90º) were studied in terms of their degradation over time, when incorporated into soil and when subject to accelerated aging tests in a QUV weathering test equipment. Results show that the process of biodegradation of natural fibers is clearly accelerated by the action of temperature, moisture and solar radiation, explaining further degradation of jute and sisal fibers when exposed to these factors, although more pronounced in jute fabric structures.

Enzymatic treatments to improve mechanical properties and surface hydrophobicity of jute fiber membranes

Fiber membranes prepared from jute fragments can be valuable, low cost, and renewable. They have broad application prospects in packing bags, geotextiles, filters, and composite reinforcements. Traditionally, chemical adhesives have been used to improve the properties of jute fiber membranes. A series of new laccase, laccase/mediator systems, and multi-enzyme synergisms were attempted. After the laccase treatment of jute fragments, the mechanical properties and surface hydrophobicity of the produced fiber membranes increased because of the cross-coupling of lignins with ether bonds mediated by laccase. The optimum conditions were a buffer pH of 4.5 and an incubation temperature of 60 °C with 0.92 U/mL laccase for 3 h. Laccase/guaiacol and laccase/alkali lignin treatments resulted in remarkable increases in the mechanical properties; in contrast, the laccase/2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) and laccase/2,6-dimethoxyphenol treatments led to a decrease. The laccase/ guaiacol system was favorable to the surface hydrophobicity of jute fiber membranes. However, the laccase/alkali lignin system had the opposite effect. Xylanase/laccase and cellulase/laccase combined treatments were able to enhance both the mechanical properties and the surface hydrophobicity of jute fiber membranes. Among these, cellulase/laccase treatment performed better; compared to mechanical properties, the surface hydrophobicity of the jute fiber membranes showed only a slight increase after the enzymatic multi-step processes.