Les déterminants du comportement alimentaire de jeunes hommes gais

Introduction : Cette étude visait à explorer les déterminants des choix alimentaires de jeunes hommes gais. L’objectif secondaire était d’explorer la perception des hommes gais à l’égard du comportement alimentaire des hommes hétérosexuels. Méthode : Une méthode qualitative s’appuyant sur la prise de photographies et d’entrevues individuelles semi-dirigées a été utilisée. Résultats : Onze hommes gais de 21 à 25 ans et habitant en appartement dans la région de Montréal ont participé à l’étude. L’apparence corporelle, la santé et la nutrition sont des facteurs très influents de leur comportement alimentaire. Les hommes de la cohorte soutiennent la perception que ces facteurs n’influencent pas aussi fortement le comportement alimentaire des hommes hétérosexuels. Ils sont de grands consommateurs de cuisine hors domicile. Plusieurs d’entre eux limitent leur consommation de viande, un aliment qu’ils considèrent masculin et fortement lié aux hommes hétérosexuels. Conclusion : Le comportement alimentaire des jeunes hommes de cette cohorte est influencé par plusieurs facteurs qui ne sont habituellement pas associés aux hommes, dont l’apparence corporelle, la santé et la nutrition. Ils sont au fait de cette dichotomie en se comparant à leurs proches hétérosexuels. Si les professionnels de la santé négligent ces facteurs, ils risquent de passer à côté de leviers d’intervention efficaces.

Attitudes et comportements alimentaires des athlètes québécoises pratiquant un sport esthétique à un haut niveau : caractéristiques personnelles et comparaison à un groupe de contrôle

La pratique d’un sport de type esthétique est aujourd’hui considérée par plusieurs (Sundgot-Borgen & Torstveit, 2004; Thompson & Sherman, 2010) comme un facteur de risque à l’adoption d’attitudes et de comportements alimentaires inappropriés à l’égard de l’alimentation et de l’image corporelle (ACIAI) et ultimement au développement d’un trouble des conduites alimentaires (TCA). Les études actuelles portant sur cette problématique rapportent toutefois des résultats contradictoires. De plus, certains aspects méthodologiques associés notamment à l’hétérogénéité des échantillons limitent la portée interprétative de ces résultats. Afin de pallier les limites actuelles des écrits empiriques, cette thèse a pour but de tracer le portrait de la problématique des désordres alimentaires chez les jeunes athlètes québécoises de haut niveau en sport esthétique. Pour ce faire, un échantillon homogène de 145 adolescentes âgées de 12 à 19 ans a été constitué soit 52 athlètes de haut niveau et 93 non-athlètes. Les sports représentés sont le patinage artistique, la nage synchronisée et le ballet. À partir de cet échantillon, deux études sont réalisées. L’objectif de la première étude est de comparer l’intensité des ACIAI et la prévalence des TCA dans les deux groupes à l’aide de deux questionnaires soit le Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) et le Eating Disorder Inventory-3 (EDI-3). Les résultats obtenus suggèrent qu’il n’y a pas de différence significative entre les athlètes et les non-athlètes de l’échantillon en ce qui a trait à l’intensité des ACIAI et à la prévalence des TCA. La deuxième étude est constituée de deux objectifs. Tout d’abord, comparer les deux groupes relativement aux caractéristiques personnelles suivantes : l’insatisfaction de l’image corporelle (IIC), le sentiment d’efficacité personnelle envers l’alimentation normative (SEP-AN) et l’image corporelle (SEP-IC), le perfectionnisme (P), l’ascétisme (As), la dysrégulation émotionnelle (DÉ) et le déficit intéroceptif (DI). De nature plus exploratoire, le second objectif de cette étude est de décrire et de comparer les caractéristiques personnelles qui sont associées aux ACIAI dans chacun des groupes. Afin de réaliser ces objectifs, deux autres questionnaires ont été utilisés soit le Eating Disorder Recovery Self-efficacy Questionnaire-f (EDRSQ-f) et le Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). En somme, les analyses indiquent que les athlètes de l’échantillon présentent des niveaux plus faibles de SEP-AN et de DÉ. Ce faisant, elles auraient moins confiance en leur capacité à maintenir une alimentation normative, mais réguleraient plus efficacement leurs émotions que les adolescentes non-athlètes. Une fois l’âge et l’indice de masse corporelle contrôlés, les résultats démontrent également que le SEP-AN et l’IIC contribuent à prédire dans chaque groupe les ACIAI tels que mesurés par la recherche de minceur. Le SEP-AN a aussi été associé dans les deux groupes à l’intensité des symptômes boulimiques. Les modèles obtenus diffèrent cependant quant aux variables prédictives principales. Chez les athlètes de l’échantillon, l’intensité des conduites boulimiques est associée à la DÉ alors qu’elle est davantage liée au DI chez les adolescentes non sportives. Enfin, en plus de discuter et de comparer l’ensemble de ces résultats aux autres travaux disponibles, les apports distinctifs de la thèse et les principales limites des études sont abordés. Des pistes sont également suggérées afin d’orienter les recherches futures et des implications cliniques sont proposées.

Factores de riesgo de suicidio en mujeres con cáncer de mama

El cáncer de mama es uno de los diagnósticos oncológicos más frecuentes y con altas tasas de mortalidad en mujeres a nivel mundial, en específico con mayor incidencia en países del este de Europa, Asia y Latinoamérica. Su impacto trasciende el aspecto físico y afectando igualmente el área social y psicológica de estas mujeres, generando estados afectivos disfuncionales (depresión, ansiedad, estrés postraumático, conductas suicidas) que afectan su calidad de vida. La literatura reporta que el suicidio en pacientes con cáncer es 2 veces mayor que en la población general, reconociendo dentro de los grupos vulnerables a los pacientes con cáncer de mama. Objetivo: realizar una revisión de la literatura científica producida entre 2002 – 2012, sobre los factores de riesgo de suicidio en mujeres con cáncer de mama. Método: se revisaron 121 artículos científicos obtenidos en bases de datos especializadas. Resultados: En efecto, estas mujeres tienen factores de riesgo para el suicidio (raza, comorbilidad médica y psiquiátrica, miedo a la recidiva, estadios avanzados de la enfermedad, alteraciones en la imagen corporal, cambios en el rol social y efectos secundarios de los tratamientos oncológicos). Conclusiones: durante el curso de la enfermedad se presentan diversos factores biopsicosociales que pueden conducir a la ideación o a la intención suicida. Por lo anterior, es necesario incorporar en la atención psicológica de las mujeres con cáncer de mama la evaluación y la intervención de la conducta suicida y continuar profundizando en el estudio de este fenómeno cuyos efectos son deletéreos para el bienestar del paciente oncológico.

La experiencia de los receptores en el trasplante de órganos y tejidos

El trasplante de órganos y/o tejidos es considerado como una opción terapéutica viable para el tratamiento tanto de enfermedades crónicas o en estadios terminales, como de afectaciones no vitales, pero que generen una disminución en la calidad de vida percibida por el paciente. Este procedimiento, de carácter multidimensional, está compuesto por 3 actores principales: el donante, el órgano/tejido, y el receptor. Si bien un porcentaje significativo de investigaciones y planes de intervención han girado en torno a la dimensión biológica del trasplante, y a la promoción de la donación; el interés por la experiencia psicosocial y la calidad de vida de los receptores en este proceso ha aumentado durante la última década. En relación con esto, la presente monografía se plantea como objetivo general la exploración de la experiencia y los significados construidos por los pacientes trasplantados, a través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre esta temática. Para ello, se plantearon unos objetivos específicos derivados del general, se seleccionaron términos o palabras claves por cada uno de estos, y se realizó una búsqueda en 5 bases de datos para revistas indexadas: Ebsco Host (Academic Search; y Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection); Proquest; Pubmed; y Science Direct. A partir de los resultados, se establece que si bien la vivencia de los receptores ha comenzado a ser investigada, aún es necesaria una mayor exploración sobre la experiencia de estos pacientes; exploración que carecería de objetivo si no se hiciera a través de las narrativas o testimonios de los mismos receptores

La personalidad como predictora de dificultades cotidianas en la adolescencia. 'Personality features as predictors different problems in adolescence'

Resumen tomado de la publicación. Con el apoyo económico del departamento MIDE de la UNED

Relação entre a imagem corporal e a toma de substâncias ergogénicas nutricionais

Este estudo teve como objectivo analisar a associação entre a utilização de substancias ergogénicas nutricionais, a dependência do exercício e a imagem corporal em praticantes de exercício em contextos de Fitness. Um total de 300 indivíduos, 185 homens e 115 mulheres, participaram neste estudo transversal e responderam a questionários constituídos pela Escala de Dependência do Exercício (EDE-21), Inventario de Perturbacões Alimentares (EDI-2), Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS), Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS) e Teoria do Comportamento Planeado para a toma de substâncias ergogénicas nutricionais (TCP). Para analise de comparação utilizou-se o teste t, que revelou que as mulheres são mais insatisfeitas com a imagem do corpo (p=.022) e apresentam maior ansiedade física social (p<.001) e predisposição para a toma de substâncias ergogénicas nutricionais (p<.001) A toma de substancias ergogénicas nutricionais foi explicada pelo IMC e a percepção de controlo do comportamento. Os homens são mais perfeccionistas (p<.OOl) e recorrem mais à toma de substâncias (p<.OOl), sendo esta explicada pela intenção e dependência do exercício.Verificou-se que a motiva<;ao para a magreza se relaciona com a frequência do exercício (p=.027) e que a dismorfia muscular se relaciona com dependência do exercício (p<.OOl), frequência(p<.OOl), volume (p=.18), intensidade (p=.048) e predisposição para a toma de substâncias ergogénicas (todos p<.05). Mulheres com maior ansiedade física social apresentaram menor predisposição para a toma de substancias e por ultimo, níveis de IMC mais baixos, tanto em homens quanto em mulheres, relacionaram-se com maior toma reportada de suplementos (todos p<.05). Os resultados enfatizam a importância de futuras intervenções, com foco em estratégias de mediação sobre os distúrbios de imagem corporal, focando principalmente os aspectos negativos a ela associados.

Cognitive and bodily selves: how do they interact following brain lesion?

Dualism has long distinguished between the mental and the body experiences. Probing the structure and organisation of the self traditionally calls for a distinction between these two sides of the self coin. It is far beyond the scope of this chapter to address these philosophical issues, and our starting point will be the simple distinction between reflective processes involved in the elaboration of body image, self awareness and self-recognition (i.e. ‘the self’) and the sensori-motor dialogues involved in action control, reactions and automatisms (i.e. ‘the body’ schema). This oversimplification does not take into account the complex interactions taking place between these two levels of description, but our initial aim will be to distinguish between them, before addressing the question of their interactions. Cognitive and sensori-motor processes have frequently been distinguished (review: Rossetti and Revonsuo 2000), and it may be proposed that a similar dissociation can be put forward, a priori, between a central representation of self and a bodily representation corresponding to body schema (Figure 1).

Sexual abuse in childhood and postoperative depression in women with breast cancer who opt for immediate reconstruction after mastectomy

INTRODUCTION Breast reconstruction is routinely offered to women who undergo mastectomy for breast cancer. However, patient-reported outcomes are mixed. Child abuse has enduring effects on adults’ well-being and body image. As part of a study into damaging effects of abuse on adjustment to breast cancer, we examined: (i) whether women with history of abuse would be more likely than other women to opt for reconstruction; and (ii) whether mood problems in women opting for reconstruction can be explained by greater prevalence of abuse. PATIENTS AND METHODS We recruited 355 women within 2-4 days after surgery for primary breast cancer; 104 had mastectomy alone and 29 opted for reconstruction. Using standardised questionnaires, women self-reported emotional distress and recollections of childhood sexual abuse. Self-report of distress was repeated 12 months later. RESULTS Women who had reconstruction were younger than those who did not. Controlling for this, they reported greater prevalence of abuse and more distress than those having mastectomy alone. They were also more depressed postoperatively, and this effect remained significant after controlling for abuse. CONCLUSIONS One interpretation of these findings is that history of abuse influences women's decisions about responding to the threat of mastectomy, but it is premature to draw inferences for practice until the findings are replicated. If they are replicated, it will be important to recognise increased vulnerability of some patients who choose reconstruction. Studying the characteristics and needs of women who opt for immediate reconstruction and examining the implications for women's adjustment should be a priority for research.

HIV/AIDS: use of the ICF in Brazil and South Africa - comparative data from four cross-sectional studies

Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a serious disease which can be associated with various activity limitations and participation restrictions. The aim of this paper was to describe how HIV affects the functioning and health of people within different environmental contexts, particularly with regard to access to medication. Method Four cross-sectional studies, three in South Africa and one in Brazil, had applied the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a classification instrument to participants living with HIV. Each group was at a different stage of the disease. Only two groups had had continuing access to antiretroviral therapy. The existence of these descriptive sets enabled comparison of the disability experienced by people living with HIV at different stages of the disease and with differing access to antiretroviral therapy. Results Common problems experienced in all groups related to weight maintenance, with two-thirds of the sample reporting problems in this area. Mental functions presented the most problems in all groups, with sleep (50%, 92/185), energy and drive (45%, 83/185), and emotional functions (49%, 90/185) being the most affected. In those on long-term therapy, body image affected 93% (39/42) and was a major problem. The other groups reported pain as a problem, and those with limited access to treatment also reported mobility problems. Cardiopulmonary functions were affected in all groups. Conclusion Functional problems occurred in the areas of impairment and activity limitation in people at advanced stages of HIV, and more limitations occurred in the area of participation for those on antiretroviral treatment. The ICF provided a useful framework within which to describe the functioning of those with HIV and the impact of the environment. Given the wide spectrum of problems found, consideration could be given to a number of ICF core sets that are relevant to the different stages of HIV disease. (C) 2010 Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Interactive Brazilian program to prevent eating disorders behaviors: A pilot study

During a four month scholarly leave in United States of America, researchers designed a culturally appropriate prevention program for eating disorders (ED) for Brazilian adolescent girls. The program ""Se Liga na Nutricao"" was modeled on other effective programs identified in a research literature review and was carried out over eleven interactive sessions. It was positively received by the adolescents who suggested that it be part of school curricula. The girls reported that it helped them to develop critical thinking skills with regards to sociocultural norms about body image, food and eating practices. (Eating Weight Disord. 15: e270-e274, 2010). (C)2010, Editrice Kurtis

Kön, kroppsbild och dysfunktionella tankar : en sambandsstudie

Body esteem is the affective aspect of body image, which is shaped by social experience. Compared with men, women have a more negative body image, which is more frequently correlated with depression and dysfunctional thoughts, especially in the case of eating disorders. The purpose of the present study was to examine gender differences in body esteem and its subcategories, and to find out whether there exists a stronger link between negative body esteem and higher levels of dysfunctional thoughts in women. The relationship between body esteem, dysfunctional thoughts and mental illness was examined. Participants were 73 college students doing social sciences and sports training educations. Body esteem questionnaire and dysfunctional thoughts questionnaire as well as a self made questionnaire on mental illness were used. Results showed that women had a more negative body esteem compared to men, especially considering weight. In women, there was a medium-strong negative relation between body esteem and dysfunctional thoughts. The results indicate that the norms for female body ideal that abound in the Western society have a negative affect on women's thinking and body image.Key words: Gender, body esteem, dysfunctional thoughts, mental illness.

Överviktens betydelser

Meanings of overweight In societal discourses overweight is defined as a growing individual and a social problem leading to sickness and disability, mental distress, increased use of health care and reduced economic productivity. A strong normative pressure is directed at the overweight but relatively few succeed in reducing their weight. Therefore, the overweight need to manage a double stigma; the overweight body per se and their inability to conform to norms about bodyweight. This article investigates how individuals present their overweight to their social environment. Empirical data was collected as part of an evaluation study of a keep-fit project directed at home-care staff. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 49 participants and 30 of them had either tried or were trying to reduce their weight. The analysis shows that the informants presented a divided self consisting of a biological body, with its own drives, and a mind that is aware of the body and its social meanings. They portrayed their lives as a battle between these two sides. Their presentations of the divided self can be analysed as a defence of their social selves. The overweight can account for the kilos by blaming the biological drives, which leaves the core of themselves – their minds – unblemished. They can express an intention to loose weight and thereby conform to norms about bodyweight. When they fail to loose weight, the responsibility can be attributed to the unruly body.

Can deviation from standard beauty become appealing?: an age perspective

When exploring new perspectives on the impact of non-idealized vs. idealized body image in advertising, studies have focused mainly on body size, i.e., thin vs. heavy (Antioco et al., 2012; Smeesters & Mandel, 2006). Age remains largely unexplored, and the vast majority of ads in the market depict young models. The purpose of this research is therefore to investigate which images in advertisements – young or mature models – are more persuasive for older women (40+ years old). In this investigation, two studies were conducted. The first part was an exploratory analysis with a qualitative approach, which in turn helped to formulate the hypothesis tested in the subsequent experiment. The results of the in-depth interviews suggested a conflict over notions of imprisonment (need to follow beauty standards) and freedom (wish to deviate). The results of the experiment showed essentially that among older consumers, ads portraying older models were as persuasive as ads portraying younger models. Limitations and future research are discussed.