Balance social. Cuestiones inherentes al proceso de elaboración según el marco GRI

Introducción: La primea idea que debemos asociar a la tarea de elaboración del Balance Social es la de “proceso”. Algunos autores acertadamente sostienen que esta actividad debe entenderse como un viaje y no como un destino. El Balance Social no es un producto a lograr ni consiste en llenar un formulario ni tampoco debe iniciarse el proceso de preparación al final del año fiscal, ya que no se trata simplemente de una actividad de recolección de datos. Es más bien la culminación de una etapa de conversión de la empresa hacia prácticas de Responsabilidad Social Empresaria (RSE). Para desarrollar el “proceso” de elaboración del Balance Social, seguiremos el Marco de la Guía para Elaboración de Memorias de Sostenibilidad1

Cambios en la fertilidad del suelo, producción de biomasa y balance de nitrógeno en sistemas agroforestales con café en Nicaragua

Se estableció un experimento de un sistema agroforestal con el cultivo de café en el año 2001 en el Municipio de Masatepe, Nicaragua; estableciéndose en las parcelas principales especies arbóreas leguminosas y no leguminosas y en las subparcelas niveles de fertilizantes orgánicos y químicos aplicados a diferentes cantidades para el manejo de la fertilidad del suelo, enfermedades, plagas insectiles y malezas, con el propósito de establecer los cambios en la fertilidad del suelo, la producción de residuos vegetales y el balance de Nitrógeno. Para la determinación de las variables del suelo, mineralización del nitrógeno, carbono y biomasa microbiana se extrajo por parcela experimental un volumen de suelo para constituir una muestra compuesta. Para la producción de biomasa fueron muestreados dos árboles por parcela y determinados los contenidos de N; fue considerada la cantidad de N aportados por la adición de fertilizantes orgánicas y químicos. El N extraído por medio de la cosecha (grano uva) fue determinado para incluirlo en el balance. Los resultados muestran que se produce una menor acidez del suelo, y estadísticamente diferente en el Orgánico Intensivo comparado al manejo Convencional Moderado, y similar comportamiento en Fósforo, Potasio y la biomasa microbiana. En tanto la CIC, el N y el C total , resultó menor en el 2004 con respecto al 200l, en ambos años no hubo diferencias estadísticas entre los tratamientos. La tasa de mineralización del N es menor en el tratamiento a pleno sol con fertilizante químico con respecto a los tratamientos con sombra arbórea; mientras que los fertilizantes orgánicos muestran ser diferentes estadísticamente con respecto a fertilizantes químicos aplicados al suelo. Las cantidades de residuos vegetales producidos por la poda es dado por lnga. laurina, sin embargo, en el raleo Tabebuia. rosea la supera en esta actividad. El balance de Nitrógeno resulta negativo en los niveles de fertilizante Moderado Convencional y Orgánico Moderado dado que las extracciones por cosecha de los frutos de café y extracciones de leña son superiores a las adiciones de N vía fertilización provocando un empobrecimiento de este elemento mineral en el suelo.

Preliminary report on the energy balance for nonlinear oscillations

In this paper, a reliable technique for calculating angular frequencies of nonlinear oscillators is developed. The new algorithm offers a promising approach by constructing a Hamiltonian for the nonlinear oscillator. Some illustrative examples are given. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Resenha da publicação "Balance preliminar de las economías de América Latina y el Caribe" - Cepal, 2003

Consultoria Legislativa - Área IX - Política e Planejamento Econômicos, Desenvolvimento Econômico Economia Internacional.

El desarrollo rural en la vertiente atlántica del País Vasco: un balance

[EUS] Artikulo honetan euskal isurialde atlantiarreko bi munitzipioetan martxan jarritako garapen lokaleko proiektuak aztertzen dira. Esperientzia horiek beherapen industrialean dagoen eskualde batean landa garapenak izan dezakeen egokitasunari buruz pentsatzera bultzatzen dute.

Structural Integrity of the Contralesional Hemisphere Predicts Cognitive Impairment in Ischemic Stroke at Three Months

After stroke, white matter integrity can be affected both locally and distally to the primary lesion location. It has been shown that tract disruption in mirror's regions of the contralateral hemisphere is associated with degree of functional impairment. Fourteen patients suffering right hemispheric focal stroke (S) and eighteen healthy controls (HC) underwent Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) and neuropsychological assessment. The stroke patient group was divided into poor (SP; n = 8) and good (SG; n = 6) cognitive recovery groups according to their cognitive improvement from the acute phase (72 hours after stroke) to the subacute phase (3 months post-stroke). Whole-brain DWI data analysis was performed by computing Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) followed by Tract Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS). Assessment of effects was obtained computing the correlation of the projections on TBSS skeleton of Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and Radial Diffusivity (RD) with cognitive test results. Significant decrease of FA was found only in right brain anatomical areas for the S group when compared to the HC group. Analyzed separately, stroke patients with poor cognitive recovery showed additional significant FA decrease in several left hemisphere regions; whereas SG patients showed significant decrease only in the left genu of corpus callosum when compared to the HC. For the SG group, whole brain analysis revealed significant correlation between the performance in the Semantic Fluency test and the FA in the right hemisphere as well as between the performance in the Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT) and theTrail Making Test-part A and the FA in the left hemisphere. For the SP group, correlation analysis revealed significant correlation between the performance in the GPT and the FA in the right hemisphere. Palabras clave

The COMT Val158 Met polymorphism as an associated risk factor for Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment in APOE 4 carriers

Background: The aim of this study is to examine the influence of the catechol-O-methyltranferase (COMT) gene (polymorphism Val158 Met) as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment of amnesic type (MCI), and its synergistic effect with the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE). A total of 223 MCI patients, 345 AD and 253 healthy controls were analyzed. Clinical criteria and neuropsychological tests were used to establish diagnostic groups. The DNA Bank of the University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) (Spain) determined COMT Val158 Met and APOE genotypes using real time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLPs), respectively. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to determine the risk of AD and MCI. Results: Neither COMT alleles nor genotypes were independent risk factors for AD or MCI. The high activity genotypes (GG and AG) showed a synergistic effect with APOE epsilon 4 allele, increasing the risk of AD (OR = 5.96, 95% CI 2.74-12.94, p < 0.001 and OR = 6.71, 95% CI 3.36-13.41, p < 0.001 respectivily). In AD patients this effect was greater in women. In MCI patients such as synergistic effect was only found between AG and APOE epsilon 4 allele (OR = 3.21 95% CI 1.56-6.63, p = 0.02) and was greater in men (OR = 5.88 95% CI 1.69-20.42, p < 0.01). Conclusion: COMT (Val158 Met) polymorphism is not an independent risk factor for AD or MCI, but shows a synergistic effect with APOE epsilon 4 allele that proves greater in women with AD.

Developing effective restoration plans to tackle the widespread impairment of coastal swimming and shellfishing waters

Congress established a legal imperative to restore the quality of our surface waters when it enacted the Clean Water Act in 1972. The act requires that existing uses of coastal waters such as swimming and shellfishing be protected and restored. Enforcement of this mandate is frequently measured in terms of the ability to swim and harvest shellfish in tidal creeks, rivers, sounds, bays, and ocean beaches. Public-health agencies carry out comprehensive water-quality sampling programs to check for bacteria contamination in coastal areas where swimming and shellfishing occur. Advisories that restrict swimming and shellfishing are issued when sampling indicates that bacteria concentrations exceed federal health standards. These actions place these coastal waters on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencies’ (EPA) list of impaired waters, an action that triggers a federal mandate to prepare a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) analysis that should result in management plans that will restore degraded waters to their designated uses. When coastal waters become polluted, most people think that improper sewage treatment is to blame. Water-quality studies conducted over the past several decades have shown that improper sewage treatment is a relatively minor source of this impairment. In states like North Carolina, it is estimated that about 80 percent of the pollution flowing into coastal waters is carried there by contaminated surface runoff. Studies show this runoff is the result of significant hydrologic modifications of the natural coastal landscape. There was virtually no surface runoff occurring when the coastal landscape was natural in places such as North Carolina. Most rainfall soaked into the ground, evaporated, or was used by vegetation. Surface runoff is largely an artificial condition that is created when land uses harden and drain the landscape surfaces. Roofs, parking lots, roads, fields, and even yards all result in dramatic changes in the natural hydrology of these coastal lands, and generate huge amounts of runoff that flow over the land’s surface into nearby waterways. (PDF contains 3 pages)

Balance de la política fiscal desarrollada en España en época de crisis. ¿Por qué elegir el camino contractivo?

The use of a contractive fiscal policy in times of crisis and austerity can lead to so many different opinion streams which can be, at the same time, very opposite with each other. The high budget deficit in some economies has forced the eurozone to implement austerity policies, meaning that the debate is now more alive than ever. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the effects of the implementation of a contractive policy during a crisis considering the case of Spain. The positive effects in financial markets were noticed due to the decrease of the risk premium and the payment of interests, and also thanks to the increase of trust towards Spain. This way, the reduction of the Spanish deficit was remarkable but in any case there is still a long path until reaching the limit of 3% of the GDP. Also, in the short run it is possible to see that the consolidation had contractive effects in the economic activity but, in the long run, the debate is among the defenders of the fact that austerity is followed by a growing period and the ones opposing to it due to the drowning effect produced by it.