A importância do observatório de atividades industriais vis-à-vis tendências em ciência, tecnologia e inovação

Given that innovation is fundamental for competitiveness, and that it is intrinsically linked to knowledge, it has become essential to foster effective interaction between the Brazilian productive sector and universities and R&D centers. This interface should be created by means of the model used in developed countries: Observatory of Industrial Activities and Trends in Science, Technology and Innovation. The present work describes its main functions, using examples of activities undertaken by the Chemical Industry Information System of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro related to production systems of primary and high-tech industries, examining the diffusion of knowledge to decision-makers.

Determination of Ni(II) in metal alloys by spectrophotometry UV-Vis using dopasemiquinone

A spectrophotometric method was proposed for Ni(II) determination in alloys using a dopa-semiquinone (L-1) to form [Ni(II)(L1-)3]1-, ε = 9.3 x 10³ L mol-1 cm-1. The optimal conditions for the determination were: wavelength 590 nm, temperature 25 °C, reaction time 45 min and pH 7.5. The Beer's law was obeyed for nickel from 3.33 x 10-5 to 1.78 x 10-4 mol L-1. The method was applied to complex samples, such as inox, nickel-titanium and cobalt-chromium alloys. A study of the potential interferents revealed that Mn was the major interferent. The limit of detection and quantification were 2.88 x 10-5 mol L-1 and 3.06 x 10-5 mol L-1, respectively.

Análise screening de vinhos empregando um analisador fluxo-batelada, espectroscopia UV-VIS e quimiometria

A simple, robust, versatile, high analytical frequency method was proposed to check if a sample of wine is within the range of standards set by the manufacturer, using the UV-VIS spectroscopy, multivariate analysis and a flow-batch analyzer. Two hundred and fifty-two samples of wines were analyzed. The results from the application of Hierachical Cluster Analysis (HCA) to the matrix of the data involving all samples show the formation of fifteen types of wine. A Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) model was constructed and used to classify the samples of the overall forecast. As a result, it is observed that the prediction was performed with a success rate of 99.2% for a confidence level of 95%. This shows that the proposed methodology can be used as an effective tool for classifying of samples of wines.

Desenvolvimento de método analítico para quantificação do efavirenz por espectrofotometria no UV-Vis

An UV-Vis spectrophotometry analytical method for quantifying Efavirenz was developed and validated as an alternative to replace the HPLC current method. The report method presents sample concentration of 10 μg mL-1, dissolved in a solution ethanol:water (60:40, v/v), economic and technically adequate for the purpose adopted. The results and the statistical treated proved that the method being considered an precise and accurate analytical low cost alternative for laboratory routine. The adaptability of this method in product and other analytical methods development has been challenged by mathematical calculation of drug extinction coefficient in water and methanol and practical experiments, showing interesting results.

Precipitação seletiva de tamanhos em nanopartículas semicondutoras coloidais de CdTe e CdSe: um estudo por espectroscopia UV-VIS

The post-preparative size-selective precipitation technique was applied in CdTe and CdSe semiconductor nanocrystals prepared via colloidal route in water. The synthesis of CdTe and CdSe nanoparticles and the effect of the post-preparative size-selective precipitation have been characterized mainly by mean of ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis). It was demonstrated that the size-selective precipitation are able to isolate particles of different sizes and purify the nanoparticles as well.

Development of a UV/Vis spectrophotometric method for analysis of total polyphenols from Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth

Caesalpinia peltophoroides is a domesticated tree found in Brazil. It was necessary to develop an analytical method to determine the content of total polyphenols (TP) in this herbal drug. The pre-analytical method was standardized for analysis time, wavelength, and the best standard to use. The optimum conditions were: pyrogallol, 760 nm, and 30 min respectively. Under these conditions, validation by UV/Vis spectrophotometry proved to be reliable for TP of the crude extract and semipurified fractions from C. peltophoroides. Standardization is required for every herbal drug, and this method proved to be linear, precise, accurate, reproducible, robust, and easy to perform.

Optimization of solvent mixtures for extraction from bark of Schinus terebinthifolius by a statistical mixture-design technique and development of a UV-Vis spectrophotometric method for analysis of total polyphenols in the extract

A statistical mixture-design technique was used to study the effects of different solvents and their mixtures on the yield, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity of the crude extracts from the bark of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae). The experimental results and their response-surface models showed that ternary mixtures with equal portions of all the three solvents (water, ethanol and acetone) were better than the binary mixtures in generating crude extracts with the highest yield (22.04 ± 0.48%), total polyphenol content (29.39 ± 0.39%), and antioxidant capacity (6.38 ± 0.21). An analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of total polyphenols in the extracts. Optimal conditions for the various parameters in this analytical method, namely, the time for the chromophoric reaction to stabilize, wavelength of the absorption maxima to be monitored, the reference standard and the concentration of sodium carbonate were determined to be 5 min, 780 nm, pyrogallol, and 14.06% w v-1, respectively. UV-Vis spectrophotometric monitoring of the reaction under these conditions proved the method to be linear, specific, precise, accurate, reproducible, robust, and easy to perform.

VIS-NIR SPECTROMETRY, SOIL PHOSPHATE EXTRACTION METHODS AND INTERACTIONS OF SOIL ATTRIBUTES

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationships between the spectra in the Vis-NIR range and the soil P concentrations obtained from the PM and Prem extraction methods as well as the effects of these relationships on the construction of models predicting P concentration in Oxisols. Soil samples' spectra and their PM and Prem extraction solutions were determined for the Vis-NIR region between 400 and 2500 nm. Mineralogy and/or organic matter content act as primary attributes allowing correlation of these soil phosphorus fractions with the spectra, mainly at wavelengths between 450-550, 900-1100 nm, near 1400 nm and between 2200-2300 nm. However, the regression models generated were not suitable for quantitative phosphate analysis. Solubilization of organic matter and reactions during the PM extraction process hindered correlations between the spectra and these P soil fractions. For Prem,, the presence of Ca in the extractant and preferential adsorption by gibbsite and iron oxides, particularly goethite, obscured correlations with the spectra.

Epidemiologia comparativa entre os patossistemas temperado e tropical: conseqüências para a resistência a fungicidas

O patossistema tropical difere do patossistema temperado tanto em estrutura quanto em comportamento. Nesta revisão, ambos os patossistemas são caracterizados e, com base nessa caracterização, o risco de origem e de seleção de resistência a fungicidas é discutido para ambas as situações. As características diferenciais relevantes para análise foram: sobrevivência I (entre estações de cultivo); sobrevivência II (entre ciclos do patógeno); taxa aparente de infecção; via anti-horária de infecção; ingresso e/ou manutenção de mutantes resistentes; via horária de infecção; persistência de mutantes resistentes; adaptabilidade dos mutantes resistentes. Conclui-se que o patossistema tropical não apresenta risco maior para a seleção de mutantes resistentes, mas pode, em alguns casos, apresentar risco maior de origem de mutantes resistentes.

Epidemiologia comparativa da podridão negra e da alternariose do repolho no Agreste de Pernambuco

A podridão negra causada por Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, e a alternariose causada por Alternaria brassicicola constituem importantes doenças do repolho no estado de Pernambuco. Em virtude do desconhecimento sobre a epidemiologia dessas doenças a nível regional, foi efetuada a análise comparativa das epidemias com ênfase nos aspectos temporais e espaciais, em 1997 e 1998, cada ano em uma área de plantio diferente, localizadas no município de Camocim de São Félix, Agreste de Pernambuco. Em cada área, a intervalos semanais, foram avaliadas 1.920 plantas quanto à incidência e severidade das duas doenças, bem como efetuado o mapeamento espacial de plantas assintomáticas e sintomáticas. Os valores iniciais (y o) e máximos (y max) de incidência e severidade, as taxas estimadas de progresso da doença (k) e as áreas abaixo das curvas de progresso das doenças (AACPD), apresentaram pequena variação entre as doenças, sendo as diferenças mais evidentes entre os anos de plantio. As maiores intensidades das doenças foram observadas em 1998, uma vez que próximo à área de plantio havia grande quantidade de plantas e restos culturais infetados, o que não ocorreu em 1997. Pelas análises de "ordinary runs", ajuste à distribuição beta-binomial e autocorrelação espacial, na maioria das situações, foi constatado um arranjo aleatório de plantas doentes nas avaliações iniciais, evoluindo posteriormente para um arranjo agregado, indicando que as doenças podem ter sido originadas de aloinfecções pela chegada de inóculo externo, seguidas de autoinfecções decorrentes da disseminação planta-a-planta.

Epidemiologia comparativa da pinta-preta do tomateiro sob quatro regimes de pulverização

Objetivando estudar o desenvolvimento da pinta-preta (Alternaria solani) do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) sob diferentes regimes de pulverização com calda Viçosa, um ensaio foi conduzido, utilizando os seguintes tratamentos: 1) aplicação semanal; 2) aplicação com base nos sistemas de previsão TOMCAST (VSD20); 3) CUFAST; e 4) FAST. As aplicações semanais foram iniciadas na segunda semana após o transplantio enquanto as outras foram feitas com base nos respectivos modelos de previsão. As avaliações da severidade foram feitas semanalmente com o auxílio de uma escala diagramática e os dados foram submetidos ao ajustamento dos modelos de Gompertz, logístico e monomolecular, por meio de análise de regressão linear. O modelo logístico se ajustou melhor aos dados e foi utilizado para determinar as taxas de progresso da doença (r) que, juntamente com a AACPD, foram utilizadas para comparar os tratamentos. O tratamento semanal proporcionou menor taxa de progresso de doença e AACPD, sem, no entanto, diferir significativamente dos efeitos dos tratamentos baseados nos modelos TOMCAST e FAST. Comparados com o regime de pulverização semanal, os regimes baseados nestes dois modelos permitiram uma redução da severidade da pinta-preta com 40 a 60% de redução no número de aplicações de fungicida.