Characterization of suramin binding sites on the human group IIA secreted phospholipase A(2) by site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulation

Suramin is a polysulphonated naphthylurea with inhibitory activity against the human secreted group IIA phospholipase A(2) (hsPLA2GIIA), and we have investigated suramin binding to recombinant hsPLA2GIIA using site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The changes in suramin binding affinity of 13 cationic residue mutants of the hsPLA2GIIA was strongly correlated with alterations in the inhibition of membrane damaging activity of the protein. Suramin binding to hsPLA2GIIA was also studied by MD simulations, which demonstrated that altered intermolecular potential energy of the suramin/mutant complexes was a reliable indicator of affinity change. Although residues in the C-terminal region play a major role in the stabilization of the hsPLA2GIIA/suramin complex, attractive and repulsive hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions with residues throughout the protein together with the adoption of a bent suramin conformation, all contribute to the stability of the complex. Analysis of the h5PLA2GIIA/suramin interactions allows the prediction of the properties of suramin analogues with improved binding and higher affinities which may be candidates for novel phospholipase A(2) inhibitors. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Bayesian model accounting for within-class biological variability in Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE)

Abstract Background An important challenge for transcript counting methods such as Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE), "Digital Northern" or Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS), is to carry out statistical analyses that account for the within-class variability, i.e., variability due to the intrinsic biological differences among sampled individuals of the same class, and not only variability due to technical sampling error. Results We introduce a Bayesian model that accounts for the within-class variability by means of mixture distribution. We show that the previously available approaches of aggregation in pools ("pseudo-libraries") and the Beta-Binomial model, are particular cases of the mixture model. We illustrate our method with a brain tumor vs. normal comparison using SAGE data from public databases. We show examples of tags regarded as differentially expressed with high significance if the within-class variability is ignored, but clearly not so significant if one accounts for it. Conclusion Using available information about biological replicates, one can transform a list of candidate transcripts showing differential expression to a more reliable one. Our method is freely available, under GPL/GNU copyleft, through a user friendly web-based on-line tool or as R language scripts at supplemental web-site.

Behavioral meaningful opioidergic stimulation activates kappa receptor gene expression

The periaqueductal gray (PAG) has been reported to be a location for opioid regulation of pain and a potential site for behavioral selection in females. Opioid-mediated behavioral and physiological responses differ according to the activity of opioid receptor subtypes. The present study investigated the effects of the peripheral injection of the kappa-opioid receptor agonist U69593 into the dorsal subcutaneous region of animals on maternal behavior and on Oprk1 gene activity in the PAG of female rats. Female Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g at the beginning of the study were randomly divided into 2 groups for maternal behavior and gene expression experiments. On day 5, pups were removed at 7:00 am and placed in another home cage that was distant from their mother. Thirty minutes after removing the pups, the dams were treated with U69593 (0.15 mg/kg, sc) or 0.9% saline (up to 1 mL/kg) and after 30 min were evaluated in the maternal behavior test. Latencies in seconds for pup retrieval, grouping, crouching, and full maternal behavior were scored. The results showed that U69593 administration inhibited maternal behavior (P < 0.05) because a lower percentage of kappa group dams showed retrieval of first pup, retrieving all pups, grouping, crouching and displaying full maternal behavior compared to the saline group. Opioid gene expression was evaluated using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A single injection of U69593 increased Oprk1 PAG expression in both virgin (P < 0.05) and lactating female rats (P < 0.01), with no significant effect on Oprm1 or Oprd1 gene activity. Thus, the expression of kappa-opioid receptors in the PAG may be modulated by single opioid receptor stimulation and behavioral meaningful opioidergic transmission in the adult female might occur simultaneously to specific changes in gene expression of kappa-opioid receptor subtype. This is yet another alert for the complex role of the opioid system in female reproduction

Expression and cellular localization of Copper transporter 2 (Ctr2) in Mus musculus

The Ctr family is an essential part of the copper homeostasis machinery and its members share sequence homology and structural and functional features. Higher eukaryotes express two members of this family Ctr1 and Ctr2. Numerous structural and functional studies are available for Ctr1, the only high affinity Cu(I) transporter thus far identified. Ctr1 holigotrimers mediate cellular copper uptake and this protein was demonstrated to be essential for embryonic development and to play a crucial role in dietary copper acquisition. Instead very little is known about Ctr2, it bears structural homology to the yeast vacuolar copper transporter, which mediates mobilization of vacuolar copper stores. Recent studies using over-expressed epitope-tagged forms of human Ctr2 suggested a function as a low affinity copper transporter that can mediate either copper uptake from the extracellular environment or mobilization of lysosomal copper stores. Using an antibody that recognizes endogenous mouse Ctr2, we studied the expression and localization of endogenous mouse Ctr2 in cell culture and in mouse models to understand its regulation and function in copper homeostasis. By immunoblot we observed a regulation of mCtr2 protein levels in a copper and Ctr1 dependent way. Our observations in cells and transgenic mice suggest that lack of Ctr1 induces a strong downregulation of Ctr2 probably by a post-translational mechanism. By indirect immunofluorescence we observed an exclusive intracellular localization in a perinuclear compartment and no co-localization with lysosomal markers. Immunofluorescence experiments in Ctr1 null cells, supported by sequence analysis, suggest that lysosomes may play a role in mCtr2 biology not as resident compartment, but as a degradation site. In appendix a LC-mass method for analysis of algal biotoxins belonging to the family of PsP (paralytic shellfish poisoning) is described.

Differenzielle Expression von Tubulin-Genen bei der Entwicklung von Blattzellen der Gerste (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Die Morphogenese einer Pflanzenzelle wird in großem Maße durch die Dynamik kortikaler Mikrotubuli (MT) bestimmt, die auf die Zellwandsynthese Einfluß nehmen. In dieser Arbeit wurden die Transkriptmengen der alpha-Tubulin-Isotypen und des gamma-Tubulin während der Entwicklung des Gerstenblattes analysiert, um Zusammenhänge zu bereits beschriebenen Umwandlungen im kortikalen MT-Cytoskelett der Mesophyllzellen aufzudecken. Erstmals konnte bei einer höheren Pflanze die Genexpression auf RNA-Ebene innerhalb einer Tubulin-Multigenfamilie im Verlauf der Blattentwicklung umfassend dargestellt werden.Es wurden blattspezifische cDNA-Bibliotheken erstellt und mittels RT-PCR homologe DNA-Gensonden für die Screeningprozesse der cDNA-Bibliotheken hergestellt. cDNA-Sequenzen von alpha-, beta-, und gamma-Tubulin konnten isoliert werden. Weitere, weniger abundante alpha-Tubulin-Sequenzen wurden während zusätzlicher Screeningrunden über PCR-Ausschluß häufig vertretener, bereits bekannter Isotypen isoliert.Die cDNA-Sequenzen von insgesamt fünf verschiedenen Isotypen des alpha-Tubulin konnten aufgeklärt werden, drei Isotypen wiesen bis zu fünf im nicht kodierenden 3´-Bereich verkürzte Varianten auf, die aber in ihrer Anzahl deutlich unterrepräsentiert waren. Die abgeleiteten Aminosäuresequenzen umfassten bei drei Isotypen 451 Aminosäuren (AS), zwei Isotypen waren im C-Terminus um eine bzw. um zwei AS kürzer. Die fünf alpha-Tubulin-Isotypen wiesen charakteristische Expressionsmuster auf, die in drei Klassen unterteilbar waren. Die Isotypen HVATUB1 und HVATUB5 (MT-Band-Isotypen) hatten den maximalen Gehalt in Blattbereichen, in denen auch hauptsächlich Mesophyllzellen mit kortikalen MT-Bänderungen vorkommen, wobei HVATUB5 den am schwächsten exprimierte Isotyp darstellte. HVATUB3 (Random-MT-Isotyp) zeigte die stärksten Expressionsraten. Die im Meristem und meristemnahen Bereichen bereits recht hohe Abundanz erreichte erst nach der Zellstreckungszone in einer Blattzone das Maximum, in dem hauptsächlich Mesophyllzellen mit zerstreut angeordneten MT anzutreffen sind. Die Isotypen HVATUB2 und HVATUB4 (MImax-Isotypen) waren in mitotisch aktiven, basalen Blattbereichen dominant.Die cDNA-Sequenz vom gamma-Tubulin der Gerste, HVGTUB, wurde ermittelt; die abgeleitete Aminosäuresequenz bestand aus 469 AS. Das Auftreten einer im nicht kodierenden 3´-Bereich kürzeren Variante konnte erstmals bei pflanzlichem gamma-Tubulin beschrieben werden. Southernblot-Analysen ließen darauf schließen, daß gamma-Tubulin nur als Einzelkopie im Genom der Gerste vorkommt. gamma-Tubulin wurde im mitosereichen Meristem der Blattbasis am stärksten exprimiert. Da die Abnahme der Transkriptmenge weitaus langsamer verlief als die Abnahme der Zellteilungsaktivität, ist anzunehmen, daß gamma-Tubulin neben der Erfüllung von mitose- und zellteilungsspezifischen Funktionen auch eine Rolle im Zusammenhang mit der Dynamik des kortikalen MT-Cytoskeletts spielt. Einen ersten Schritt zur Aufklärung der Genfamilie des beta-Tubulin bei Gerste stellt die Isolierung drei verschiedener cDNA-Sequenzen von beta-Tubulin dar.

Untersuchungen zur rekombinanten Expression und Faltung pflanzlicher Tyrosinasen

In ihrer dualen Funktion als Monophenolhydroxylase (EC 1.14.18.1) und Diphenoloxidase (EC 1.10.3.1) ist die Tyrosinase das Schlüsselenzym der Melanogenese, der Synthese des Melanins, und übernimmt damit quer durch alle Organismenreiche Aufgaben von der Pigmentierung bis hin zu einer Beteiligung an der Immunantwort. Sie zählt, zusammen mit den Catecholoxidasen und Hämocyaninen, zu den Typ-3-Kupfer-Proteinen, die sich durch ein Aktives Zentrum auszeichnen, das in der Lage ist, Sauerstoff und phenolische Substrate reversibel zwischen zwei Kupfer-Ionen zu binden. Bisher konnte weder die Funktion der pflanzlichen Tyrosinase genau identifiziert, noch die Struktur eines solchen Enzyms aufgeklärt werden. Mit dem späteren Ziel, durch eine röntgenkristallographische Analyse die zugrunde liegende strukturelle Ursache der zusätzlichen Monophenolhydroxylase-Aktivität von Tyrosinasen gegenüber reinen Catecholoxidasen ermitteln zu können, wurde in dieser Arbeit ein bakterielles Expressionssystem entwickelt, das zur Herstellung einer rekombinanten Tyrosinase oder Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) aus Spinacia oleracea (Spinat) für die Kristallisation verwendet werden kann. Das rekombinante Protein wurde in Form von Inclusion Bodies isoliert, anhand einer Affinitätschromatographie aufgereinigt und in anschließende Rückfaltungsexperimente eingesetzt. In einer parallelen Versuchsreihe konnte Spinat, aufgrund seiner hohen Tyrosinaseaktivität, als geeignetes Objekt für die Isolation des nativen Enzyms identifiziert werden. Im Anschluss an eine Thylakoidpräparation, Solubilisierung der Thylakoidmembranen und Fällung des Proteins mit Ammoniumsulfat, wurden Experimente zur weiteren Anreicherung der Tyrosinase-Aktivität über eine Anionenaustausch-Chromatographie und zur Etablierung einiger nachfolgender Aufreinigungsschritte durchgeführt.

Post-transkriptionelle Regulation der Expression der humanen induzierbaren NO-Synthase

Die Expression der humanen induzierbaren NO-Synthase (iNOS) wird sowohl über transkriptionelle als auch über post-transkriptionelle Mechanismen reguliert. Dabei spielt die Modulation der iNOS-mRNA-Stabilität durch RNA-bindende Proteine eine bedeutende Rolle. In dieser Arbeit konnte eine Beteiligung des p38-MAPK-Signaltransduktionsweges sowie der RNA-bindenden Proteine TTP, KSRP, HuR und PTB an der Regulation der iNOS-Expression dargestellt werden. Hemmung der p38-MAPK führte zu einer Reduktion der iNOS-mRNA-Expression, hatte aber keinen Effekt auf die iNOS-Promotoraktivität. Das RNA-bindende Protein Tristetraprolin (TTP) erhöhte die Stabilität der iNOS-mRNA nach Zytokin-Stimulation, ohne jedoch mit ihr zu interagieren. Die Proteinexpression von TTP war unter dem Einfluss von Zytokinen erhöht; Inhibition der p38-MAPK verursachte eine Verminderung der Zytokin-stimulierten TTP-Expression. Das „KH-type splicing regulatory protein" (KSRP) übte einen destabilisierenden Effekt auf die iNOS-mRNA aus. Der Abbau der mRNA wird dabei wahrscheinlich durch eine Zytokin-unabhängige Interaktion von KSRP mit dem Exosom vermittelt. Ebenso konnte zwischen KSRP und TTP eine Wechselwirkung beobachtet werden, die nach Induktion der iNOS-Expression mit Zytokinen verstärkt und durch p38-MAPK-Inhibitoren hemmbar war. Des Weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Bindung von KSRP an die iNOS-mRNA-3’-UTR für die Vermittlung des destabilisierenden Effekts essentiell ist. Eine genaue Lokalisierung der KSRP-Bindungsstelle ergab, dass KSRP ebenso wie HuR mit dem AU-reichen Element am 3’-Ende der 3’-UTR interagiert. KSRP und HuR sind in der Lage, um diese Bindungsstelle zu konkurrieren. Nach Zytokin-Stimulation war dementsprechend die endogene Bindung von KSRP an die iNOS-mRNA vermindert, während die endogene Bindung von HuR an die iNOS-mRNA verstärkt war. Die Stabilisierung der iNOS-mRNA nach Zytokin-Stimulation ergibt sich demnach aus einer Verminderung der Bindung des KSRP-Exosom-Komplexes an die iNOS-mRNA als Folge der verstärkten Interaktion von TTP und KSRP. Dies ermöglicht parallel eine vermehrte Bindung von HuR an die iNOS-3’-UTR und führt damit zu einer Stabilisierung der iNOS-mRNA und so letztendlich auch zu einer Erhöhung der iNOS-Expression. Außerdem konnte eine Beteiligung des Polypyrimidin-Trakt-bindenden Proteins (PTB) an der Regulation der humanen iNOS-Expression gezeigt werden. PTB erhöhte die Expression der iNOS und interagierte Zytokin-unabhängig mit KSRP. Zusammenfassend lässt sich schließen, dass ein Zusammenspiel verschiedener Proteine in einem komplexen Netzwerk für die fein abgestimmte Regulation der humanen iNOS-Expression auf post-transkriptioneller Ebene verantwortlich.

Analysen zur Expression proinflammatorischer Mediatoren in humanen Zellkulturmodellen und murinen Tiermodellen chronisch-inflammatorischer Erkrankungen

Die humane induzierbare NO-Synthase (iNOS) spielt bei zahlreichen Erkrankungen wie Asthma, Krebs und der rheumatoiden Arthritis eine entscheidende Rolle. Durch Fehlregulation der iNOS-Expression kommt es häufig zu massiven Gewebeschädigungen. Aus diesem Grund ist es wichtig die Mechanismen der Genregulation der iNOS-Expression zu verstehen. Bei Affinitätschromatographie-Analysen wurde das zytosolische PolyA-bindende Protein (PABP) als direkter Interaktionspartner der 3´UTR der humanen iNOS identifiziert. Weitere Bindungsanalysen konnten eine spezifische Bindestelle für PABP in der 5´UTR und zwei Bindestellen im AU-reichen Bereich der 3´UTR der humanen iNOS nachweisen. Eine siRNA-mediierte Herabregulation von PABP mit Hilfe der stabilen Expression spezifischer siRNAs in DLD-1 Zellen (siPABP Zellen) zeigte eine signifikant verringerte Expression der humanen iNOS und damit einhergehend eine verringerte NO-Produktion nach Zytokinstimulation. Promotoranalysen zeigten keine Veränderung der Induzierbarkeit des humanen 16 kb iNOS-Promotors in siPABP Zellen. RNA-Stabilitätsanalysen zeigten einen verstärkten Abbau der iNOS-mRNA in diesen Zellen, so dass davon auszugehen ist, dass die Regulation der humanen iNOS über die mRNA-Stabilität erfolgt. Reportergen-Analysen mit Plasmiden, welche die 5’ und/oder 3’UTR Sequenzen der humanen iNOS mit den identifizierten PABP-Bindestellen oder Mutationen in diesen Bindestellen enthielten, zeigten, dass PABP die iNOS-mRNA über die 5´UTR stabilisiert und anscheinend über die 3´UTR einen destabilisierenden Effekt auf die mRNA ausübt. Ebenfalls scheint PABP über die 3’UTR dieTranslation der iNOS mRNA zu hemmen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass PABP, über seine allgemeinen Funktionen hinaus, eine spezifische Rolle in der Regulation der Expression der humanen iNOS einnimmt.rnDie rheumatoide Arthritis (RA) ist eine chronisch entzündliche Autoimmunerkrankung, welche überwiegend die peripheren Gelenke der Hände und Füße betrifft. Die aktuellen Therapiemöglichkeiten sind immer noch mit einer Vielzahl von Nebenwirkungen behaftet und führen nicht zur vollständigen Remission der Erkrankung, so dass die Entwicklung neuer Medikamente unerlässlich ist. In dieser Arbeit wurden die antiinflammatorischen Substanzen Gallielalacton (Gal) und Oxacyclododecindion (Oxa) im Mausmodell der kollagen-induzierten Arthritis (CIA) getestet. Leider waren beide Substanzen nicht in der Lage die Symptome der CIA zu vermindern, obwohl beide im Modell der LPS-induzierten akuten Entzündung die Expression proinflammatorischer Mediatoren senken konnten. Die Substanz S-Curvularin (SC) hat sich im CIA-Modell bereits bewährt und wurde in dieser Arbeit weiter untersucht. SC war in der Lage die Expression knorpel- und knochendestruktiver Markergene signifikant zu verrindern. rnIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden neue microRNAs identifiziert, die in der Pathogenese der CIA eine Dysregulation zeigen. Die Expression dieser microRNAs wurde von SC wieder auf das Normalniveau gebracht, so dass SC eine vielversprechende Substanz in der Therapie chronisch inflammatorische Erkrangungen sein könnte. Die neu identifizierten CIA-relevanten microRNAs könnten als neueRA-Marker oder als Zielstrukturen für neue Medikamente dienen.rn

Gene expression responses to acute and chronic heat stress in the common reef-building coral Pocillopora verrucosa

Global climate change is impacting coral reefs worldwide, with approximately 19% of reefs being permanently degraded, 15% showing symptoms of imminent collapse, and 20% at risk of becoming critically affected in the next few decades. This alarming level of reef degradation is mainly due to an increase in frequency and intensity of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Recent evidence has called into question whether corals have the capacity to acclimatize or adapt to climate changes and some groups of corals showed inherent physiological tolerance to environmental stressors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate mRNA expression patterns underlying differences in thermal tolerance in specimen of the common reef-building coral Pocillopora verrucosa collected at different locations in Bangka Island waters (North Sulawesi, Indonesia). Part of the experimental work was carried out at the CoralEye Reef Research Outpost (Bangka Island). This includes sampling of corals at selected sites and at different depths (3 and 12 m) as well as their experimental exposure to an increased water temperature under controlled conditions for 3 and 7 days. Levels of mRNAs encoding ATP synthase (ATPs) NADH dehydrogenase (NDH) and a 70kDa Heat Shock Protein (HSP70) were evaluated by quantitative real time PCR. Transcriptional profiles evaluated under field conditions suggested an adaptation to peculiar local environmental conditions in corals collected at different sites and at the low depth. Nevertheless, high–depth collected corals showed a less pronounced site-to-site separation suggesting more homogenous environmental conditions. Exposure to an elevated temperature under controlled conditions pointed out that corals adapted to the high depth are more sensitive to the effects of thermal stress, so that reacted to thermal challenge by significantly over-expressing the selected gene products. Being continuously exposed to fluctuating environmental conditions, low-depth adapted corals are more resilient to the stress stimulus, and indeed showed unaffected or down-regulated mRNA expression profiles. Overall these results highlight that transcriptional profiles of selected genes involved in cellular stress response are modulated by natural seasonal temperature changes in P. verrucosa. Moreover, specimens living in more variable habitats (low-depth) exhibit higher basal HSP70 mRNA levels, possibly enhancing physiological tolerance to environmental stressors.

PU.1 is regulated by NF-kappaB through a novel binding site in a 17 kb upstream enhancer element

The majority of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) still die of their disease, and novel therapeutic concepts are needed. Timely expression of the hematopoietic master regulator PU.1 is crucial for normal development of myeloid and lymphoid cells. Targeted disruption of an upstream regulatory element (URE) located several kb upstream in the PU.1 promoter decreases PU.1 expression thereby inducing AML in mice. In addition, suppression of PU.1 has been observed in specific subtypes of human AML. Here, we identified nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) to activate PU.1 expression through a novel site within the URE. We found sequence variations of this particular NF-kappaB site in 4 of 120 AML patients. These variant NF-kappaB sequences failed to mediate activation of PU.1. Moreover, the synergistic activation of PU.1 together with CEBPB through these variant sequences was also lost. Finally, AML patients with such variant sequences had suppressed PU.1 mRNA expression. This study suggests that changes of a single base pair in a distal element critically affect the regulation of the tumor suppressor gene PU.1 thereby contributing to the development of AML.

Expression of ADAMTS1 in endothelial cells is induced by shear stress and suppressed in sprouting capillaries

ADAMTS1 inhibits capillary sprouting, and since capillary sprouts do not experience the shear stress caused by blood flow, this study undertook to clarify the relationship between shear stress and ADAMTS1. It was found that endothelial cells exposed to shear stress displayed a strong upregulation of ADAMTS1, dependent upon both the magnitude and duration of their exposure. Investigation of the underlying pathways demonstrated involvement of phospholipase C, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and nitric oxide. Forkhead box protein O1 was identified as a likely inhibitor of the system, as its knockdown was followed by a slight increase in ADAMTS1 expression. In silico prediction displayed a transcriptional binding site for Forkhead box protein O1 in the promotor region of the ADAMTS1 gene, as well as sites for nuclear factor 1, SP1, and AP-1. The anti-angiogenic effects of ADAMTS1 were attributed to its cleavage of thrombospondin 1 into a 70-kDa fragment, and a significant enhancement of this fragment was indeed demonstrated by immunoblotting shear stress-treated cells. Accordingly, scratch wound closure displayed a slowdown in conditioned medium from shear stress-treated endothelial cells, an effect that could be completely blocked by a knockdown of thrombospondin 1 and partially blocked by a knockdown of ADAMTS1. Non-perfused capillary sprouts in rat mesenteries stained negative for ADAMTS1, while vessels in the microcirculation that had already experienced blood flow yielded the opposite results. The shear stress-dependent expression of ADAMTS1 in vitro was therefore also demonstrated in vivo and thereby confirmed as a mechanism connecting blood flow with the regulation of angiogenesis.

Expression patterns of Bmi-1 and p16 significantly correlate with overall, disease-specific, and recurrence-free survival in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to link expression patterns of B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (Bmi-1) and p16 to patient outcome (recurrence and survival) in a cohort of 252 patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (OSCC). METHODS: Expression levels of Bmi-1 and p16 in samples from 252 patients with OSCC were evaluated immunohistochemically using the tissue microarray method. Staining intensity was determined by calculating an intensity reactivity score (IRS). Staining intensity and the localization of expression within tumor cells (nuclear or cytoplasmic) were correlated with overall, disease-specific, and recurrence-free survival. RESULTS: The majority of cancers were localized in the oropharynx (61.1%). In univariate analysis, patients who had OSCC and strong Bmi-1 expression (IRS >10) had worse outcomes compared with patients who had low and moderate Bmi-1 expression (P = .008; hazard ratio [HR], 1.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.167-2.838); this correlation was also observed for atypical cytoplasmic Bmi-1 expression (P = .001; HR, 2.164; 95% CI, 1.389-3.371) and for negative p16 expression (P < .001; HR, 0.292; 95% CI, 0.178-0.477). The combination of both markers, as anticipated, had an even stronger correlation with overall survival (P < .001; HR, 8.485; 95% CI, 4.237-16.994). Multivariate analysis demonstrated significant results for patients with oropharyngeal cancers, but not for patients with oral cavity tumors: Tumor classification (P = .011; HR, 1.838; 95%CI, 1.146-2.947) and the combined marker expression patterns (P < .001; HR, 6.254; 95% CI, 2.869-13.635) were correlated with overall survival, disease-specific survival (tumor classification: P = .002; HR, 2.807; 95% CI, 1.477-5.334; combined markers: P = .002; HR, 5.386; 95% CI, 1.850-15.679), and the combined markers also were correlated with recurrence-free survival (P = .001; HR, 8.943; 95% CI, 2.562-31.220). CONCLUSIONS: Cytoplasmic Bmi-1 expression, an absence of p16 expression, and especially the combination of those 2 predictive markers were correlated negatively with disease-specific and recurrence-free survival in patients with oropharyngeal cancer. Therefore, the current results indicate that these may be applicable as predictive markers in combination with other factors to select patients for more aggressive treatment and follow-up. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.

Transforming growth factor-beta inhibits the expression of clock genes

Disturbances of sleep-wake rhythms are an important problem in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Circadian rhythms are regulated by clock genes. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is overexpressed in neurons in AD and is the only cytokine that is increased in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Our data show that TGF-β2 inhibits the expression of the clock genes Period (Per)1, Per2, and Rev-erbα, and of the clock-controlled genes D-site albumin promoter binding protein (Dbp) and thyrotroph embryonic factor (Tef). However, our results showed that TGF-β2 did not alter the expression of brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (Bmal1). The concentrations of TGF-β2 in the CSF of 2 of 16 AD patients and of 1 of 7 patients with mild cognitive impairment were in the dose range required to suppress the expression of clock genes. TGF-β2-induced dysregulation of clock genes may alter neuronal pathways, which may be causally related to abnormal sleep-wake rhythms in AD patients.

The distribution of E-cadherin expression in listeric rhombencephalitis of ruminants indicates its involvement in Listeria monocytogenes neuroinvasion

AIM: To investigate the expression of E-cadherin, a major host cell receptor for Listeria monocytogenes (LM) internalin A, in the ruminant nervous system and its putative role in brainstem invasion and intracerebral spread of LM in the natural disease. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence was performed on brains, cranial nerves and ganglia of ruminants with and without natural LM rhombencephalitis using antibodies against E-cadherin, protein gene product 9.5, myelin-associated glycoprotein and LM. RESULTS: In the ruminant brain, E-cadherin is expressed in choroid plexus epithelium, meningothelium and restricted neuropil areas of the medulla, but not in the endothelium. In cranial nerves and ganglia, E-cadherin is expressed in satellite cells and myelinating Schwann cells. Expression does not differ between ruminants with or without listeriosis and does not overlap with the presence of microabscesses in the medulla. LM is observed in phagocytes, axons, Schwann cells, satellite cells and ganglionic neurones. CONCLUSION: Our results support the view that the specific ligand-receptor interaction between LM and host E-cadherin is involved in the neuropathogenesis of ruminant listeriosis. They suggest that oral epithelium and Schwann cells expressing E-cadherin provide a port of entry for free bacteria offering a site of primary intracellular replication, from where the bacterium may invade the axonal compartment by cell-to-cell spread. As E-cadherin expression in the ruminant central nervous system is weak, only very locally restricted and not related to the presence of microabscesses, it is likely that further intracerebral spread is independent of E-cadherin and relies primarily on axonal spread.

Aberrant low expression level of bovine beta-lactoglobulin is associated with a C to A transversion in the BLG promoter region

Beta-lactoglobulin (beta-LG) is the major whey protein in cow's milk. It is well established that the predominant 2 genetic variants, beta-LG A and B, are differentially expressed. Extensive investigation of the genetic variation in the promoter region of the BLG gene revealed the existence of specific haplotypes associated with the A and B variants, respectively. However, the genetic basis for the differential expression of BLG A and B alleles is still elusive. We have previously reported a quantitative beta-LG B variant, characterized by a very low beta-LG protein expression level. Here, we report that the corresponding BLG allele (BLG B*) shows a correspondingly low mRNA expression level. Comparative DNA sequencing of 7,670 bp of the BLG B* allele and the established BLG B allele revealed a unique difference of a C to A transversion at position 215 bp upstream of the translation initiation site (g.-215C>A). This mutation segregated perfectly with the differential phenotypic expression in a paternal half-sib family and could be confirmed in 2 independent cases. The sequence of the BLG B allele in the region of the mutation is highly conserved among 4 related ruminant species. The site of the mutation corresponds to a putative consensus-binding sequence for the transcription factors c-Rel and Elk-1 as predicted by searching the TRANSFAC database. The beta-LG B* site might be relevant in the natural production of milk of low beta-LG content.