Characterization of a Local Renin-Angiotensin System in Rat Gingival Tissue

Background: The systemic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) promotes the plasmatic production of angiotensin (Ang) II, which acts through interaction with specific receptors. There is growing evidence that local systems in various tissues and organs are capable of generating angiotensins independently of circulating RAS. The aims of this study were to investigate the expression and localization of RAS components in rat gingival tissue and evaluate the in vitro production of Ang II and other peptides catalyzed by rat gingival tissue homogenates incubated with different Ang II precursors. Methods: Reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction assessed mRNA expression. Immunohistochemical analysis aimed to detect and localize renin. A standardized fluorimetric method with tripeptide hippuryl-histidyl-leucine was used to measure tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, whereas high performance liquid chromatography showed products formed after the incubation of tissue homogenates with Ang I or tetradecapeptide renin substrate (TDP). Results: mRNA for renin, angiotensinogen, ACE, and Ang II receptors (AT(1a), AT(1b), and AT(2)) was detected in gingival tissue; cultured gingival fibroblasts expressed renin, angiotensinogen, and AT(1a) receptor. Renin was present in the vascular endothelium and was intensely expressed in the epithelial basal layer of periodontally affected gingival tissue. ACE activity was detected (4.95 +/- 0.89 nmol histidyl-leucine/g/minute). When Ang I was used as substrate, Ang 1-9 (0.576 +/- 0.128 nmol/mg/minute), Ang II (0.066 +/- 0.008 nmol/mg/minute), and Ang 1-7 (0.111 +/- 0.017 nmol/mg/minute) were formed, whereas these same peptides (0.139 +/- 0.031, 0.206 +/- 0.046, and 0.039 +/- 0.007 nmol/mg/minute, respectively) and Ang 1 (0.973 +/- 0.139 nmol/mg/minute) were formed when TDP was the substrate. Conclusion: Local RAS exists in rat gingival tissue and is capable of generating Ang II and other vasoactive peptides in vitro. J Periodontol 2009;80:130-139.

A comparison of the clinical anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine and 0.5% bupivacaine (both with 1 : 200,000 epinephrine) for lower third molar removal

Objective: This study compared the clinical efficacy of 4% articaine (A200) and 0.5% bupivacaine (B200), both with 1: 200,000 epinephrine, for lower third molar removal. Study design: Fifty patients underwent removal of symmetrically positioned lower third molars, in 2 separate appointments, under local anesthesia either with A200 or B200, in a double-blind, randomized, and crossover manner. Time to onset, duration of postoperative analgesia, duration of anesthetic action on soft tissues, intraoperative bleeding, and hemodynamic parameters were evaluated. Results: A statistically significant difference between the time to onset of A200 (1.66 +/- 0.13 minutes) and B200 (2.51 +/- 0.21 minutes) was found (P < .05). There was no statistically significant difference in the duration of analgesia, whether the patient was subjected to osteotomy or not, regardless of the local anesthetic used (3 to 4 hours; P < .05). However, when patients received B200 they experienced a statistically significant longer period of anesthesia on the soft tissues as compared with when they had received A200 (around 5 hours and 4 hours, respectively, P < .05). The surgeon`s rating of intraoperative bleeding was considered very close to minimal for both anesthetics. In the surgeries with osteotomy, the comparison between A200 and B200 showed statistically significant differences in the diastolic (64 mm Hg and 68 mm Hg, respectively, P = .001) and mean arterial pressure (86 mm Hg and 89 mm Hg, respectively, P = .031) when data from all the surgical phases were pooled. Additionally, the mouth opening at the suture removal was statistically different for A200 and B200 solutions (91.90% +/- 3.00% and 88.57% +/- 2.38% of the preoperative measure, respectively) when surgeries required bone removal (P < .05). Conclusions: In comparison with 0.5% bupivacaine, 4% articaine (both with 1: 200,000 epinephrine) provided a shorter time to onset and comparable hemostasis and postoperative pain control with a shorter duration of soft tissue anesthesia in lower third molar removal.

Craniocervical posture and hyoid bone position in children with mild and moderate asthma and mouth breathing

Introduction The objective of the present study was to assess the craniocervical posture and the positioning of the hyoid bone in children with asthma who are mouth breathers compared to non-asthma controls. Methods The study was conducted on 56 children, 28 of them with mild (n = 15) and moderate (n = 13) asthma (14 girls aged 10 79 +/- 1 31 years and 14 boys aged 9 79 +/- 1.12 years), matched for sex, height, weight and age with 28 non-asthma children who are not mouth breathers The sample size was calculated considering a confidence interval of 95% and a prevalence of 4% of asthma in Latin America. Eighteen variables were analyzed in two radiographs (latero-lateral teleradiography and lateral cervical spine radiography), both obtained with the head in a natural position The independent t-test was used to compare means values and the chi-square test to compare percentage values (p < 0 05) Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to verify reliability. Results. The Craniovertebral Angle (CVA) was found to be significantly smaller in asthma than in control children (106.38 +/- 766 vs. 111 21 +/- 7.40. p = 0 02) and the frequency of asthma children with an absent or inverted hyoid triangle was found to be significantly higher compared to non-asthma children (36% vs 7%, p = 0.0001). The values of the inclination angles of the superior cervical spine in relation to the horizontal plane were significantly higher in moderate than in mild asthma children (CVT/Hor 85 10 +/- 725 vs. 90 92 +/- 6.69, p = 0 04 and C1/Hor. 80 93 +/- 5.56 vs 85 00 +/- 4 20, p = 0 04) Conclusions These findings revealed that asthma children presented higher head extension and a higher frequency of changes in hyoid bone position compared to non-asthma children and that greater the asthma severity greater the extension of the upper cervical spine. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Thermal ionization mass spectrometry U-series dating of a hominid site near Nanjing, China

Mass spectrometric U-series dating of speleothems from Tangshan Cave, combined with ecological and paleoclimatic evidence, indicates that Nanjing Man, a typical Homo erectus morphologically correlated with Peking Man at Zhoukoudian, should be at least 580 k.y. old, or more likely lived during the glacial oxygen isotope stage 16 (similar to 620 ka). Such an age estimate, which is similar to 270 ka older than previous electron spin resonance and alpha counting U-series dates, has significant implications for the evolution of Asian H. erectus. Dentine and enamel samples from the coexisting fossil layer yield significantly younger apparent ages, that of the enamel sample being only less than one-fourth of the minimum age of Nanjing Man. This suggests that U uptake history is far more complex than existing models can handle. As a result, great care must be taken in the interpretation of electron spin resonance and U-series dates of fossil teeth.

Comparative evaluation of juvenoids for control of cat fleas (Siphonaptera : Pulicidae) in topsoil

The efficacy of a photostable formulation of methoprene and two photostable juvenoids, fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen, and their residual activity in inhibiting the emergence of adult cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), was studied in topsoil. Nursery pots composed of clay, peat, and plastic, and wooden flats were used to hold soil samples. Treated soil samples were exposed to sunlight during the 63-d study period. Methoprene was as effective as fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen against cat fleas for up to 42 d in clay, peat, and plastic pots at a concentration of 64.56 mg (AI) /m(2) (6 mg [AI] /ft(2)), but its activity declined significantly thereafter. In contrast, fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen showed strong residual activity for the entire 63 d. The activity of methoprene declined even more rapidly over time in wooden flats, while at the same concentrations the other two juvenoids showed significant residual activity for 63 d. Clay, peat, and plastic pots were therefore considered to be equally effective for evaluating the outdoor efficacy of juvenoids in comparison to the wooden flats. However, results obtained with wooden flats may be more realistic when testing residual activity of volatile chemicals such as methoprene. Fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen showed strong efficacy and residual activity at concentrations of 8.07, 16.14, and 32.28 mg (AI) /m(2), whereas methoprene did not cause a significant reduction of adult emergence at levels below 64.56 mg (AI) /m(2). LC50 values for methoprene, fenoxycarb, and pyriproxyfen needed for preventing flea emergence when applied to topsoil were estimated to be 0.643, 0.031, and 0.028 ppm, respectively.

Repeated three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of atherosclerosis development in innominate arteries of low-density lipoprotein receptor-knockout mice

Background-In vivo methods to evaluate the size and composition of atherosclerotic lesions in animal models of atherosclerosis would assist in the testing of antiatherosclerotic drugs. We have developed an MRI method of detecting atherosclerotic plaque in the major vessels at the base of the heart in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-knockout (LDLR-/-) mice on a high-fat diet. Methods and Results-Three-dimensional fast spin-echo magnetic resonance images were acquired at 7 T by use of cardiac and respiratory triggering, with approximate to140-mum isotropic resolution, over 30 minutes. Comparison of normal and fat-suppressed images from female LDLR-/- mice I week before and 8 and 12 weeks after the transfer to a high-fat diet allowed visualization and quantification of plaque development in the innominate artery in vivo. Plaque mean cross-sectional area was significantly greater at week 12 in the LDLR-/- mice (0.14+/-0.086 mm(2) [mean+/-SD]) than in wild-type control mice on a normal diet (0.017+/-0.031 mm(2), p

Centro de Inform??tica, Cidadania e Produ????o Cultural para Minorias: CIPRO

O Centro de Inform??tica, Cidadania e Produ????o Cultural Para Minorias (CIPRO) ?? um projeto articulado pela Delegacia Regional do Trabalho do Rio de Janeiro (DRT/RJ) e administrado conjuntamente com diversas Organiza????es N??o Governamentais, entre elas o Comit?? Pela Democratiza????o da Inform??tica (CDI), o Grupo Cultural Afro Reggae (comunidade de Vig??rio Geral), o Grupo Pela Vidda (portadores do HIV) dentre outras. O CIPRO oferece n??o s?? cursos de qualifica????o profissional, mas tamb??m uma infra-estrutura que permita aos alunos praticarem aquilo que aprenderam. Nossa clientela ?? de pessoas que procuram a DRT/RJ para receberem seu seguro desemprego. Tamb??m s??o atendidas pessoas discriminadas ou sem seguro desemprego. O projeto foi oficialmente lan??ado em 28/05/99. Apesar de n??o possuir quaisquer recursos financeiros, treinou em seu primeiro ano de atividade mais de 180 alunos em inform??tica, produ????o cultural e gest??o social. O CIPRO ?? um projeto social constru??do a partir do n??o paternalismo: instrutores s??o ex-alunos e coordenadores s??o ex-administradores, todos entendendo que sua inser????o no mercado de trabalho somente se dar?? a partir do seu esfor??o pessoal e de sua compet??ncia profissional

Using objects and patterns to implement domain ontologies

Ontologies are becoming an important mechanism to build information systems. Nevertheless, there is still no systematic approach to support the design of such systems using tools that are common to information systems developers. In this paper, we propose an approach for deriving object frameworks from domain ontologies and then we show the application of this approach in the software process domain.

Circunstâncias e conseqüências de quedas em idosos com vestibulopatia crônica

OBJETIVO: Investigar as circunstâncias e conseqüências de quedas em idosos com vestibulopatia crônica e relacioná-las com o número de quedas (uma/ duas e mais quedas). MÉTODO: Estudo transversal descritivo analítico com 64 pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, com história de quedas e diagnóstico de disfunção vestibular crônica. Foram realizadas a análises descritivas e teste Qui-Quadrado, <0,05. RESULTADOS: A amostra apresentou maioria feminina (76,6%) e média etária de 73,62±5,69 anos. O exame vestibular evidenciou vestibulopatia periférica (81,5%) e as hipóteses diagnósticas prevalentes foram vertigem posicional paroxística benigna (43,8%) e labirintopatia metabólica (42,2%). Quedas recorrentes foram verificadas em 35 idosos (53,1%). Em relação à última queda, 39,1% sofreram a queda fora do domicílio, 51,6% das quedas ocorreram no período da manhã, 51,6% delas por mecanismo de propulsão, 53,1% durante a deambulação, 25,0% causadas por tontura e 23,4% por tropeço. A restrição das atividades foi significativamente maior nos pacientes que sofreram duas e mais quedas, quando comparados aos que sofreram uma queda (p=0,031). Foi encontrada associação significativa entre número de ocorrência de quedas e as causas da queda (p<0,001). A causa de queda por escorregamento é maior em idosos que referiram uma queda (p=0,026) e a causa de quedas por tontura teve maior ocorrência em idosos que referiram duas e mais quedas (p=0,001). CONCLUSÕES: O medo de queda e a tendência a quedas são referidos pela maioria dos idosos com vestibulopatia crônica. A queda é mais freqüente pela manhã, fora do domicílio e durante a deambulação. A direção propulsiva é referida pela metade dos idosos e as causas mais comuns das quedas são vertigem e tropeço. O número de quedas está associado à restrição das atividades após a última queda e às causas da queda (escorregamento e tontura).

Capital Intelectual: sua divulgação no setor bancário em Portugal

The importance of intangible resources has increased dramatically in recent years comparing to tangible ones. The economy in which we live is the result of competitive pressures that have imposed the implementation of business at an international level as well as a requirement in the application of sophisticated technologies that allow us to follow this fast evolution. In this age of information and innovation organizations will only survive if they are inserted in a global network of strategic relations, generically called as the network economy by Lev (2003). The service sector has stood out against the more traditional sectors of the economy. The intensive use of knowledge and a strong customer orientation created a new reality in today’s organizations: a growing importance attached to innovation, to the quality of products and services offered, to the information and communication technologies adopted, and to the creativity and particular abilities of human resources. The concept of intangible assets is more common in an accounting language and intellectual capital is most often applied in the context of management, being associated with a more comprehensive, multidimensional approach, representing all the knowledge that the institution owns and that it applies in the form of expertise, the creativity and organizational competencies that lead to innovation and to the sustained attainment of future economic benefits. An analysis of the scope of intellectual capital is fundamental to take more appropriate management decisions so that a more appropriate accounting treatment could be given by the accounting standardization organizations. This study intends to analyse the practices of information disclosure of the intellectual capital in the banking sector in Portugal, complementing the analysis of the disclosure of intangible assets in the context of accounting standards with the disclosure of intellectual capital in the context of organizational management. In particular, our main aims are to identify the extent of disclosure of intellectual capital made by banks in Portugal and also to identify the factors that determine such a disclosure. The disclosure in the context of accounting standards will be studied by checking the disclosure of intangible assets through the items listed in the International Accounting Standard 38 developed by the International Accounting Standards Board. The context of management was analysed by means of creating a voluntary disclosure index based on assumptions of the model Intellectus, developed by the Centro de Investigación sobre la Sociedad del Conocimiento – Instituto de Administración de Empresas (CIC-IADE) of the Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, and of the model Intellectual Capital Statement (made in Europe) (InCaS), both promoted by the European Commission and that we have adapted to the banking sector. When analysing the disclosure of intangible assets based on the context of accounting standards and the voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital, this study has tried to raise awareness about the importance of issuing reports on the intellectual capital as an alternative tool to take management decisions in the existing organizations and reflects the transparency and legitimacy that these institutions seek through a more extensive and more detailed information disclosure of their intellectual capital. Based on a complimentarily of economic theories, together with social and political theories, we tried to check the extent, evolution and tendencies of the compulsory disclosure of intangible assets and of the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital analysed in the period 2001-2011. Banks characteristics were also analysed in order to deduce those factors that determine or promote a larger disclosure in this sector. Based on these objectives, we adopted a longitudinal approach to explore the extent and the development of the disclosure of intangible assets as well as the factors that have determined it. Furthermore, we sought to assess the impact of the adoption of IAS 38 in the financial statements of the organizations in this sector. The disclosure index created on the basis of the disclosure requirements stated in IAS 38 from IASB was applied to the consolidated financial statements of the seventeen banks that rendered their statements in Portugal from 2001 to 2009. Since the information disclosed in the context of accounting standards may not have an important role as a management tool once it was not able to reflect what really contributes to the competitiveness and organizational growth, the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital was analysed according to the information obtained from the 2010 annual individual reports of the banks operating in Portugal in that year and from their respective websites in 2011. We tried to analyse the extent of the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital and of each of its components, human capital, structural capital and relational capital. The comparative analysis of their annual reports and their web pages allowed us to assess the incidence of the disclosure and discover what channel the banking sector focuses on when disclosing their intellectual capital. Also in this analysis the study of the disclosure determinants has allowed us to conclude about the influence of particular characteristics in the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital. The results of the analysis to the extent of the disclosure of intangible assets in the consolidated financial statements of the banking groups in Portugal in the period 2001-2009 have shown an average information disclosure of 0.24. This information disclosure evolved from an average value of 0.1940 in 2001 to 0.2778 in 2009. The average value is 0.8286 if it is only considered the disclosure of the intangible assets that the banks possessed. The evolution of this index means an increase in the average disclosure from 0.7852 in 2001 to 0.8788 in 2009. From the first results that are related to the extent of the disclosure of intangible assets in the financial statements, we can verify that the banking groups present a low disclosure level of these resources. However, when considering the disclosure of only the intangible assets that each institution owns, the disclosure level appears to be in compliance with the disclosure requirements for this sector. An evolution in the disclosure of intangible assets for the period considered was confirmed, showing an increase in the information disclosure of intangible assets in 2005, the year in which the accounting rules for intangible assets changed. The analysis that focused on the disclosure in the context of management tried to understand the extent, the incidence and the determinants of the voluntary information disclosure of intellectual capital in the annual reports of 2010 and on their web pages in 2011, studying the 32 banks operating in Portugal in this period. The average voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital in the 2010 annual reports is 0.4342 while that in web pages is 0.2907. A review of the components of the intellectual capital allowed us to assess the importance that the banks confer to each of these components. The data obtained show that the relational capital, and more specifically the business capital, is the most disclosed component by banks in Portugal both in the annual reports and in their institutional web pages, followed by the structural capital and, finally, by the human capital. The disclosure of the human capital and the structural capital is higher in the annual reports than that in the websites, while the relational capital is more disclosed in the websites than in the annual reports. The results have also shown that the banks make a complementary use of both sources when disclosing information about their structural capital and relational capital but they do not show any information about their human capital in their websites. We tried to prove the influence of factors that could determine the accounting disclosure and the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital in this sector. The change in the IASB accounting rules as from January 1st 2005 gave a greater disclosure of accounting information of intangible assets in the financial statements of banks. The bank size and corporate governance measures have statistically proved to have an influence on the extent of the accounting disclosure of intangible assets and on the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital. Economic and financial variables such as profitability, operating efficiency or solvency were not determinants of information disclosure. The instability that the banking sector has experienced in economic and financial indicators in recent years as a result of the global financial markets imbalance has worsen indicators such as profitability, efficiency and solvency and caused major discrepancies in the economic situation between banks in Portugal. This empirical analysis has contributed to confront the disclosure required by accounting rules performed in the financial statements of organizations with that performed in the main disclosure media which is available for entities and which is increasingly requested in the process of taking management decisions. It also allowed us to verify whether there is homogeneity between institutions in the fulfilment of the requirements for information disclosure of intangible assets. However, as for voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital, there are large disparities in the disclosure extent between organizations. Regardless of this sector specific characteristics, the voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital made by banks in Portugal follows the trends in other sectors and the practices adopted in other countries, namely regarding the amount of information disclosed, the incidence of the disclosure on the indicators of relational capital and the importance of variables such as size as determinants of disclosure of intellectual capital. For a further knowledge in this field, we created a specific index for the banking sector, considering appropriate indicators for an incisive, comprehensive analysis in order to consider the most relevant indicators of intellectual capital components. Besides, confronting the analysis of disclosure in the context of accounting standards with the study of voluntary disclosure brought a new analysis approach to the research on intellectual capital disclosure. With this study, we have also intended to raise greater awareness of the need for harmonization in the intellectual capital disclosure on the part of the regulatory banking authority by means of a demanding, consistent and transparent report of intellectual capital with simple, clear, objective indicators so that those interested in disclosing intellectual capital information in the organizations in this sector may obtain more harmonized and comparable information. A research on the disclosure quality of intellectual capital, together with the application of other analysis methodologies in this sector, might be a promising approach for future research. Applying the voluntary disclosure index to the same sector in other countries may also contribute to the knowledge of disclosure practices in different geographical environments. We highlight the relevance of further studies contributing to the harmonization and consistency in the presentation of an intellectual capital report so as to enable organizations to disclose the resources that contribute most to their competitiveness and growth.

Entre prisão e exílio: rompendo com a cartografia do feminino

Neste artigo pretende apontar-se para uma crítica da representação da subjectividade feminina, sendo a representação sinónima de territorialização ou cartografia do feminino. A tentativa de se descentrar o mapeamento vigente envolve uma ruptura no modelo que pressupõe uma coincidência entre significante feminino e significado dominante, dando lugar ao jogo infinito de significação enquanto acto político. A geografia feminista da década de 80, refém dos conceitos marxistas de produção e reprodução, conceitos esses alusivos às esferas pública e privada respectivamente, ainda se movimenta no âmbito do essencialismo feminino. Contudo, ao admitir a ideia de excesso, de uma suplementaridade que escapa irremediavelmente a qualquer tentativa de contenção, ao mesmo tempo que indicia os perigos decorrentes de uma política rizomática totalmente descentrada, o feminismo contemporâneo abre caminho a uma nova geografia assente num ‘essencialismo estratégico’, apelando a uma vigilância constante no sentido de não extra-polar do local para o global.

Curvas em planta e sobreelevações: critérios normativos

Tendo em vista a obtenção de segurança e conforto na condução, as normas geométricas representam um papel fundamental na homogeneidade de critérios no âmbito do traçado rodoviário. Um dos elementos essenciais ao traçado de curvas em planta é o seu raio, ao qual está frequentemente associada uma sobreelevação, ou seja, uma inclinação transversal que pretende reduzir a incomodidade provocada nos condutores pela aceleração centrífuga ao circularem nas mesmas. Esta última relaciona-se com o coeficiente de atrito transversal que, tal como a sobreelevação, deve ser limitado a um valor inferior ao máximo de segurança, mas que ainda assim não seja tão baixo que leve a que os condutores tendam instintivamente a circular a velocidades excessivamente elevadas. A conjugação destas duas grandezas, sobreelevação e coeficiente de atrito transversal mobilizado, permite avaliar o equilíbrio de um veículo em curva, fixar os raios mínimos a utilizar para cada uma das velocidades base e os valores da sobreelevação a adoptar nas curvas de raio superior ao mínimo. Por serem demasiado conservativos, os valores apresentados na actual Norma de Traçado para os raios mínimos em planta e respectivas sobreelevações, suscitam por vezes dúvidas e/ou opiniões divergentes entre alguns projectistas. O presente documento sugere valores optimizados para os referidos parâmetros tendo em consideração a função a que os mesmos se propõem(comodidade e segurança rodoviária). Além da norma portuguesa, são analisadas normas e critérios de aplicação da sobreelevação em três outros países (Espanha, França e EUA) de forma a comparar e justificar as propostas apresentadas. Os novos valores obtidos para os raios em planta têm por base uma relação parabólica entre a curvatura e a sobreelevação e a curvatura e o coeficiente de atrito mobilizado pelos veículos que, segundo se conclui, é a que melhor se ajusta às condições de segurança e comodidade na circulação.

Terapêutica com doses profiláticas de sulfato ferroso como medida de intervenção no combate à carência de ferro em crianças atendidas em unidades básicas de saúde

Objetivou-se testar a terapêutica com doses profiláticas de sulfato ferroso no combate à anemia carencial ferropriva, em 620 crianças de 4 a 36 meses de idade, atendidas em duas unidades de saúde do Município de São Paulo, Brasil. As crianças foram submetidas a coleta de sangue para dosagem de hemoglobina. Em seguida, foi prescrito dosagem de 12 mg/dia de ferro elementar, por 30 dias. Observou-se que 25% dos menores de 6 meses apresentaram níveis de hemoglobina inferiores a 11,0 g/dl. As maiores ocorrências de anemia foram detectadas entre os 9 e 23 meses de idade (50,0%). Decorrido o prazo, apenas 37,4% das crianças com anemia e 52,4% das não anêmicas retornaram para reavaliação. Das 299 que foram reavaliadas, somente 157 (52,5%) receberam a medicação corretamente. A freqüência de hemoglobinas inferiores a 9,5 g/dl caiu de 17,1% no início, para 8,1% ao final da intervenção. Por outro lado, o percentual de crianças com hemoglobinas superiores a 12,0 g/dl subiu de 13,4%, para 33,4%. As que receberam a suplementação férrica de forma correta registraram queda nos índices de anemia sensivelmente maior que a observada naquelas suplementadas de forma incorreta. Concluiu-se que a terapêutica com doses profiláticas de sulfato ferroso, apesar de se mostrar eficiente na recuperação dos níveis de hemoglobina, apresenta sérios entraves do ponto de vista operacional.

Enthalpies of Solution of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate in 15 Solvents at 298.15 K

Enthalpies of solution of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetra fluoroborate, [BMIm]BF4, are reported at 298.15 K in a set of 15 hydrogen bond donor and hydrogen bond acceptor solvents, chosen by their diversity, namely, water, methanol, ethanol, 1,2-ethanediol, 2-choroethanol, 2-methoxyethanol, formamide, propylene carbonate, nitromethane, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, and aniline. These values are shown to be largely independent of [BMIm]BF4 concentration. The obtained enthalpies of solution vary from very endothermic to quite exothermic, thus showing a very high sensitivity of the enthalpies of solution of [BMIm]BF4 to solvent properties. Solvent effects on the solution process of this IL are analyzed by a quantitative structure-property relationship methodology, using the TAKA equation and a modified equation, which significantly improves the model's predictive ability. The observed differences in the enthalpies of solution are rationalized in terms of the solvent properties found to be relevant, that is, pi* and E-T(N).