495 resultados para Textiles.
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Os processos de beneficiamento têxtil, como o alvejamento, a purga, o tingimento e as lavagens são reconhecidamente impactantes ao meio ambiente, tanto do ponto de vista de consumo de água, quanto da geração de efluentes. Os efluentes têxteis oriundos dos processos de beneficiamento se caracterizam por apresentarem elevadas concentrações de substâncias emulsificantes, íons cloreto, sólidos e matéria orgânica, além de alta toxicidade. Mas sem dúvida, o maior problema desses efluentes deve-se a presença de corantes e pigmentos. Alguns parâmetros físico-químicos importantes no controle da poluição hídrica são de difícil medição e consequente monitoramento, principalmente pela ausência de legislação que expresse de maneira clara e objetiva os limites destes parâmetros. Este fato permite avaliações dúbias e contestações aos órgãos ambientais. Especificamente no caso do parâmetro cor, esta subjetividade obriga muitas indústrias a empregarem valores de controle de cor oriundos de outros estados, ou até mesmo de outros países. No Rio de Janeiro, de acordo com a NT-202-R-10 do INEA, o critério para cor é estar virtualmente ausente no efluente. Neste contexto, este estudo avaliou algumas metodologias empregadas na determinação da cor em um efluente têxtil. Para a medição de cor, foram empregadas três metodologias descritas na literatura. A primeira metodologia desenvolvida para análise de água, também utilizada para efluentes líquidos, se baseia em medições espectrofotométricas em um único comprimento de onda padrão (450nm ou 465nm), tendo como referência soluções de Pt-Co. Essa metodologia não abrange todas as tonalidades do espectro de cores possíveis para os efluentes têxteis. O segundo método se baseia na medição em três comprimentos de onda (436, 525 e 620nm), denominado índice DFZ. O último método investiga os valores máximos de absorbância, na faixa entre 350 e 700nm, na amostra. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as correções dos valores de medição de cor utilizando os valores máximos de absorbância expressaram melhor a realidade dos dados experimentais, visto que eliminam um possível erro causado pela restrita faixa de detecção do método tradicional, numa região do espectro típica para tonalidades encontradas na água.
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The application of high performance textiles has grown significantly in the last 10 to 15 years. Various research groups throughout the United Kingdom, such as the Department of Trade and Industry, have identified technical textiles as a field for future development. There is little design guidance for joining of flexible materials or general property models that can be applied to theses materials. This lack is due to the large diversity of properties, structures and resulting behaviours of the materials that are classified as "Flexible Materials". This dissertation explores the issues that are involved in characterising the materials at the fibre, bulk and textile levels. Different units of measurement are used for each stage of the manufacturing process of flexible materials and this disparity creates problems when trying to make general comparisons (e.g. comparing textiles to polymer films). Thus, a possible solution to this is to create selection charts that allow designers to compare the strength of materials for a given mass per unit area. A design tool was created using the Cambridge Engineering Selector (CES) software to enable the selection of joining processes for material. The tool is effective in selecting a reduced number of viable joining processes. Through case studies it was shown that designers are required to examine the selected processes (identified by the software) in greater detail - in particular the economics and geometry of the joint - in order to identify the optimum joining process.
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Sandwich panels with crushable foam cores have attracted significant interest for impulsive load mitigation. We describe a method for making a lightweight, energy absorbing, glass fiber composite sandwich structure and explore it is through thickness (out-of-plane) compressive response. The sandwich structure utilized corrugated composite cores constructed from delamination resistant 3D woven E-glass fiber textiles folded over triangular cross section prismatic closed cell, PVC foam inserts. The corrugated structure was stitched to 3D woven S2-glass fiber face sheets and infiltrated with a rubber toughened, impact resistant epoxy. The quasi-static compressive stress-strain response of the panels was experimentally investigated as a function of the strut width to length ratio and compared to micromechanical predictions. Slender struts failed by elastic (Euler) buckling which transitioned to plastic microbuckling as the strut aspect ratio increased. Good agreement was observed between experimental results and micromechanical predictions over the wide range of core densities investigated in the study.
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Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are additive brominated flame retardants mainly used in plastics and textiles. At the present time, these compounds are found in almost all environmental and human samples. In order to evaluate the environmental safety and health risk of HBCDs, the enantiomerically pure alpha-, beta-, and gamma-HBCD were prepared using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a PM-P-CD column and the cytotoxicities of their enantiomers were evaluated in Hep G2 cells. Results from the 3-(4,5-dimethylthioazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), resazurin reduction and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays showed a good agreement that the order of cytotoxicity was gamma-HBCD >= beta-HBCD > alpha-HBCD, and that significantly lower cell viability and higher LDH release were observed in all (+)-enantiomers ((+) alpha-, (+) beta- and (+) gamma-HBCD) than the corresponding (-)-forms ((-) alpha-, (-) beta- and (-) gamma-HBCD). Additionally, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by these HBCD enantiomers were detected. The positive correlation between the LDH release and ROS formation demonstrated that the toxic mechanism might be mediated by oxidative damage. These results suggest that environmental and human health risks of HBCDs must be evaluated at the level of individual enantiomers. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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22 hojas : ilustraciones a color.
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18 hojas : Ilustraciones a color.
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[143] hojas : ilustraciones.
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22 hojas : ilustraciones, fotografías a color.
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18 hojas : Fotografías.
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145 hojas : ilustraciones, fotografías a color.
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204 hojas : ilustraciones, fotografías a color.
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561 hojas : ilustraciones.
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En los últimos años la demanda mundial de fibra de alpaca ha experimentado un gran crecimiento debido a que es considerada una de las fibras más lujosas y finas del mundo, no sólo por sus atributos físicos sino porque es escasa en el mercado, haciéndola más exclusiva. Las ventajas comparativas en el Perú, han permitido que nuestro país ostente el 86,9 por ciento de la producción ganadera mundial de alpacas; sin embargo el sistema de agronegocios de la fibra de alpaca se ha caracterizado durante años por un alto nivel de intermediación en la comercialización y limitada capacidad de negociación de los criadores de alpacas, altos costos de transacción e información asimétrica. Históricamente la fibra de alpaca en el Perú se ha comercializado como un commodity, la estructura de gobernanza entre criadores de alpaca y compradores era el mercado spot. En este sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar las innovaciones organizacionales y tecnológicas adoptadas por los pequeños y medianos productores alpaqueros del distrito de Corani ante el impulso del ambiente institucional, a fin de poder describir las mejoras en el subsistema estrictamente coordinado (SSEC). La metodología de trabajo utilizada fue la epistemología fenomenológica combinada con un análisis estructural discreto con énfasis en las innovaciones. Para ello se realizó un análisis a nivel institucional, organizacional y tecnológico del subsistema de la Región Puno y del caso de los productores alpaqueros del distrito de Corani, que a través de su forma asociativa lograron una coordinación horizontal y a la vez vertical mediante los representantes de su Comité de Acopio, logrando adaptarse y cambiar el paradigma tradicional, y de esta forma tomar un rol más activo y colectivo en el acopio, clasificación, proceso y comercialización de la fibra de alpaca con valor agregado. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que se rompió el path dependecy trabajando de forma colectiva apoyados en organizaciones públicas y privadas del sector, adquirieron mayores niveles de coordinación para gobernar el intercambio de una manera eficiente y reducir los costos de transacción. La finalidad de este estudio es obtener las herramientas necesarias y promover la acción colectiva y la coordinación de otras organizaciones de productores del subsistema de fibra de alpaca de la Región de Puno.
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p.267-274
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How do multilateral institutions influence the strategic choices and actions of international managers? This paper addresses the question by exploring the impact of the World Trade Organization's (WTO) decision-making process on multinational enterprises (MNEs). We discuss the three phases of the WTO decision-making lifecycle - the formulation of trade rules, the implementation of those rules, and the enforcement of the rules – and propose a strategic adjustment framework for understanding how companies alter their strategies and structures in response to the WTO's rules and operations. We argue that the increased relevance of multilateral rules and enforcement mechanisms – embodied in the WTO - is an important influence on MNE strategies and structures because of the increasing embeddedness of the WTO in national levels of regulation. We illustrate this through examples taken from the pharmaceutical, textiles and sugar industries sectors that have witnessed substantial multilateral regulation.