Crown, parliament and people, 1500-1750.

Se adapta al plan de estudios inglés de historia para la etapa 3 (key stage 3) de secundaria y al Programme of Study. Los ejercicios se refieren al contenido del texto y las fuentes históricas amplían el conocimiento de los hechos, promueven su comprensión y ayudan a desarrollar las habilidades exigidas en el curriculum.

Equipos docentes y nuevas identidades acad??micas : en educaci??n superior

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

The making of the UK : Britain, 1500-1750.

Pertenece al Schools History Project creado en 1972 para mejorar el estudio de la historia entre estudiantes de 13 a 16 años. Reconsidera las formas en que la historia contribuye a las necesidades educativas de los jóvenes, y por ello idea nuevos objetivos, nuevos criterios para la planificación y desarrollo del curso, así como otros materiales de apoyo. Requiere nuevos criterios de evaluación y, por tanto nuevos exámenes y adquirió mayor expansión con la introducción del General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) en 1987.

Criminality and legitimization in seawaters: a study on the pirates of Malabar during the age of european commercial expansion (1500-1800)

The maritime piracy included a wide variety of associated criminal activities including attack and confiscation of vessels and merchandise, imprisonment or torturing of merchants and rulers in sea-space in return for ransom money, attack and raiding of coastal trading centers and villages, creation of fear and terror in chief channels of navigation and attacking commercial competitors as a strategy to weaken the trading ability and the wealth-mobilizing ability of their rivals. All this applied to coastal south west India during the period under study. The merchant chiefs of Cannanore like Mamale Marakkar and later under Poca Amame (Pokar Ahamad) and Pocarallee (Pokar Ali) were some of the better known protagonists that the Portuguese had to deal with. But the Malabar corsairs had their corresponding English and Sicilian corsairs in the Mediterranean.

Los imaginarios sociales sobre el infierno en la pintura de Hernando de la Cruz, 1629

En 1629, Hernando de la Cruz, guía espiritual de Mariana de Jesús, pintó para la iglesia jesuítica de Quito un cuadro de gran formato sobre el Infierno. El lienzo se colocó a la entrada del templo, frente a la Gloria de los predestinados, pintada en un formato similar, por el mismo autor. Estos fueron los lienzos más grandes del edificio y se ubicaron a la entrada del mismo. Esta tesis intentará responder porqué de entre todos los temas religiosos, los jesuitas quiteños escogieron representar al infierno como la vista principal de entrada a su iglesia. Para ello, explora el contexto de producción y circulación de la imagen infernal, indaga en las prácticas de la sociedad quiteña que pudieron influir en la decisión jesuítica. Luego, se aborda el imaginario jesuítico sobre la noción de condena eterna en su época; así como el papel de la Compañía de Jesús como productora de esta representación y de una forma particular de mirar e interpretar esta pintura, acompañándola de usos religiosos como la confesión o la penitencia. Finalmente, se analizará la pintura en relación tanto con las prácticas sociales quiteñas, como con los imaginarios jesuíticos del fuego eterno. En esta tesis utiliza como fuentes a historias ejemplares, sermones, pinturas y textos catequéticos producidos entre 1600 y 1697. Para abordarlas utiliza la metodología de la historia contextual del arte y de la nueva historia cultural. De esta manera ensaya una interpretación del universo de significación de la pintura de Hernando de la Cruz.

Abrupt climate change: ice sheets and oceans in action

Large temperature variations on land, in the air, and at the ocean surface, and highly variable flux of ice-rafted debris (IRD) delivered to the North Atlantic Ocean show that rapid climate fluctuations took place during the last glacial period. These quasi-periodic, high-amplitude climate variations followed a sequence of events recognized as a rapid warming, followed by a phase of gradual cooling, and terminating with more rapid cooling and increased flux of IRD to the north Atlantic Ocean. Each cycle lasted ˜1500 years, and was followed by an almost identical sequence. These cycles are referred to as Dansgaard/Oechger cycles (D/O cycles), and approximately every fourth cycle culminated in a more pronounced cooling with a massive discharge of IRD into the north Atlantic Ocean over an interval of ˜500 years. These massive discharges of IRD are known as Heinrich layers. “Heinrich events” are thus characterized as a rapid transfer of IRD from a “source,” the bed of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS), to a “sink,” the North Atlantic.

Stable isotope evidence for 1500 years of human diet at the city of York, UK

We present here the results of a large-scale diachronic palaeodietary (carbon and nitrogen isotopic measurements of bone collagen) study of humans and animals from a single site, the city of York (U.K.) dating from the Roman period to the early 19th century The human sample comprises 313 burials from the cemeteries of Trentholme Drive and Blossom Street (Roman), Belle Vue House (Anglo-Saxon), Fishergate (High and Later Medieval), and All Saints, Pavement (Later and Post-Medieval). In addition, 145 samples of mammal, fish and bird bone from the sites of Tanner Row and Fishergate were analyzed. The isotope data suggest dietary variation between all archaeological periods, although the most significant change was the introduction of significant quantities of marine foods in the Medieval periods. These are first evident in the diet of a small group of individuals from the High Medieval cemetery at Fishergate, although they were consumed almost universally in the following periods. The human isotope values are also remarkable due to unusually elevated delta N-15 ratios that are not sufficiently explained by the comparably small enrichment in C-13 that accompanies them. We discuss the possible reasons behind this and the archaeological significance of the data set.

The effect of soil phosphorus on particulate phosphorus in land runoff

Accumulation of surplus phosphorus (P) in the soil and the resulting increased transport of P in land runoff contribute to freshwater eutrophication. The effects of increasing soil P (19–194 mg Olsen-P (OP) kg−1) on the concentrations of particulate P (PP), and sorption properties (Qmax, k and EPCo) of suspended solids (SS) in overland flow from 15 unreplicated field plots established on a dispersive arable soil were measured over three monitoring periods under natural rainfall. Concentrations of PP in plot runoff increased linearly at a rate of 2.6 μg litre−1 per mg OP kg−1 of soil, but this rate was approximately 50% of the rate of increase in dissolved P (< 0.45 μm). Concentrations of SS in runoff were similar across all plots and contained a greater P sorption capacity (mean + 57%) than the soil because of enrichment with fine silt and clay (0.45–20 μm). As soil P increased, the P enrichment ratio of the SS declined exponentially, and the values of P saturation (Psat; 15–42%) and equilibrium P concentration (EPCo; 0.7–5.5 mg litre−1) in the SS fell within narrower ranges compared with the soils (6–74% and 0.1–10 mg litre−1, respectively). When OP was < 100 mg kg−1, Psat and EPCo values in the SS were smaller than those in the soil and vice-versa, suggesting that eroding particles from soils with both average and high P fertility would release P on entering the local (Rosemaund) stream. Increasing soil OP from average to high P fertility increased the P content of the SS by approximately 10%, but had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the Psat, or EPCo, of the SS. Management options to reduce soil P status as a means of reducing P losses in land runoff and minimizing eutrophication risk may therefore have more limited effect than is currently assumed in catchment management.