Érosion des sols au Cap Vert : étude des processus et quantification à l’échelle de trois bassins versants de l’île de Santiago

Erosão dos solos em Cabo Verde: estudo dos processos e quantificação à escala de três bacias hidrográficas O arquipélago de Cabo Verde é constituído por 10 ilhas vulcânicas pertence à zona do Sahel que se estende do Atlântico ao Mar Vermelho. Desde então, várias décadas, Cabo Verde é afectado pela desertificação causada principalmente pela recessão climatica e a erosão do solo. Esses fatores, aliados à alta pressão humana sobre os recursos, a topografia acidentada e chuvas tropicais por vezes torrenciais, causam sérios danos aos solos. No entanto, desde sua independência em 1975, o Governo realizou um amplo programa de arborização, recuperação de áreas degradadas e a correcção dos leitos das ribeiras. No entanto, a investigação, muito pouco foi realizada para avaliar as acções de protecção e conservação do solo e da água. Portanto, não há dados sobre o problema da degradação das terras nem balanços. Como parte deste trabalho, foram estudados vários factores que controlam a erosão do solo pela água. Especificamente, buscou-se diferenciar os efeitos das actividades humanas, incluindo a agricultura, os factores climáticos, como chuva e geração de escoamento. Também estabeleceu os primeiros balanços das exportações de matérias em suspensão e em solução no contexto do arquipélago de Cabo Verde. O estudo foi realizado em três bacias hidrográficas da ilha de Santiago, Cabo Verde. Estas três bacias hidrográficas (Longueira, Grande e Godim) estão localizadas na parte central da ilha de Santiago e representam os diversos tipos de uso da terra e as diferentes zonas bioclimaticas da ilha. Existe um gradiente climático entre as três bacias hidrográficas. Na verdade, Longueira que abrange uma área de 4,18 km2, tem um declive médio de 47 %, uma zona florestada de 69% e uma área agrícola de 17 %. Grande com uma área de 1,87 km2, é localizada numa zona sub humida com um declive médio de 50%, é essencialmente agrícola. Godim, com uma área de 2,0 km2, é localizado numa zona semi-árida com um declive médio de 32%, é particularmente uma zona agricola. Para estes três bacias hidrográficas, as cheias foram medidas e amostradas de 2004 a 2009. A bacia de Longueira teve um maior acompanhamento, nomeadamente em termos de amostragem e monitoramento dos escoamentos. Em cada amostra foram feitas a determinação da concentração de matérias em suspensão e a análise dos principais elementos quimicos. Os resultados mostram que a erosão mecânica nas três bacias hidrográficas é caracterizada por uma forte variabilidade espacial e temporal. Durante o período de 2005-2009, o balanço anual média para as bacias hidrográficas de Longueira, Grande e Godim é: 4266, 157 e 10,1 t.km2.an-1, respectivamente. A estação das chuvas de 2006 foi a mais erosiva para as três bacias, particularmente em Longueira, com 2 cheias excepcionais, que têm gerado uma concentração média de sólidos em suspensão superior a 100 g / l. Porém, as estações do ano de 2005 e 2008 foram de uma forma geral menos erosivas porque as concentrações médias não inferiores a 20 g / l. Além disso, não houve cheias para as temporadas 2005 e 2007 para a bacia do Godim. Na bacia de Longueira, o estudo dos fenómenos de histerese na caracterização das cheias mostrou que a evolução temporal das exportações de sólidos em suspensão durante a temporada é fortemente influenciada pelas atividades agrícolas. Na verdade, a primeira cheia causou uma exportação maciça de sedimento disponível e localizado no leito da ribeira. Assim, a segunda cheia exportou menos sedimentos. Um mês após as primeiras chuvas, a prática da monda que reduz a densidade da cobertura vegetal e destructura a camada superficial do solo, gerou uma grande quantidade de sedimento que novamente permitiu uma exportação muito forte de sedimentos durante a terceira forte cheia. Os resultados da erosão química na bacia de Longueira indicam que a taxa de erosão é de 45 t.km2.an-1 com uma forte variabilidade temporal. Na verdade, as temporadas de 2006 e 2007 são as mais erosivas, enquanto 2005 teve uma exportação de matérias disolvidas baixa. A utilização do modelo EMMA (End- Members Mixing Analysis) mostra que os escoamentos hipodermico e profundo, alimentandos os fluxos de elementos dissolvidos são os principais factores da erosão química. É mostrado que esses fluxos causam mais de 90% dos fluxos de erosão química. O escoamento superficial, que contribui com cerca de 70% na formação das cheias, é o maior factor da erosão mecânica do solo.

Impact of High Crop Prices on Environmental Quality: A Case of Iowa and the Conservation Reserve Program, 2007

Growing demand for corn due to the expansion of ethanol has increased concerns that environmentally sensitive lands retired from agricultural production into the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) will be cropped again. Iowa produces more ethanol than any other state in the United States, and it also produces the most corn. Thus, an examination of the impacts of higher crop prices on CRP land in Iowa can give insight into what we might expect nationally in the years ahead if crop prices remain high. We construct CRP land supply curves for various corn prices and then estimate the environmental impacts of cropping CRP land through the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model. EPIC provides edge-of-field estimates of soil erosion, nutrient loss, and carbon sequestration. We find that incremental impacts increase dramatically as higher corn prices bring into production more and more environmentally fragile land. Maintaining current levels of environmental quality will require substantially higher spending levels. Even allowing for the cost savings that would accrue as CRP land leaves the program, a change in targeting strategies will likely be required to ensure that the most sensitive land does not leave the program.

Iowa CREP News, February 1, 2007, Issue 1

A newsletter produced by Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship. The Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program for the state of Iowa.

Improving rainwater-use in Cabo Verde drylands by reducing runoff

Dryland agriculture in Cabo Verde copes with steep slopes, inadequate practices, irregular intense rain, recurrent droughts, high runoff rates, severe soil erosion and declining fertility, leading to the inefficient use of rainwater. Maize and beans occupy N80% of the arable land in low-input, low-yielding subsistence farming. Three collaborative field trialswere conducted in different agroecological zones to evaluate the effects ofwater-conservation techniques (mulching of crop residue, a soil surfactant and pigeon-pea hedges) combinedwith organic amendments (compost and animal or green manure) on runoff and soil loss. During the 2011 and 2012 rainy seasons, three treatments and one control (traditional practice) were applied to 44- and 24-m2 field plots. A local maize variety and two types of beanswere planted. Runoff and suspended sedimentswere collected and quantified after each daily erosive rainfall. Runoff occurred for rainfalls≥50mm(slope b10%, loamy Kastanozem),≥60mm(slope≤23%, silt–clay–loam Regosol) and≥40mm(slope≤37%, sandy loam Cambisol). Runoffwas significantly reduced only with themulch treatment on the slope N10% and in the treatment of surfactant with organic amendment on the slope b10%. Soil loss reached 16.6, 5.1, 6.6 and 0.4 Mg ha−1 on the Regosol (≤23% slope) for the control, surfactant, pigeon-pea and mulch/pigeon-pea (with organic amendment) treatments, respectively; 3.2, 0.9, 1.3 and 0.1 Mg ha−1 on the Cambisol (≤37% slope) and b0. 2Mg ha−1 for all treatments and control on the Kastanozem(b10% slope). Erosion was highly positively correlated with runoff. Mulch with pigeon-pea combinedwith an organic amendment significantly reduced runoff and erosion fromagricultural fields on steep slopes, contributing to improved use of rainwater at the plot level. Sustainable land management techniques, such as mulching with pigeon-pea hedges and an organic amendment, should be advocated and promoted for the semiarid hillsides of Cabo Verde prone to erosion to increase rainwater-use and to prevent further soil degradation.

Appraising and selecting strategies to combat and mitigate desertification based on stakeholder knowledge and globalbest practices in Cape Verde Archipelago

Cape Verde is considered part of Sahelian Africa, where drought and desertification are common occurrences. The main activity of the rural population is rain-fed agriculture, which over time has been increasingly challenged by high temporal and spatial rainfall variability, lack of inputs, limited land area, fragmentation of land, steep slopes, pests, lack of mechanization and loss of top soil by water erosion. Human activities, largely through poor farming practices and deforestation (Gomez, 1989) have accelerated natural erosion processes, shifting the balance between soil erosion and soil formation (Norton, 1987). According to previous studies, vegetation cover is one of the most important factors in controlling soil loss (Cyr et al., 1995; Hupy, 2004; Zhang et al., 2004; Zhou et al., 2006). For this reason, reforestation is a touchstone of the Cape Verdean policy to combat desertification. After Independence in 1975, the Cape Verde government had pressing and closely entangled environmental and socio-economic issues to address, as long-term desertification had resulted in a lack of soil cover, severe soil erosion and a scarcity of water resources and fuel wood. Across the archipelago, desertification was resulting from a variety of processes including poor farming practices, soil erosion by water and wind, soil and water salinity in coastal areas due to over pumping and seawater intrusion, drought and unplanned urbanization (DGA-MAAP, 2004). All these issues directly affected socio-economic vulnerability in rural areas, where about 70% of people depended directly or indirectly on agriculture in 1975. By becoming part of the Inter- State Committee for the Fight against Drought in the Sahel in 1975, the government of Cape Verde gained structured support to address these issues more efficiently. Presentday policies and strategies were defined on the basis of rational use of resources and human efforts and were incorporated into three subsequent national plans: the National Action Plan for Development (NDP) (1982–1986), the NDP (1986–1990) and the NDP (1991–1995) (Carvalho

Erosão dos solos em Cabo Verde - Estudos dos Processos e Quantificação de Três Bacias na Ilha de Santiago

L’archipel du Cap Vert constitué de 10 îles volcaniques appartient à la zone sahélienne qui s’étend de l’atlantique jusqu’à la mer rouge. Depuis, plusieurs décennies le Cap Vert est affecté par la désertification causée en grande partie par la récession climatique et l’érosion des sols. Ces facteurs, associés à la forte pression anthropique sur les ressources, à l’orographie accidentée et à des pluies tropicales parfois diluviennes, provoquent de sérieuses pertes du patrimoine foncier. Cependant, depuis son Indépendance en 1975, le Gouvernement a mené un vaste programme d’arborisation, de restauration des terres et d’aménagement des cours d’eau. Pourtant, très peu de recherches ont été menées pour évaluer les actions de protection et de conservation des sols et des eaux. Par conséquent, il n’existe quasiment pas de données sur la problématique de la dégradation des terres ni de bilans. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons étudié les différents facteurs qui contrôlent l’érosion hydrique des sols. Nous avons plus particulièrement cherché à différencier les effets des activités humaines, notamment agricoles, de ceux des facteurs climatiques comme les précipitations et la génération des écoulements. Nous avons également établi les premiers bilans d’exportations de matières en suspension et en solution dans le contexte de l’archipel du Cap Vert. L’étude a été menée à l’échelle de trois bassins versants de l’ile de Santiago Cap-Vert. Ces trois bassins versant (Longueira, Grande et Godim) sont localisés dans la partie centrale de l’île de Santiago et représentatifs des divers modes d’occupation du sol et des différents climats de l’île. Il existe un gradient climatique entre les trois bassins versants. En effet, Longueira qui présente une superficie de 4,18 km2, une pente moyenne de 47 %, se localise dans une zone humide couverte à 69 % par une forêt et une surface agricole de 17 %. Grande avec une superficie de 1,87 km2, se localise en zone sub humide pour une pente moyenne de 50 %, il est essentiellement agricole. Godim, avec une superficie de 2,0 km2, se localise en zone semi aride, il est particulièrement agricole et sa pente moyenne est de 32 %. Pour ces trois bassins versants, les écoulements de crue à l’exutoire ont été mesurés et échantillonnés de 2004 à 2009. Le bassin versant de Longueira a fait l’objet d’un suivi plus poussé, notamment en termes de fréquence d’échantillonnage et de suivi des écoulements hors crue. Sur chaque échantillon nous avons procédé à la détermination de la concentration des matières en suspension ainsi qu’à l’analyse des éléments majeurs. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’érosion mécanique dans les 3 bassins versants est caractérisée par une forte variabilité spatiale et temporelle. Sur la période 2005-2009, le bilan moyen annuel pour les bassins versants de Longueira, Grande et Godim est de : 4266, 157 et 10,1 t.km2.an-1 respectivement. La saison humide 2006 a été la plus érosive pour l’ensemble des trois bassins versants et particulièrement dans Longueira avec 2 crues exceptionnelles qui ont généré une concentration moyenne de matières en suspension supérieure à 100 g/l. En revanche, les saisons 2005 et 2008 ont été dans l’ensemble peu érosives car les concentrations moyennes ne dépassèrent pas 20 g/l. Par ailleurs, il n’y a pas eu de lames d’eau écoulées pour les saisons 2005 et 2007 pour le bassin de Godim. Sur le bassin de Longueira, l’étude des phénomènes d’hystérésis permet de caractériser chaque crue et de montrer que l’évolution temporelle des exportations de matières en suspension au cours de la saison est fortement influencée par les activités agricoles. En effet, la première crue provoque l’exportation massive des sédiments disponibles et localisés dans le lit du cours d’eau. En conséquence, la seconde est moins exportatrice de sédiments. Un mois après les premières pluies, les activités de sarclage diminuent la densité du couvert végétal et destructurent la partie superficielle des sols, ce qui provoque à nouveau une très forte exportation de sédiments lors de la troisième crue. Les résultats de l’érosion chimique sur le bassin de Longueira indiquent que le taux d’érosion chimique moyen s’élève à 45 t.km2.an-1 avec une forte variabilité temporelle. En effet, les saisons les plus humides de 2006 et 2007 sont les plus exportatrices de matières en solution, alors que 2005 a eu une faible exportation. L’utilisation du modèle de mélanges EMMA (End-Members Mixing Analysis) montre que les écoulements hypodermique et profond, qui alimentent le cours d’eau en éléments dissous, sont les principaux facteurs de l’érosion chimique. On montre ainsi que les écoulements hors crue sont à l’origine de plus de 90% des flux d’érosion chimique. L’écoulement superficiel, qui contribue à environ 70 % du débit du cours d’eau en crue, constitue un facteur de premier plan de l’érosion mécanique des sols.

Monitoramento Ambiental da Estrada São Domingos – Assomada, Ilha de Santiago, Cabo Verde, com Ênfase na Compartimentação Geomorfológica

Este trabalho tem por objetivo a aferição dos impactos ambientais ocorridos ao longo da estrada São Domingos-Assomada, na ilha de Santiago na República de Cabo Verde, África Ocidental no período de 2003 a 2009, com ênfase sobre os compartimentos geomorfológicos e seus materiais estruturadores, bem como estabelecer medidas de minimização dos referidos impactos. O estudo ainda procurou mostrar que o monitoramento ambiental das obras da rodovia tem uma série de vantagens porque pode identificar tendências nocivas sobre as variáveis ambientais e sociais antes que seja tarde demais para minimizar ou prevenir seus impactos. Ao longo da pesquisa foram destacadas as principais atividades que originaram impactos ambientais causados pelas obras tanto na fase de reabilitação como na fase de exploração da via. Buscou-se ainda mostrar que a crescente intervenção antrópica ao longo da estrada tem repercutido cada vez mais intensamente sobre a dinâmica do relevo e nos processos de erosão do solo associados às práticas inadequadas de uso da terra. Os impactos ambientais ocorridos durante a exploração da via resultaram, sobretudo, na degradação dos compartimentos geomorfológicos, por estes se constituírem no principal suporte das demais organizações espaciais. Metodologicamente este trabalho abrangeu uma pesquisa aplicada de cunho descritivo e exploratório visando melhor identificar as alterações nos sistemas ambientais, decorrentes da implantação da estrada e das atividades antrópicas realizadas no seu entorno. A fim de estimar a repercussão das intervenções junto à população imediatamente afetada foram aplicadas entrevistas voltadas à avaliação da percepção dos riscos ambientais. A coleta de dados geomorfológicos em campo foi realizada mediante a observação in loco das condições ambientais e sua posterior cartografação em gabinete. Os resultados dessas foram cotejados com o levantamento da literatura especializada a fim de permitir o enquadramento coerente do grau dos agravos ambientais analisados. Os resultados do estudo apontaram que a degradação dos compartimentos geomorfológicos e suas formações superficiais não ocorrem unicamente em função da estrada, mas também pelas práticas tradicionais de uso da terra. Ainda foi possível constatar que no caso da estrada São Domingos – Assomada, as obras de recuperação não levam em conta à dinâmica do relevo, ou seja, não consideram os parâmetros morfogenéticos. Dessa forma, tais obras essenciais de infra-estrutura acabam, muitas vezes, durando pouco tempo, desperdiçando recursos financeiros que são escassos nos países em desenvolvimento.

Draft environmental report on Cape Verde

Faced with recurrent drought and famine during five centuries of human occupation, the small and densely populated Cape Verde Islands have a history of severe environmental problems. The arid climate and steep, rocky terrain provide scant resources for traditional subsistance farming under the best conditions, and in years of low rainfall the failure of rainfed crops causes massive food shortages. Agricultural use of steep slopes where rainfall is highest has led to soil erosion, as has removal of the island's vegetation for fuel and livestock. Pressure on the vegetation is particularly severe in dry years. International aid can provide relief from famine, and the introduction of modern agricultural and conservation techniques can improve the land and increase yield, but it is unlikely that Cape Verde can ever be entirely self -sufficient in food. Ultimately, the solution of Cape Verde's economic and environmental problems will probably require the development of productive urban jobs so the population can shift away from the intensive and destructive use of land for subsistance farming. In the meantime, the people of Cape Verde can best be served by instituting fundamental measures to conserve and restore the land so that it can be used to its fullest potential. The primary environmental problems in Cape Verde today are: 1. Soil degradation. Encouraged by brief but heavy rains and steep slopes, soil erosion is made worse by lack of vegetation. Soils are also low in organic matter due to the practice of completely removing crop plants and natural vegetation for food, fuel or livestock feed. 2. Water shortage. Brief and erratic rainfall in combination with rapid runoff makes surface water scarce and difficult to use. Groundwater supplies can be better developed but capabilities are poorly known and the complex nature of the geological substrate makes estimation difficult. Water is the critical limiting factor to the agricultural capability of the islands. 3. Fuel shortage. Demand for fuel is intense and has resulted in the virtual elimination of native vegetation. Fuelwood supplies are becoming more and more scarce and costly. Development of managed fuelwood plantations and alternate energy sources is required. 4. Inappropriate land use. Much of the land now used for raising crops or livestock is too steep or too arid for these purposes, causing erosion and destruction of vegetation. Improving yield in more appropriate areas and encouraging less damaging uses of the remaining marginal lands can help to alleviate this problem.

The Effects of Headcut and Knickpoint Propagation on Bridges in Iowa, October 2008

Headcuts (known also as primary knickpoints) and knickpoints (known also as secondary knickpoints) have been found to contribute to the accelerated riverbed degradation problem in the midwestern United States. Step-changes that occur at the head of channel networks are referred to as headcuts, and those that occur within the confines of channel banks are referred to as knickpoints. The formation of headcuts and knickpoints and their upstream migration have been linked to the over-steepening of stream reaches when the flow plunges to the bed and creates a plunge pool. Secondary flow currents and seepage are believed to be some other parameters contributing to the formation and evolution of headcuts and knickpoints. Ongoing research suggests that headcuts and knickpoints, where they form and migrate, may account for 60% (or more) of the bed erosion in the streams. Based on preliminary observations, there is a strong indication that headcuts and knickpoints can also have a greater influence on flow thalweg alignment (line of deepest flow) for small rivers. A shift in thalweg toward a riverbank or embankment is usually a prime factor contributing to riverbank erosion and scour.

Working with Iowans building a culture of conservation, Program Summary, November 2008

Over 94% of Iowa ’ s land is held in private ownership, and the programs of the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship Division of Soil Conservation (IDALS-DSC) have been established to work with these landowners. Over 90% of the landscape is used for agricultural production so much of our focus is in rural communities, but we haven’t overlooked the importance of land management in urban areas. It is crucial to understanding of both conservation and hydrology issues, that what happens on the landscape has immense consequences to the environmental health of our state and the quality of life we enjoy. IDALS-DSC is striving to integrate our programs with other agencies and local concerns to improve water and local concerns to improve water and soil quality throughout the state and nation.

Iowa CREP News, March 18, 2009, Issue 3

The Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program, or CREP, was designed specifically to reduce the nutrients from leaving Iowa and having an impact down stream. Newsletter produced by The Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship.

Iowa CREP News, October 29, 2007, Issue. 2

A newsletter produced by Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship. The Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program for the state of Iowa.

Green manure in coffee systems in the region of Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais: characteristics and kinetics of carbon and nitrogen mineralization

The use of green manure may contribute to reduce soil erosion and increase the soil organic matter content and N availability in coffee plantations in the Zona da Mata, State of Minas Gerais, in Southeastern Brazil. The potential of four legumes (A. pintoi, C. mucunoides, S. aterrimum and S. guianensis) to produce above-ground biomass, accumulate nutrients and mineralize N was studied in two coffee plantations of subsistence farmers under different climate conditions. The biomass production of C. mucunoides was influenced by the shade of the coffee plantation. C. mucunoides tended to mineralize more N than the other legumes due to the low polyphenol content and polyphenol/N ratio. In the first year, the crop establishment of A. pintoi in the area took longer than of the other legumes, resulting in lower biomass production and N2 fixation. In the long term, cellulose was the main factor controlling N mineralization. The biochemical characteristics, nutrient accumulation and biomass production of the legumes were greatly influenced by the altitude and position of the area relative to the sun.

Environmental and agricultural benefits of a management system designed for sandy loam soils of the humid tropics

A sustainable management of soils with low natural fertility on family farms in the humid tropics is a great challenge and overcoming it would be an enormous benefit for the environment and the farmers. The objective of this study was to assess the environmental and agronomic benefits of alley cropping, based on the evaluation of C sequestration, soil quality indicators, and corn yields. Combinations of four legumes were used in alley cropping systems in the following treatments: Clitoria fairchildiana + Cajanus cajan; Acacia mangium + Cajanus cajan; Leucaena leucocephala + Cajanus cajan; Clitoria fairchildiana + Leucaena leucocephala; Leucaena leucocephala + Acacia mangium and a control. Corn was used as a cash crop. The C content was determined in the different compartments of soil organic matter, CEC, available P, base saturation, percentage of water saturation, the period of the root hospitality factor below the critical level and corn yield. It was concluded that alley cropping could substitute the slash and burn system in the humid tropics. The main environmental benefit of alley cropping is the maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium between C input and output that could sustain up to 10 Mg ha-1 of C in the litter layer, decreasing atmospheric CO2 levels. Alley cropping is also beneficial from the agricultural point of view, because it increases base saturation and decreases physical resistance to root penetration in the soil layer 0 - 10 cm, which ensures the increase and sustainability of corn yield.

Design Procedures and Field Monitoring of Submerged Barbs for Streambank Protection, June 2007

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the hydraulic performance of riprap spurs and weirs in controlling bank erosion at the Southern part of the Raccoon River upstream U.S. Highway 169 Bridge utilizing the commercially available model FESWMS and field monitoring. It was found based on a 2 year monitoring and numerical modeling that the design of structures was overall successful, including their spacing and stability. The riprap material incorporated into the structures was directly and favorably correlated to the flow transmission through the structure, or in other words, dictated the permeable nature of the structure. It was found that the permeable dikes and weirs chosen in this study created less volume of scour in the vicinity of the structure toes and thus have less risk comparatively to other impermeable structures to collapse. The fact that the structures permitted the transmission of flow through them it allowed fine sand particles to fill in the gaps of the rock interstices and thus cement and better stabilize the structures. During bank-full flows the maximum scour hole was recorded away from the structures toe and the scourhole size was directly related to the protrusion angle of the structure to the flow. It was concluded that the proposed structure inclination with respect to the main flow direction was appropriate since it provides maximum bank protection while creating the largest volume of local scour away from the structure and towards the center of the channel. Furthermore, the lowest potential for bank erosion also occurs with the present set-up design chosen by the IDOT. About 2 ft of new material was deposited in the area located between the structures for the period extending from the construction day to May 2007. Surveys obtained by sonar and the presence of vegetation indicate that new material has been added at the bank toes. Finally, the structures provided higher variability in bed topography forming resting pools, creating flow shade on the leeward side of the structure, and separation of bed substrate due to different flow conditions. Another notable environmental benefit to rock riprap weirs and dikes is the creation of resting pools, especially in year 2007 (2nd year of the project). The magnitude of these benefits to aquatic habitat has been found in the literature that is directly related to the induced scour-hole volume.