La narrativa de Andrés Rivera: poética del pentimento

El punto de partida es un dato: la obra de Andrés Rivera comenzó a divulgarse raudamente en la década de los 90, cuando hacía más de treinta años que su primera novela se había publicado y había conseguido el reconocimiento de Ricardo Piglia, Juan José Saer, Beatriz Sarlo, María Teresa Gramuglio, entre otros escritores y críticos destacados.1 A sus 86 años, este narrador, que además cuenta con una prolífica producción, es considerado uno de los mejores escritores argentinos contemporáneos. Esta investigación es también un homenaje. No es necesario seguir el camino deductivo que nos impone el dato, pero puede resumirse la conclusión en el hecho de que el nombre de Andrés Rivera no haya ocupado, en su debido momento, el lugar preponderante que se merece en las historias literarias. Tal vez la actitud indiferente, casi siempre inflexible, y la sincera modestia que Rivera manifiesta frente a todo acto que celebre la obra literaria como un objeto trascendental, contribuya a esta situación. Sus apreciaciones sobre la literatura, sobre la función de toda obra literaria remiten siempre a la idea de que ninguna obra puede cambiar el rumbo de la historia, como tampoco a nadie puede cambiarle la vida después de haber leído un libro de ficción. Nos parece, sin embargo, y nos decantaríamos por ello, que se debe en mayor medida a la conducta íntegra que este escritor mantiene y la honradez perseverante que expresa en sus declaraciones, sin importarle a quién o a qué voces literarias autorizadas puedan incomodar sus tajantes palabras. Esta actitud del escritor puede comprobarse en cada una de las entrevistas que se le han realizado hasta el momento: su ideología es siempre la misma...

TRIBUNAL ARBITRAL DE LEMOINE RIVERA INGENIEROS ASOCIADOS LTDA. VS. EMPRESA DE ACUEDUCTO Y ALCANTARRILLADO DE BOGOTÁ (E.A.A.B. E.S.P.)

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Walker en Centroamérica de Lorenzo Montufar Rivera

Introducción: La reedición del libro Walker en Centro América, edición destinada a Costa Rica del tomo VII de la Reseña Histórica de Centro América de Lorenzo Montúfar Rivera, la cual fue publicada entre 1877 y 1888, es un paso importante para rehabilitar su figura como historiador y político. Montúfar Rivera fue uno de los principales personajes centroamericanos que luchó por vencer militar y diplomáticamente a William Walker y a los filibusteros, Lo hizo desde la escena política costarricense durante los años de 1856 a 1858…

APONTAMENTOS ACERCA DA DISCUSSÃO SOBRE A INTRODUÇÃO DAS EMPRESAS DE CELULOSE NOS PAMPAS GAÚCHOS: PARA ONDE VAI A FRONTEIRA SANT´ANA DO LIVRAMENTO E RIVERA?

Os Municípios de Sant´Ana do Livramento – RS - Brasil e Rivera - Uruguai, instaladas no coração dos pampas gaúchos, apresentam uma paisagem que se caracteriza por uma vastidão de campos, coxilhas e gado, tem sua história associada a economia ganadeira e a cultura das gentes que habitam esse pampa, o gaúcho e sua vivência campeira símbolo de uma cultura que supera as barreiras da nacionalidade e das fronteiras impostas pelos colonizadores. Os pampas e seus habitantes passam por uma transformação profunda que está associada a decadência da economia ganadeira e a ascensão da economia madeireira. Cada vez mais observa-se a plantação de grandes extensões de terras com pinus e eucaliptus e a implantação, muitas vezes conflituosa, de empresas de celulose em locais onde antes reinavam os frigoríficos. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o processo de substituição da economia ganadeira pela introdução da economia madeireira nessas cidades e avaliar as implicações sociais, econômicas, culturais e ambientais através de um extenso levantamento bibliográfico, de pesquisas junto a órgãos governamentais e de trabalhos de campo que permitam compreender as transformações atuais, as tendências de reprodução do grande capital associado ao latifúndio e as alternativas e formas de resistência a esse modelo hegemônico de “desenvolvimento” na fronteira. 

Culture-fair assessment : challenging Indigenous students through effortful mathematics teaching

This paper reports on a mathematics education research project centred on teachers’ pedagogical practices and capacity to assess Indigenous Australian students in a culture-fair manner. The project has been funded by the Australian Research Council Linkage program and is being conducted in seven Catholic and Independent primary schools in north Queensland. Our Industry Partners are Catholic Education and the Association of Independent Schools, Queensland. The study aims to provide greater understanding about how to build more equitable assessment practices to address the issue of underperforming Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) students in regional and remote Australia. The goal is to identify ways forward by attending to culture-fair assessment practice. The research is exploring the attitudes, beliefs and responses of Indigenous students to assessment in the context of mathematics learning with particular focus on teacher knowledge in these educational settings in relation to the design of assessment tasks that are authentic and engaging for these students in an accountability context. This approach highlights how teachers need to distinguish the ‘funds of knowledge’ (González, Moll, Floyd Tenery, Rivera, Rendón, Gonzales & Amanti, 2008) that Indigenous students draw on and how teachers need to be culturally responsive in their pedagogy to open up curriculum and assessment practice to allow for different ways of knowing and being

Geographical distribution of human Schistosoma japonicum infection in the Philippines : tools to support disease control and further elimination

S. japonicum infection is believed to be endemic in 28 of the 80 provinces of the Philippines and the most recent data on schistosomiasis prevalence have shown considerable variability between provinces. In order to increase the efficient allocation of parasitic disease control resources in the country, we aimed to describe the small scale spatial variation in S. japonicum prevalence across the Philippines, quantify the role of the physical environment in driving the spatial variation of S. japonicum, and develop a predictive risk map of S. japonicum infection. Data on S. japonicum infection from 35,754 individuals across the country were geo-located at the barangay level and included in the analysis. The analysis was then stratified geographically for Luzon, the Visayas and Mindanao. Zero-inflated binomial Bayesian geostatistical models of S. japonicum prevalence were developed and diagnostic uncertainty was incorporated. Results of the analysis show that in the three regions, males and individuals aged ≥ 20 years had significantly higher prevalence of S. japonicum compared with females and children <5 years. The role of the environmental variables differed between regions of the Philippines. S. japonicum infection was widespread in the Visayas whereas it was much more focal in Luzon and Mindanao. This analysis revealed significant spatial variation in prevalence of S. japonicum infection in the Philippines. This suggests that a spatially targeted approach to schistosomiasis interventions, including mass drug administration, is warranted. When financially possible, additional schistosomiasis surveys should be prioritized to areas identified to be at high risk, but which were underrepresented in our dataset.

Tissue requirements for establishing long-term CD4+ T cell-mediated immunity following Leishmania donovani infection

Organ-specific immunity is a feature of many infectious diseases, including visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani. Experimental visceral leishmaniasis in genetically susceptible mice is characterized by an acute, resolving infection in the liver and chronic infection in the spleen. CD4+ T cell responses are critical for the establishment and maintenance of hepatic immunity in this disease model, but their role in chronically infected spleens remains unclear. In this study, we show that dendritic cells are critical for CD4+ T cell activation and expansion in all tissue sites examined. We found that FTY720-mediated blockade of T cell trafficking early in infection prevented Ag-specific CD4+ T cells from appearing in lymph nodes, but not the spleen and liver, suggesting that early CD4+ T cell priming does not occur in liver-draining lymph nodes. Extended treatment with FTY720 over the first month of infection increased parasite burdens, although this associated with blockade of lymphocyte egress from secondary lymphoid tissue, as well as with more generalized splenic lymphopenia. Importantly, we demonstrate that CD4+ T cells are required for the establishment and maintenance of antiparasitic immunity in the liver, as well as for immune surveillance and suppression of parasite outgrowth in chronically infected spleens. Finally, although early CD4+ T cell priming appeared to occur most effectively in the spleen, we unexpectedly revealed that protective CD4+ T cell-mediated hepatic immunity could be generated in the complete absence of all secondary lymphoid tissues.

Aaron Lopez papers, undated, 1752-1794, 1846, 1852, 1953.

Contains approximately 6800 manuscripts arranged chronologically by year for years 1752-1794. Approximately 100 are letters received or written by Lopez, his partner and father-in-law, Jacob Rodriguez Rivera, members of his family and company, and commercial agents pertaining to business activities and sailing orders for the captains of various ships. Several also refer to personal matters and acquaintances, including a series of six letters from Silas Cooke of White Hall (Middletown), R.I., to Aaron Lopez, asking his aid in returning a run-away slave (1776). The great majority of the collection consists of account records, bills of sale, orders, shipping agreements, lists of sailors on the various ships, repair records and cargo invoices. Of particular interest are a receipt for payment of a half-year's subscription to the "tzedakah" of Congregation Nefutzei Israel, Newport (1755) and several documents that reveal Lopez as a supplier of kosher meat and other religious articles to people in various parts of the colonies, Surinam, and Jamaica. Also included in this group are copies of sailing lists, documents pertaining to Lopez's naturalization which shed light upon the status of a Jew applying for citizenship in Massachusetts and a check to Lopez from the United States government for a loan made during the Revolutionary War (1779).

Mapping the risk of soil-transmitted helminthic infections in the Philippines

Background In order to increase the efficient allocation of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) disease control resources in the Philippines, we aimed to describe for the first time the spatial variation in the prevalence of A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworm across the country, quantify the association between the physical environment and spatial variation of STH infection and develop predictive risk maps for each infection. Methodology/Principal Findings Data on STH infection from 35,573 individuals across the country were geolocated at the barangay level and included in the analysis. The analysis was stratified geographically in two major regions: 1) Luzon and the Visayas and 2) Mindanao. Bayesian geostatistical models of STH prevalence were developed, including age and sex of individuals and environmental variables (rainfall, land surface temperature and distance to inland water bodies) as predictors, and diagnostic uncertainty was incorporated. The role of environmental variables was different between regions of the Philippines. This analysis revealed that while A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infections were widespread and highly endemic, hookworm infections were more circumscribed to smaller foci in the Visayas and Mindanao. Conclusions/Significance This analysis revealed significant spatial variation in STH infection prevalence within provinces of the Philippines. This suggests that a spatially targeted approach to STH interventions, including mass drug administration, is warranted. When financially possible, additional STH surveys should be prioritized to high-risk areas identified by our study in Luzon.

Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas

The rapid disruption of tropical forests probably imperils global biodiversity more than any other contemporary phenomenon(1-3). With deforestation advancing quickly, protected areas are increasingly becoming final refuges for threatened species and natural ecosystem processes. However, many protected areas in the tropics are themselves vulnerable to human encroachment and other environmental stresses(4-9). As pressures mount, it is vital to know whether existing reserves can sustain their biodiversity. A critical constraint in addressing this question has been that data describing a broad array of biodiversity groups have been unavailable for a sufficiently large and representative sample of reserves. Here we present a uniquely comprehensive data set on changes over the past 20 to 30 years in 31 functional groups of species and 21 potential drivers of environmental change, for 60 protected areas stratified across the world's major tropical regions. Our analysis reveals great variation in reserve `health': about half of all reserves have been effective or performed passably, but the rest are experiencing an erosion of biodiversity that is often alarmingly widespread taxonomically and functionally. Habitat disruption, hunting and forest-product exploitation were the strongest predictors of declining reserve health. Crucially, environmental changes immediately outside reserves seemed nearly as important as those inside in determining their ecological fate, with changes inside reserves strongly mirroring those occurring around them. These findings suggest that tropical protected areas are often intimately linked ecologically to their surrounding habitats, and that a failure to stem broad-scale loss and degradation of such habitats could sharply increase the likelihood of serious biodiversity declines.

Differential cellular recognition pattern to M. tuberculosis targets defined by IFN-gamma and IL-17 production in blood from TB plus patients from Honduras as compared to health care workers: TB and immune responses in patients from Honduras

Background: A better understanding of the quality of cellular immune responses directed against molecularly defined targets will guide the development of TB diagnostics and identification of molecularly defined, clinically relevant M.tb vaccine candidates. Methods: Recombinant proteins (n = 8) and peptide pools (n = 14) from M. tuberculosis (M.tb) targets were used to compare cellular immune responses defined by IFN-gamma and IL-17 production using a Whole Blood Assay (WBA) in a cohort of 148 individuals, i.e. patients with TB + (n = 38), TB- individuals with other pulmonary diseases (n = 81) and individuals exposed to TB without evidence of clinical TB (health care workers, n = 29). Results: M.tb antigens Rv2958c (glycosyltransferase), Rv2962c (mycolyltransferase), Rv1886c (Ag85B), Rv3804c (Ag85A), and the PPE family member Rv3347c were frequently recognized, defined by IFN-gamma production, in blood from healthy individuals exposed to M.tb (health care workers). A different recognition pattern was found for IL-17 production in blood from M.tb exposed individuals responding to TB10.4 (Rv0288), Ag85B (Rv1886c) and the PPE family members Rv0978c and Rv1917c. Conclusions: The pattern of immune target recognition is different in regard to IFN-gamma and IL-17 production to defined molecular M.tb targets in PBMCs from individuals frequently exposed to M.tb. The data represent the first mapping of cellular immune responses against M.tb targets in TB patients from Honduras.

The Evolution of Animal Welfare and the 3Rs in Brazil, China, and India

Increasingly, scientific collaborations and contracts cross country borders. The need for assurance that the quality of animal welfare and the caliber of animal research conducted are equivalent among research partners around the globe is of concern to the scientific and laboratory animal medicine communities, the general public, and other key stakeholders. Therefore, global harmonization of animal care and use standards and practices, with the welfare of the animals as a cornerstone, is essential. In the evolving global landscape of enhanced attention to animal welfare, a widely accepted path to achieving this goal is the successful integration of the 3Rs in animal care and use programs. Currently, awareness of the 3Rs, their implementation, and the resulting animal care and use standards and practices vary across countries. This variability has direct effects on the animals used in research and potentially the data generated and may also have secondary effects on the country's ability to be viewed as a global research partner. Here we review the status of implementation of the 3Rs worldwide and focus on 3 countries-Brazil, China and India-with increasing economic influence and an increasing footprint in the biomedical research enterprise.

Evaluación inicial de Hymenaea courbaril (Guapinol) en una plantación en la unidad de experimentación y evaluación en la finca el plantel-UNA

En la finca El Plantel ubicada en el kilómetro 31 ½ carretera Tipitapa-Masaya, en el Municipio de Nindirí departamento de Masaya Nicaragua, se realizó un estudio del establecimiento inicial de Hymeneae courbaril con el fin de conocer su comportamiento en diámetro, altura y sobrevivencia a pleno sol. La plantación se estableció en parcelas con dimensiones de 15mx15m con un distanciamiento entre plantas de 3m x 3m. El número de plantas por parcela fue de 36 para un total de 108 individuos. Se realizaron dos mediciones (Octubre del 2009 y Octubre del 2010) de las variables diámetro, altura y sobrevivencia; y un único monitoreo (en Octubre del 2010) de los daños en la plantación. Los resultados de sobrevivencia obtenidos en la plantación correspondió a un 61,6%. En la evaluación del incremento corriente anual en altura y diámetro alcanzados por la especie se muestra un comportamiento positivo con incremento corriente anual en diámetro de 4.79mm; valores de incremento corriente anual en altura de 4.80cm. Los daños registrados en la plantación corresponden principalmente a la defoliación por hormigas del genero Atta, registrándose una frecuencia del 58% de plantas afectadas.

Evaluación del establecimiento de Moringa oleífera Lam. (Marango) en un sistema de cercas viva en la Finca Santa Rosa - UNA, Managua, Nicaragua

Con el objetivo de evaluar el establecimiento de Moringa oleífera en un sistema de cercas viva, se llevo a cabo un experimento, se realizó en la Finca Santa Rosa perteneciente a la Universidad Nacional Agraria. El estudio se realizo entre Octubre del 2012 y Mayo del 2013. Dos distancias de siembra (1.5 y 2 m) plantadas bajo un diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar fueron evaluadas como tratamientos; a los cuales se les determinaron los siguientes variables: número de yemas y rebrotes, longitud de rebrotes y sobrevivencia de la especie. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, para la sobrevivencia al final del estudio; los valores correspondieron al 25.78% para la distancia 2m y 29.69% para la distancia 1.5m. La producción de yemas en la especie mantuvo una tendencia positiva durante el periodo de estudio. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas para la variable número de rebrotes; demostrando que la producción de rebrotes en la plantación fue relativamente pobre con valores de 3 rebrotes en promedio. Valores medios de 6.27 cm de crecimiento en la longitud de rebrotes, y no determinándose diferencias significativas entre las distancias comparadas. Se concluye que se pueden utilizar las dos distancias de siembra con M. oleífera como postes vivo en cercas perimetrales de áreas de pastoreo; siempre y cuando el establecimiento coincida con la época lluviosa y el manejo sea eficiente.

Evaluación de la inclusión de yuca (Manihot esculenta cranz) y suero en la alimentación de cerdos en las etapas de desarrollo y engorde

Se realizó un experimento con 30 cerdos comerciales en las etapas de desarrollo y engorde, con una duración de 120 días (60 días por etapa) con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de yuca y suero en la alimentación. Sobre consumo, ganancia medía diaria (GMD), conversión alimenticia y utilidad económica. Los cerdos fueron asignados aleatoriamente en 3 grupos de 10 cerdos cada uno, de pesos similares con 60 días de edad, utilizándose un Diseño Completo al Azar (D.C.A. ). Se encontró diferencias significativas (P<0.05) en las categorías de desarrollo y engorde en cuanto a ganancia medía diaria del tratamiento T 1 respecto a los tratamientos T2 y T3. Las raciones experimentales estaban constituidas por: T1 (testigo) concentrado comercial, T2 base (50% maíz., 50% semolina y sal) y suero y el T3 la misma base, suero y yuca. En la etapa de desarrollo los consumos de alimento, ganancia media diaria y conversión alimenticia promedio por cerdo fueron de: 63.48, 189.57 y 218.45 kg; 384.33, 174.33 y 158.33 gramos/día; 2.75, 19.95 y 20.88 para T1, T2 y T3 respectivamente. En la etapa de engorde, los consumos de alimento, ganancia media diaria y conversión alimenticia promedia por cerdo fueron de: 164.98, 343.44 y 355.87 kg; 822.03, 398.65 y 328.80 gramos/día; 3.34, 14.36 y 18.03. El análisis económico evidencia que las mejores utilidades se obtuvieron con el T2 en la etapa de engorde con C$90.61/cerdo. Se concluye que se puede suministrar raciones para la alimentación de cerdos en engorde con subproductos lácteos y agrícolas con el fin de disminuir los costos por alimento.