Lesions impairing regular versus irregular past tense production

We investigated selective impairments in the production of regular and irregular past tense by examining language performance and lesion sites in a sample of twelve stroke patients. A disadvantage in regular past tense production was observed in six patients when phonological complexity was greater for regular than irregular verbs, and in three patients when phonological complexity was closely matched across regularity. These deficits were not consistently related to grammatical difficulties or phonological errors but were consistently related to lesion site. All six patients with a regular past tense disadvantage had damage to the left ventral pars opercularis (in the inferior frontal cortex), an area associated with articulatory sequencing in prior functional imaging studies. In addition, those that maintained a disadvantage for regular verbs when phonological complexity was controlled had damage to the left ventral supramarginal gyrus (in the inferior parietal lobe), an area associated with phonological short-term memory. When these frontal and parietal regions were spared in patients who had damage to subcortical (n = 2) or posterior temporo-parietal regions (n = 3), past tense production was relatively unimpaired for both regular and irregular forms. The remaining (12th) patient was impaired in producing regular past tense but was significantly less accurate when producing irregular past tense. This patient had frontal, parietal, subcortical and posterior temporo-parietal damage, but was distinguished from the other patients by damage to the left anterior temporal cortex, an area associated with semantic processing. We consider how our lesion site and behavioral observations have implications for theoretical accounts of past tense production.

Detecting regular sound changes in linguistics as events of concerted evolution

Background: Concerted evolution is normally used to describe parallel changes at different sites in a genome, but it is also observed in languages where a specific phoneme changes to the same other phoneme in many words in the lexicon—a phenomenon known as regular sound change. We develop a general statistical model that can detect concerted changes in aligned sequence data and apply it to study regular sound changes in the Turkic language family. Results: Linguistic evolution, unlike the genetic substitutional process, is dominated by events of concerted evolutionary change. Our model identified more than 70 historical events of regular sound change that occurred throughout the evolution of the Turkic language family, while simultaneously inferring a dated phylogenetic tree. Including regular sound changes yielded an approximately 4-fold improvement in the characterization of linguistic change over a simpler model of sporadic change, improved phylogenetic inference, and returned more reliable and plausible dates for events on the phylogenies. The historical timings of the concerted changes closely follow a Poisson process model, and the sound transition networks derived from our model mirror linguistic expectations. Conclusions: We demonstrate that a model with no prior knowledge of complex concerted or regular changes can nevertheless infer the historical timings and genealogical placements of events of concerted change from the signals left in contemporary data. Our model can be applied wherever discrete elements—such as genes, words, cultural trends, technologies, or morphological traits—can change in parallel within an organism or other evolving group.

Spatial and temporal variability of the concentration field from localized releases in a regular building array

Spatial and temporal fluctuations in the concentration field from an ensemble of continuous point-source releases in a regular building array are analyzed from data generated by direct numerical simulations. The release is of a passive scalar under conditions of neutral stability. Results are related to the underlying flow structure by contrasting data for an imposed wind direction of 0 deg and 45 deg relative to the buildings. Furthermore, the effects of distance from the source and vicinity to the plume centreline on the spatial and temporal variability are documented. The general picture that emerges is that this particular geometry splits the flow domain into segments (e.g. “streets” and “intersections”) in each of which the air is, to a first approximation, well mixed. Notable exceptions to this general rule include regions close to the source, near the plume edge, and in unobstructed channels when the flow is aligned. In the oblique (45 deg) case the strongly three-dimensional nature of the flow enhances mixing of a scalar within the canopy leading to reduced temporal and spatial concentration fluctuations within the plume core. These fluctuations are in general larger for the parallel flow (0 deg) case, especially so in the long unobstructed channels. Due to the more complex flow structure in the canyon-type streets behind buildings, fluctuations are lower than in the open channels, though still substantially larger than for oblique flow. These results are relevant to the formulation of simple models for dispersion in urban areas and to the quantification of the uncertainties in their predictions.

Physical and sensory properties of regular and reduced-fat pound cakes with added amaranth flour

The sum of wheat flour and corn starch was replaced by 10, 20, or 30% whole amaranth flour in both conventional (C) and reduced fat (RF) pound cakes. and the effects on physical and sensory properties of the cakes were investigated. RF presented 33% fat reduction. The increasing amaranth levels darkened crust and crumb of cakes, which decreased color acceptability. Fresh amaranth-containing cakes had similar texture characteristics to (he controls, evaluated both instrumentally and sensorially. Sensory evaluation revealed that replacement by 30% amaranth flour decreased C cakes overall acceptability scores, clue to its lower specific volume and darker color. Amaranth flour levels had no significant effect on overall acceptability of RF cakes. Hence, the sum of wheat flour and corn starch could be successfully replaced by up to 20% amaranth flour in C and up to 30% in RF pound cakes without negatively affecting sensory quality in fresh cakes. Moisture losses for all the cakes were similar, approximate to 1% per day during storage. After six days of storage, both C and RF amaranth-containing cakes had higher hardness and chewiness values than control cakes. Further experiments involving sensory evaluation during storage are necessary to determine the exact limit of amaranth flour replacement.

Upregulation of gp91(phox) Subunit of NAD(P)H Oxidase Contributes to Erectile Dysfunction Caused by Long-term Nitric Oxide Inhibition in Rats: Reversion by Regular Physical Training

OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that glyco protein 91phox (gp91(phox)) subunit of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NAD(P) H] oxidase is a fundamental target for physical activity to ameliorate erectile dysfunction (ED). Vascular risk factors are reported to contribute to ED. Regular physical exercise prevents cardiovascular diseases by increasing nitric oxide (NO) production and/or decreasing NO inactivation. METHODS Male Wistar rats received the NO synthesis inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) for 4 weeks, after which animals were submitted to a run training program for another 4 weeks. Erectile functions were evaluated by in vitro cavernosal relaxations and intracavernous pressure measurements. Expressions of gp91(phox) subunit and neuronal nitric oxidase synthase in erectile tissue, as well as superoxide dismutase activity and nitrite/nitrate (NO(x)) levels were determined. RESULTS The in vitro acetylcholine-and electrical field stimulation-induced cavernosal relaxations, as well as the increases in intracavernous pressure were markedly reduced in sedentary rats treated with L-NAME. Run training significantly restored the impaired cavernosal relaxations. No alterations in the neuronal nitric oxidase synthase protein expression (and its variant penile neuronal nitric oxidase synthase) were detected. A reduction of NO(x) levels and superoxide dismutase activity was observed in L-NAME-treated animals, which was significantly reversed by physical training. Gene expression of subunit gp91(phox) was enhanced by approximately 2-fold in erectile tissue of L-NAME-treated rats, and that was restored to basal levels by run training. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that ED seen after long-term L-NAME treatment is associated with gp91(phox) subunit upregulation and decreased NO bioavailability. Exercise training reverses the increased oxidative stress in NO-deficient rats, ameliorating the ED. UROLOGY 75: 961-967, 2010. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc.

On the variations of the Betti numbers of regular levels of Morse flows

We generalize results in Cruz and de Rezende (1999) [7] by completely describing how the Beth numbers of the boundary of an orientable manifold vary after attaching a handle, when the homology coefficients are in Z, Q, R or Z/pZ with p prime. First we apply this result to the Conley index theory of Lyapunov graphs. Next we consider the Ogasa invariant associated with handle decompositions of manifolds. We make use of the above results in order to obtain upper bounds for the Ogasa invariant of product manifolds. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Geodesics and Almost Geodesic Cycles in Random Regular Graphs

A geodesic in a graph G is a shortest path between two vertices of G. For a specific function e(n) of n, we define an almost geodesic cycle C in G to be a cycle in which for every two vertices u and v in C, the distance d(G)(u, v) is at least d(C)(u, v) - e(n). Let omega(n) be any function tending to infinity with n. We consider a random d-regular graph on n vertices. We show that almost all pairs of vertices belong to an almost geodesic cycle C with e(n)= log(d-1)log(d-1) n+omega(n) and vertical bar C vertical bar =2 log(d-1) n+O(omega(n)). Along the way, we obtain results on near-geodesic paths. We also give the limiting distribution of the number of geodesics between two random vertices in this random graph. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 66: 115-136, 2011

Regular Derivations in Basic Superposition-Based Calculi

We prove the completeness of the regular strategy of derivations for superposition-based calculi. The regular strategy was pioneered by Kanger in [Kan63], who proposed that all equality inferences take place before all other steps in the proof. We show that the strategy is complete with the elimination of tautologies. The implication of our result is the completeness of non-standard selection functions by which in non-relational clauses only equality literals (and all of them) are selected.

A formação contínua de professores para o ensino fundamental regular noturno de jovens e adultos na Escola GM : ações, tensões e contradições de uma política pública municipal

A presente Dissertação conta uma breve história acerca do cotidiano de um programa de formação contínua de professores municipais, na periferia da Grande Porto Alegre, que iniciaram a lecionar no SEJA –Serviço de Educação de Jovens e Adultos- proposta político-pedagógica de Ensino Fundamental Regular de Jovens e Adultos. O pesquisador, aceito como partícipe reflexivo pelo grupo de professores de uma escola, desenvolveu uma modalidade de Pesquisa-Ação buscando contribuir na identificação e solução das situações-problemáticas que surgiram ao longo do referido programa de formação. A dissertação teoriza alguns saberes emergentes e vivenciados na pes-quisa-em-campo : concepção de currículo, prática docente e política de forma-ção contínua de professores para o Ensino Fundamental Regular de Jovens e Adultos; bem como, concepção de pesquisa educacional na escola. Durante a pesquisa-em-campo, o pesquisador-em-ação assumiu um po-sicionamento político de “parceria crítica” com o grupo de professores frente aos conflitos políticos surgidos nas relações destes com a respectiva Secretaria de Educação, gerando , por sua vez, outros conflitos devidamente discutidos no texto. Em função desses conflitos e demais circunstâncias a pesquisa sofreu alterações no seu objeto inicial de estudo, bem como nos respectivos procedi-mentos específicos, seguindo, portanto, a flexibilidade metodológica inerente à Pesquisa-Ação. São propostos princípios político-pedagógicos para as políticas públicas de formação contínua de professores para o Ensino Fundamental Regular de Jovens e Adultos. No relato reflexivo dessa caminhada o pesquisador encontrou seu pró-prio processo de aprendizagem, suas lacunas e limites de formação – vivência aproveitada em sua prática docente acadêmica.

O processo de integração da pessoa portadora de deficiência mental no ensino regular municipal de Florianópolis

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os aspectos que configuram o processo de integração da pessoa portadora de deficiência mental no ensino regular municipal de Florianópolis. A metodologia adotada neste trabalho é de natureza qualitativa. O estudo caracteriza-se, quanto aos fins, como descritivo/exploratório, realizado sob a forma de estudo de caso e, quanto aos meios, como uma pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo. Quanto aos participantes, foram intencionalmente selecionados docentes de unidades escolares da rede municipal de ensino de Florianópolis. A coleta das informações foi realizada através de observação não-participante, de análise documental e de questionário. Para análise das informações utilizou-se as técnicas de análise de conteúdo e da triangulação. Deste modo, verificou-se que as ações voltadas ao processo de integração da pessoa portadora de deficiência no ensino regular municipal de Florianópolis foram iniciadas em 1986 com a implantação das salas de recursos e oficializadas no ano seguinte através do Plano Estadual para Campanha de Matrícula Escolar (1987-1991). Os resultados da pesquisa também evidenciaram que os aspectos que configuram o processo integracional da pessoa portadora de deficiência mental na rede de ensino regular municipal de Florianópolis, de acordo com a percepção dos Professores de Educação Física, situam-se na falta de recursos materiais e pedagógicos adaptados; na falta de profissionais capacitados para o trabalho com alunos portadores de deficiência mental; na baixa interação do aluno portador de deficiência mental acentuada; no uso restrito do sistema de avaliação adotado; na postura favorável dos Professores de Educação Física quanto à política de integração e; no reconhecimento da importância que representa o papel docente para a efetivação do processo de integração.

Indicadores que promovem a aceitação do aluno com Síndrome de Down no ensino regular

Partindo do pressuposto que cada vez mais alunos com Síndrome de Down estão sendo incluídos nas classes regulares de ensino, procuramos através deste estudo apontar os indicadores que promovem a aceitação dos alunos com Síndrome de Down nas classes regulares de ensino. Esta investigação desenvolveu-se dentro de um modelo qualitativo de investigação, através do estudo de caso, com amostra constituída por três alunos (dois de terceira série e um de segunda série , do ensino fundamental), três professoras (duas de terceira e uma de segunda) e membros da equipe diretiva de uma escola da rede particular de ensino da cidade de Porto Alegre. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta dos dados foram: a) entrevista semi-estruturada com a equipe diretiva e com as professoras envolvidas na investigação; b) observações em dois momentos distintos: em situação de sala de aula e em situações extraclasse; c) análise do conteúdo da Proposta Pedagógica da escola e dos relatos dos alunos a partir de uma atividade pedagógica. Constatou-se após a análise dos dados a relevância das ações, a seguir pontuadas, como promovedoras de aceitação: a metodologia utilizada pelos professores nas suas práticas pedagógicas; a filosofia inclusivista da escola; a promoção dos relacionamentos sociais e a forma como são construídas as redes de relações; a participação da família e, em especial, o reconhecimento das possibilidades individuais, respeitando as diferenças. As ações anteriormente citadas, acrescidas de outras peculiaridades da instituição investigada, bem como a promoção das interações sociais, sinalizam para os indicadores de aceitação do aluno incluído por seus pares nas classes regulares de ensino.