Família e educadores da infância: um diálogo possível

A creche vem sendo afirmada como espaço de educação para a infância, complementar à família. Devido à idade das crianças que frequentam a creche, o diálogo entre educadores e famílias têm sido valorizado, pois as atribuições de cada um são bem próximas. O objetivo desta tese foi investigar o processo de construção da relação creche-família, em um período de três anos (estudo longitudinal), através de oito aspectos desta relação. São eles: (1) expectativas e opiniões das famílias sobre a creche e vice-versa; (2) os motivos para o diálogo, (3) estratégias utilizadas, (4) dificuldades no diálogo, (5) negociações sobre o cuidado e educação à criança, (6) a inserção à creche, (7) a opinião de famílias sobre o desenvolvimento da criança, e (8) a creche como parte de uma rede de apoio. Esses aspectos foram definidos com base no referencial teórico sobre o tema e nos encontros da autora com educadores da creche onde a pesquisa foi realizada. Essa creche é pública municipal da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os sujeitos foram as famílias e os educadores de crianças que entraram em 2009 e permaneceram na instituição até 2011. O referecial teórico foi norteado pela perspectiva sociohistorica do desenvolvimento, com estudos sobre família e sobre a relação desta com a creche. Os intrumentos utilizados foram: entrevistas, questionários, diário de bordo, videogravação e um bonequinho de pano artesanal. A análise contemplou dados qualitativos e quantitativos que foram organizados em oito eixos, correspondentes a cada aspecto que pretendeu investigar. Os dados evidenciaram que famílias e educadores buscavam o diálogo, através da empatia gerada entre eles e de negociações sobre a educação da criança. Por outro lado havia queixas de educadores quanto às expectativas de famílias por um trabalho individualizado ou a falta de valorização profissional. O bonequinho atingiu a finalidade de promover o diálogo entre famílias e educadores, especialmente no período da inserção das crianças. Os oito eixos de análise constituiram aspectos a serem aprofundados em futuras investigações sobre a relação creche-família. A pesquisa, ao acompanhar famílias e educadores durante três anos, propiciou momentos de reflexão sobre suas crenças e práticas, promovendo experiências e oportunidades de desenvolvimento qualitativamente diferentes para ambos e para as crianças. Novos significados sobre a relação educadores e famílias foram produzidos para esses sujeitos, transformando a história dessa relação.

Análisis de los programas de la agencia española de cooperación internacional para el desarrollo dirigidos a las mujeres en la lucha contra el vih/sida en mozambique (2005-2010)

En este estudio de caso pretende dar respuesta a que factores vitalizan la cooperación Española en Mozambique a través del análisis de programas como el VITA, dirigidos específicamente al desarrollo y mejoramiento de la salud en el continente Africano. Este estudio de caso se centra en el investigación de los discursos de desarrollo que se fundamentan en las políticas internacionales de cooperación , basadas en la existencia de una enfermedad como el VIH que ha puesto en manifiesto la interacción entre la esfera biológica y social , social e individual entre el fenómeno existencial y cultural, lo que fundamenta su importancia y estudio. Se ha escogido esta herramienta de investigación social, en este estudio de caso, para abordar la forma en que funciona y opera la AECID en Mozambique a través de los programas con enfoque de género encaminados al problema del VIH. Se pretende dar a conocer el desarrollo en materia de la cooperación internacional de una organización tan importante como la AECID, cuyos proyectos gozan de una gran credibilidad en cuanto a la ejecución de sus acciones y que en general dichos proyectos se adecuan a las necesidades de la población, a los objetivos de desarrollo nacionales y a las prioridades de la cooperación española.

Internet- den nya barnmorskan? : En enkätstudie om hur gravida kvinnor söker information om graviditet och förlossning via Internet

Bakgrund: Internet används globalt inom många områden och aktuell forskning visar att gravida kvinnor använder Internet till att söka information om graviditet och förlossning. En graviditet innebär många frågor hos kvinnan och kvinnor söker efter information för att få en trygghet och försäkran om att allt är normalt med deras hälsa och barnet i magen. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka gravida kvinnors informationssökning via Internet avseende graviditet och förlossning. Metod: Beskrivande tvärsnittstudie. Datainsamling skedde via en enkätundersökning och data analyserades med deskriptiv och jämförande ansats. Resultat: Nästan alla kvinnor i undersökningen använde Internet för att söka information om graviditet och förlossning. Kvinnorna söker information om barnets utveckling, kost/näring och graviditetslängd i hög utsträckning. Högutbildade kvinnor har andra kriterier för trovärdighet på hemsidor än kvinnor med lägre utbildning. Slutsats: Barnmorskor bör vara medvetna om gravida kvinnors användning av Internet samt själva skapa sig en uppfattning om informationen som de gravida kvinnorna läser på Internet. Vår studie visar att barnmorskors rekommendation av hemsidor på Internet har stor betydelse för gravida kvinnor.  

Níveis de julgamento de alunos de 1., 2. e 3. graus de ensino

Os níveis de julgamen to dos alunos de 1 2 , 22 e ,:3 2 graus de ensino da Rede de E'sco las Particulares e da ~~ndação Universitária da cidade de Lages - Santa Catari ~a -, é um estudo teórico e de investigação prática, que -pretende verificar e discutir as relações entre a quali~ . dade ou maturidade de julgamento .. ' . e as var~ave~s idade grau de escolaridade, capacidade intelectual e nível só- --ci.o-econômico dos alunos ,sujeitos da pesquisa. A amostra foi sorteada aleatoriamente entre to- dos os alunos da 8! série do 12 grau, 2~' série do 29 grau e 3! série do 3 2 grau, num percentual aproximado de 20% da população total visada. Constituiu-se, assim, uma amos tra de 152 sujeitos, extTa{da de uma população de 898 a~ . . lunos. Os objetivos específicos que orientaram o estu- , ." ... . .' ,.., . do resumem-se na anal~se e discussao das relaçoes entreo nível de julgamento e as demais variáveis, isto é, ida~ de, grau de escolaridade, capacidade intelectual e nível sócio-econômico dos ,alunos pesquisados. Os resultados indicam que: 1) a maioria absolu- , ta dos sujeitos tanto de 12 e 22 graus qcinnto os de .j2 grau não alcançou'os níveis de julgamento mais maduros - ou seja - julgamento imaginativo-explicativo e imaginati vo-explicati vo-compreensi vo.· .2) Os sujei tos revelam -a- centuada dificuldade de raciocínio e julgamento' em ,rela ção ao texto-teste de estrutura lógica. 3) As variáveis' ~dade, grau de escolaridade, nível 56cio~ecortômico rela- ',c~onam-se,. em geral, positivamente com o nível de julga- ~mento, embora, no caso desta pesquisa, essa relação seja :fraca, possivelmente em função da pou.ca dispersão ougra!! de homog'eneic.ade' dos escores obtidos pelos sujeitos. Es- -sa homogeneidade de resultados levanta problemas que me- receriam novos estudos para maiores esclarecimentos sobre as condiç;es de desenvolvimento do processo de julga- mento, sejam internas ou externas à escola. são levantadas questões relativas, principalmen- te, à ação da escola, aos livros textos nela utilizados às condições precárias dos professores, à concepção tradi ciônal de educação e sobre o sistema ou contexto social a tual dentro do qual a escola é um sub-sistema. são sugeridas, no final do trabalho, pesquisas e estudos que visem amplioar o c onhecimento a raspei to do d~ senvolvimento do processo de julgar, bem como, pesquisas que procurem relacionar o nível sócio-econômico do profes sor e a quantidade e qualidade de leituras feitas por ele com o desempenho dos alunos.

Um enfoque psicológico da educação ambiental no contexto da gestão: uma experiência de Fernando de Noronha

Currently, many companies pay attention to the necessities of change of attitude in relation to the use of the natural resources and the environment quality of its products, mainly to keep a positive and competitive image in the market. This new concept of management associates the productive activities to the care with environment using the education of environment as a tool of programs of qualification directed toward the promotion of pro-environment behaviors. For effectiveness of this management it is essential the attachment of the employees and the major understanding of the importance of the preservation of the environment. This was the objective of the qualification process carried out in a lodge in Fernando de Noronha island. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to verify the power of this management system which fulfills the objectives of the environmental education. It was applied questionnaires to employees of three Inns and carried out a interview, in one Inn, with the participants of the program of qualification. The analysis of the data showed that the actions as care with the environment are strongly associates to the management system, which includes garbage control, as well water economy. It was observed that the environment accomplishment (EcoAntro) of the employees with environment decreases in proportion to their qualification. In the same way, as higher the instruction level, of the speaker and/or of the father, less is the apathy for environmental questions. It was also noticed that the knowledge about the development sustainability was very poorly used by the interviewed. The pro-environment behavior mentioned before, is not necessarily related to a local autonomy posture that could express a behavior related to job but not to environment it self. Therefore, a complete understanding about the reverberation of environment information an all the placed factors in a life stile facing a construction of sustainability remains as a question to be studied in future researches

Influências ambientais na saúde mental da criança

Objetivo: Apresentar uma revisão atualizada sobre a influência ambiental na saúde mental da criança, os principais fatores de risco e medidas práticas para intervenção pelo pediatra. Fontes dos dados: Foram utilizadas para a revisão as principais bases de dados, MEDLINE, Psyclit e Lilacs, livros técnicos e publicações relevantes na área de desenvolvimento e promoção da saúde mental da criança e adolescente. Síntese dos dados: As crianças estão expostas a múltiplos riscos, entre os quais o de apresentarem uma alta prevalência de doenças, o de nascerem de gestações desfavoráveis e/ou incompletas e o de viverem em condições socioeconômicas adversas. Tal cadeia de eventos negativos faz com que essas crianças tenham maior chance de apresentar problemas emocionais. Os resultados negativos no desenvolvimento e comportamento são produzidos pela combinação de fatores de risco genéticos, biológicos, psicológicos, e ambientais, envolvendo interações complexas entre eles. Os fatores mais fortemente associados com a saúde mental da criança são o ambiente social e psicológico, influenciando mais do que as características intrínsecas do indivíduo. O efeito cumulativo de risco é mais importante na determinação de problemas emocionais da criança do que a presença de um estressor único, independente de sua magnitude. Conclusão: Os fatores ambientais tem um papel importante na gênese dos problemas emocionais da criança e é papel do pediatra através de uma prática clínica adequada a identificação e intervenção precoce nos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento desses distúrbios.

La divulgación radiofónica de la alimentación y la higiene infantil en la España de la Segunda República (1933-1935)

El trabajo analiza la incorporación de medios tecnológicos, en particular la radio, en el proceso de divulgación del conocimiento sobre la salud infantil durante la Segunda República española. En el marco de la campaña sanitaria contra la mortalidad infantil que puso en marcha la Segunda República en la década del 30, la Asociación Española de Médicos Puericultores Titulados, en colaboración con Unión Radio, organizó dos ciclos de conferencias radiofónicas que pretendían explicar, a través de un discurso divulgativo de tono descriptivo dirigido a las clases populares, las nociones fundamentales de la higiene y la alimentación infantil, e impulsar una cultura de la prevención, guiada y orientada por los dictados de los expertos. Se trataba de una acción de propaganda y divulgación que tenía su continuidad en el medio familiar y comunitario a través de la actuación de las enfermeras visitadoras puericultoras, contemplando a las madres como población diana.

Employability management needs analysis and the ICT sector in Europe:the case of small and medium-sized enterprises

The purpose of this paper is to deal with the outcomes of a so-called “employability management needs analysis” that is meant to provide more insight into current employability management activities and its possible benefits for Information and Communication Technology (ICT) professionals working in Small- and Medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) throughout Europe. A considerable series of interviews (N=107) were conducted with managers in SMEs in seven European countries, including Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and the UK. A semi-structured interview protocol was used during the interviews to cover three issues: employability (13 items), ageing (8 items), and future developments and requirements (13 items). Analysis of all final interview transcriptions was at a national level using an elaborate common coding scheme. Although an interest in employability emerged, actual policy and action lagged behind. The recession in the ICT sector at the time of the investigation and the developmental stage of the sector in each participating country appeared connected. Ageing was not seen as a major issue in the ICT sector because managers considered ICT to be a relatively young sector. There appeared to be a serious lack of investment in the development of expertise of ICT professionals. Generalization of the results to large organizations in the ICT sector should be made with caution. The interview protocol developed is of value for further research and complements survey research undertaken within the employability field of study. It can be concluded that proactive HRM (Human Resource Management) policies and strategies are essential, even in times of economic downturn. Employability management activities are especially important in the light of current career issues. The study advances knowledge regarding HRM practices adopted by SMEs in the ICT sector, especially as there is a gap in knowledge about career development issues in that particular sector.

Porque é que pais e mães fumadores fumam dentro de casa?

Este estudo pretende identificar os fatores que influenciam os pais fumadores a fumar ou não dentro de casa. Realizaram-se, por telefone, entrevistas semiestruturadas a 10 pais e 10 mães, de crianças do 4º ano de escolaridade, fumadores que fumavam em casa, e a 10 pais e 10 mães fumadores, mas que não o faziam em casa. A análise de conteúdo mostrou que a preocupação com a saúde dos filhos e o mau cheiro foram os principais motivos mencionados pelos progenitores para não fumarem no domicílio. A comodidade e as condições meteorológicas foram as principais razões dos progenitores para fumarem no domicílio. Os pais fumadores que não fumam em casa parecem ter maior consciência dos riscos de fumar no domicílio para a saúde dos filhos, enquanto que os pais que fumam no domicílio fazem-no essencialmente por comodismo e desconhecimento aparente das consequências negativas desse comportamento. Deverá ser prioridade da educação para a saúde melhorar o conhecimento dos pais sobre as consequências da exposição ao fumo passivo. É indispensável que os profissionais de saúde das várias especialidades se envolvam no tratamento da dependência tabágica, promovendo a cessação tabágica dos pais, sendo esta a via mais segura para garantir casas livres de fumo.

Understanding significant precipitation in Madeira island using high-resolution numerical simulations of real cases

In order to advance the knowledge about precipitation development over Madeira island, four rainfall patterns are investigated based on high-resolution numerical simulations performed with the MESO-NH model. The main environmental conditions during these precipitation periods are examined, and important factors leading to significant accumulated precipitation in Madeira are shown. We found that the combination of orographic effect and atmospheric conditions is essential for the establishment of each situation. Under a moist and conditionally unstable atmosphere, convection over the island is triggered, and its location was determined mainly by variations of the ambient flow, which was also associated with different moist Froude numbers. Interestingly, our results showed some similarities with situations discussed in idealized studies. However, the real variations of the atmospheric configuration confirm the complexity of significant precipitation development in mountainous regions. In addition, precipitating systems initially formed over the ocean were simulated reaching the island. The four periods were characterised by different time durations, and the local terrain interacting with the mesoscale circulation was decisive in producing a large part of the precipitation, which concentrated in distinct regions of the island induced by the airflow dynamic.

Parents' experiences of child growth and development concerns: an interpretative phenomenological analysis

Background: Assessing child growth and development is complex. Delayed identification of growth or developmental problems until school entry has health, educational and social consequences for children and families. Health care professionals (HCPs), including Public Health Nurses work with parents to elicit and attend to their growth and development concerns. It is known that parents have concerns about their children’s growth and development which are not expressed in a timely manner. Measuring parental concern has not been fully effective to date and little is known about parents’ experiences of expressing concerns. Aim: To understand how parents make sense of child growth or development concerns. Method: The study was qualitative using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). A purposeful sample of 15 parents of pre-school children referred by their PHN to second tier services was used. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews. NVivo version 10 was used for data management purposes and IPA for analysis. Findings: Findings yielded two contextual themes which captured how parents described The Concern – ‘telling it as it is’ and their experiences of being Referred on. Four superordinate themes were found which encapsulated the Uncertainty – ‘a little bit not sure’ of parents as they made sense of the child’s growth and development problems. They were influenced by Parental Knowledge – ‘being and getting in the know’ which aided their sense-making before being prompted by Triggers to action. Parents then described Getting the child’s problem checked out as they went to express their concerns to HCPs. Conclusion and Implications: Parental expression of concerns about their child is a complex process that may not be readily understood by HCPs. A key implication of findings is to reappraise how parental concern is elicited and attended to in order to promote early referral and intervention of children who may have growth and development problems.

Connecting the dots: Examining the role of parental beliefs and preschoolers’ affect and engagement in predicting parent-child number exploration during a meaningful math experience

The current study examined the frequency and quality of how 3- to 4-year-old children and their parents explore the relations between symbolic and non-symbolic quantities in the context of a playful math experience, as well as the role of both parent and child factors in this exploration. Preschool children’s numerical knowledge was assessed while parents completed a survey about the number-related experiences they share with their children at home, and their math-related beliefs. Parent-child dyads were then videotaped playing a modified version of the card game War. Results suggest that parents and children explored quantity explicitly on only half of the cards and card pairs played, and dyads of young children and those with lower number knowledge tended to be most explicit in their quantity exploration. Dyads with older children, on the other hand, often completed their turns without discussing the numbers at all, likely because they were knowledgeable enough about numbers that they could move through the game with ease. However, when dyads did explore the quantities explicitly, they focused on identifying numbers symbolically, used non-symbolic card information interchangeably with symbolic information to make the quantity comparison judgments, and in some instances, emphasized the connection between the symbolic and non-symbolic number representations on the cards. Parents reported that math experiences such as card game play and quantity comparison occurred relatively infrequently at home compared to activities geared towards more foundational practice of number, such as counting out loud and naming numbers. However, parental beliefs were important in predicting both the frequency of at-home math engagement as well as the quality of these experiences. In particular, parents’ specific beliefs about their children’s abilities and interests were associated with the frequency of home math activities, while parents’ math-related ability beliefs and values along with children’s engagement in the card game were associated with the quality of dyads’ number exploration during the card game. Taken together, these findings suggest that card games can be an engaging context for parent-preschooler exploration of numbers in multiple representations, and suggests that parents’ beliefs and children’s level of engagement are important predictors of this exploration.

Managing medical advice seeking in calls to Child Health Line

Child Health Line is a 24-hour Australian helpline that offers information and support for parents and families on child development and parenting. The helpline guidelines suggest that nurses should not offer medical advice, however they regularly receive calls seeking such advice. This paper examines how the service guidelines are talked into being through the nurses’ management of caller’s requests for medical advice and information, and shows how nurses orient to the boundaries of their professional role and institutionally regulated authority. Three ways in which the child health nurses manage medical advice and information seeking are discussed: using membership as a nurse to establish boundaries of expertise, privileging parental authority regarding decision making about seeking treatment for their child, and respecifying a ‘medical’ problem as a child development issue. The paper contributes to research on medical authority, and nurse authority in particular, by demonstrating the impact of institutional roles and guidelines on displays of knowledge and expertise. More generally, it contributes to an understanding of the interactional enactment and consequences of service guidelines for telehealth practice, with implications for training, policy and service delivery.

Calling for help : a responsive evaluation of Child Health Line

The project examined the responsiveness of the telenursing service provided by the Child Health Line (hereinafter referred to as CHL). It aimed to provide an account of population usage of the service, the call request types and the response of the service to the calls. In so doing, the project extends the current body of knowledge pertaining to the provision of parenting support through telenursing. Approximately 900 calls to the CHL were audio-recorded over the December 2005-2006 Christmas-New Year period. A protocol was developed to code characteristics of the call, the interactional features between the caller and nurse call-taker, and the extent to which there was (a) agreement on problem definition and the plan of action and (b) interactional alignment between nurse and caller. A quantitative analysis examined the frequencies of the main topics covered in calls to the CHL and any statistical associations between types of calls, length of calls and nurse-caller alignment. In addition, a detailed qualitative analysis was conducted on a subset of calls dealing with the nurse management of calls seeking medical advice and information. Key findings include: • Overall, 74% of the calls discussed parenting and child development issues, 48% discussed health/medical issues, and 16% were information-seeking calls. • More specifically: o 21% discussed health/medical and parenting and child development issues. o 3% discussed parenting and information-seeking issues. o 5% discussed health/medical, parenting/development and information issues. o 18% exclusively focussed on health and medical issues and therefore were outside the remit of the intended scope of the CHL. These calls caused interactional dilemmas for the nurse call-takers as they simultaneously dealt with parental expectations for help and the CHL guidelines indicating that offering medical advice was outside the remit of the service. • Most frequent reasons for calling were to discuss sleep, feeding, normative infant physical functions and parenting advice. • The average length of calls to the CHL was 7 minutes. • Longer calls were more likely to involve nurse call-takers giving advice on more than one topic, the caller displaying strong emotions, the caller not specifically providing the reason for the call, and the caller discussing parenting and developmental issues. • Shorter calls were characterised by the nurse suggesting that the child receive immediate medical attention, the nurse emphasising the importance or urgency of the plan of action, the caller referring to or requesting confirmation of a diagnosis, and caller and nurse call-taker discussion of health and medical issues. • The majority of calls, 92%, achieved parent-nurse alignment by the conclusion of the call. However, 8% did not. • The 8% of calls that were not aligned require further quantitative and qualitative investigation of the interactional features. The findings are pertinent in the current context where Child Health Line now resides within 13HEALTH. These findings indicate: 1. A high demand for parenting advice. 2. Nurse call-takers have a high level of competency in dealing with calls about parenting and normal child development, which is the remit of the CHL. 3. Nurse call-takers and callers achieve a high degree of alignment when both parties agree on a course of action. 4. There is scope for developing professional practice in calls that present difficulties in terms of call content, interactional behaviour and call closure. Recommendations of the project: 1. There are numerous opportunities for further research on interactional aspects of calls to the CHL, such as further investigations of the interactional features and the association of the features to alignment and nonalignment. The rich and detailed insights into the patterns of nurse-parent interactions were afforded by the audio-recording and analysis of calls to the CHL. 2. The regular recording of calls would serve as a way of increasing understanding of the type and nature of calls received, and provide a valuable training resource. Recording and analysing calls to CHL provides insight into the operation of the service, including evidence about the effectiveness of triaging calls. 3. Training in both recognising and dealing with problem calls may be beneficial. For example, calls where the caller showed strong emotion, appeared stressed, frustrated or troubled were less likely to be rated as aligned calls. In calls where the callers described being ‘at their wits end’, or responded to each proposed suggestion with ‘I’ve tried that’, the callers were fairly resistant to advice-giving. 4. Training could focus on strategies for managing calls relating to parenting support and advice, and parental well-being. The project found that these calls were more likely to be rated as being nonaligned. 5. With the implementation of 13HEALTH, future research could compare nurse-parent interaction following the implementation of triaging. Of the calls, 21% had both medical and parenting topics discussed and 5.3% discussed medical, parenting and information topics. Added to this, in 12% of calls, there was ambiguity between the caller and nurse call-taker as to whether the problem was medical or behavioural.

A pilot study exploring Australian general practice nurses roles, responsibilities and professional development needs in well and sick child care

Aim Explore practice nurses' (PNs) role in child health and development, and advising parents about child health issues. Background Introduction of the four-year-old child health check into general practice in 2008 placed additional responsibilities on PNs in child health and wellness. This study explores their readiness to expand their practice into this area. Design Integrated mixed method design, self-report survey. Method A purpose-developed questionnaire explored demographics, child health roles and responsibilities, difficulties encountered, professional development needs, barriers and facilitators, and professional development activities undertaken in the past year. Surveys were posted to 218 PNs in one rural Division of General Practice (DGP) in Queensland, Australia; 29 responded. Results PNs reported a significant role in well and sick child care (93.1%) though few had a paediatric/child health background (14.3%). Roles included immunisations (92.3%), child health checks (65.4%), general child health and development (26.9%), asthma (23.1%), feeding (15.4%), fever (11.5%), settling/sleeping (11.5%). PNs were interested in learning more about (81.5%) and incorporating more child health into their practice (81.5%). Professional development in childhood growth and development (80.0%), health and illness (60.0%) and advising new mothers (20.0%) was needed. Conclusions PNs play a substantial role in child health, are unprepared for the complexities of this role and have preferred methods for undertaking professional development to address knowledge deficits. Implications for practice PNs are unprepared for an advanced role in child health and wellness. Significant gaps in their knowledge to support this role were identified. This ever-expanding role requires close monitoring to ensure knowledge precedes expectations to practice.