模拟降雨条件下坡面水流流速与径流输出特征研究

利用室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同坡度径流小区的水流流速与径流输出特征间的关系。研究结果表明:定坡长土槽坡度变化为5~20°时,水流流速随着坡面坡度的增加呈递增趋势;同时,同一坡度下坡面水流流速随时间的变化大体上是增加的过程;在模拟降雨条件下,30 min内坡面水流速度的变化趋势分为3个阶段:降雨径流产生初期,坡面微形态的形成阶段和侵蚀沟形成阶段。在25°坡面上,这3个阶段的界限不明显。另外,得出了径流量输出特征与水流速度有着密切的幂函数相关关系,且5°,10°,15°,20°坡面流速与径流量的相关系数在0.9左右,但25°坡面的相关系数较小。根据方差得出,5~25°坡面流速与径流量关系显著,坡度越大,流速对径流量的影响越显著,并分析出20~25°是坡地土壤侵蚀的临界坡度。

纳米TiO_2催化下表层土壤中BaP的紫外光降解

采用光解试验,研究了紫外照射与纳米TiO2联合作用下,土壤表层中苯并[a]芘(BaP)的降解动力学;同时考察了催化剂的浓度、土壤pH、腐植酸和光质对BaP的光催化降解的影响。结果表明,土壤中BaP的光催化降解表现为准一级动力学。催化剂TiO2可以明显地促进土壤中BaP的光降解,较少量的催化剂(0.5%)使光解的半衰期从363.22h减少到103.26h。H+和OH-离子对BaP的催化光解起促进作用,在酸性和碱性土壤中BaP光催化降解高于中性土壤,酸性土壤中的降解速率最快。腐殖质吸收紫外光照射时,产生的活性氧中间产物能够攻击BaP,添加腐植酸能增加土壤表层中BaP的光催化降解。BaP的光解半衰期从无外加腐植酸的89.34h,减少到添加浓度分别为5、10、20和40mg·kg-1的29.37、32.69、35.73和38.51h。BaP的催化降解随波长的增加而降低,在波长254、310和365nm下,BaP降解的一级动力学常数分别为0.0078h-1、0.0061h-1和0.005h-1。

外生菌根真菌对科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林衰退的影响

通过对科尔沁沙地东南缘樟子松人工林气温、地温及樟子松人工林根系分布的观测,从温度对外生菌根菌存活与生长影响的角度分析了沙地樟子松人工林衰退的现象,结果表明:由于沙地表层土壤(0~5 cm)高温环境,外生菌根菌无法存活;在沙地20~40 cm土层内,温度条件有利于外生菌根菌的存活、生长,而13~42年生沙地樟子松人工林树木平均78%的根系分布于该层,说明外生菌根菌的存在阻止或延缓了樟子松人工林的生长衰退,不是导致沙地樟子松人工林枯叶、枯梢、枯枝、死亡的原因.表层土壤外生菌根菌的缺乏使萌发的幼苗不能形成有效根系是导致沙地樟子松人工林不能天然更新的主要原因之一.

微波消解-氢化物发生原子荧光法同时测定土壤中的砷汞

建立了微波消解-氢化物发生原子荧光法同时测定土壤中As、Hg的分析方法。用体积分数35%的王水作为消解溶剂,在设定的微波消解条件下,可以将土壤中的As、Hg提取完全,有效解决了消解液中剩余酸过多的问题。方法用体积分数5%的HCl作为反应介质,20 g/L NaBH4作为还原剂。通过测定国家标准参考物质和加标回收实验,对方法进行了验证。已用于土壤中As、Hg的测定。

温室蔬菜栽培对土壤DTPA浸提态铁锰铜锌含量的影响

对沈阳市大民屯镇蔬菜生产基地温室番茄栽培条件下0~30 cm土层土壤DTPA浸提态微量元素含量的调查表明,温室土壤DTPA浸提态Mn、Cu、Zn含量高于相邻的露地菜田,0~20 cm土层DTPA-Fe含量低于露地土壤。与露地菜田相比,高量施肥条件下温室土壤DTPA-Zn富集是微量元素变化的一个主要特征,11年和5年温室土壤0~20 cm土层DTPA-Zn平均含量分别是露地菜田的4.0和4.8倍。温室栽培条件下高量施用有机肥、土壤pH降低及土壤Eh变化是引起土壤DTPA浸提态微量元素变化的主要因素。

抑制剂生产长效复混(合)肥工艺技术

阐述在复混肥中加入抑制脲酶和(亚)硝化细菌活性的抑制剂,可控制铵态氮、硝态氮转化为N2O、N2造成的氮损失,从而提高氮利用率8%～12%,氮、磷、钾的综合利用率提高17%～25%。抑制剂加入量为复混肥量的1%～1.5%。介绍复混肥不同加工方法,如何加入抑制剂,并简单说明长效复混肥所增加的成本(18～20元/t产品)及带来的经济效益。

用气象站资料推算附近森林浅层地温和气温

Air and shallow soil temperature in forest site are important factors impacting carbon cycle and plant physiology of the ecosystem.It is an effective method to estimating these temperatures by the recordings at neighboring meteorological station.The estimations will fill the gap of micrometeorological measurements in forest area.An empirical model to estimate the air temperature in the crown and soil temperature at 5 and 20 cm depth in the mixed forest of broad_leaved and Korean_pine was established,according to the recordings at adjacent meteorological station.The effects of seasons and snow coverage were taken into account in model establishment.The results showed that estimations were well accordance with the measurements.

近30年来长江源头高寒草地生态系统退化的遥感分析:以青海省治多县为例

为了对长江源头高寒草地退化的时空过程规律取得全面客观的科学认识,本文利用20世纪70年代末、90年代初和2004年的陆地卫星遥感影像为信息源,结合气象数据、DEM、草地分布图及社会统计数据等辅助资料,以青海省治多县为例分析了近30年来长江源头的高寒草地生态系统退化的时空格局与过程及其驱动因素,从新的视角阐释高寒草地退化的过程与机理,为退化高寒草地的恢复、治理与区域可持续发展提供了科学依据。结果表明,研究区高寒草地生态系统的退化呈现自东南向西北,退化面积减少、退化程度降低、退化类型由复合型向单一型过渡的总体趋势。研究区东部是草地退化最严重的区域,主要表现为沿着原退化草地斑块的扩张,而西部即唐古拉山以北的广大地区由于下垫面起伏较低则以草地覆盖度的轻度下降退化为主。草地退化时间过程特征的总体趋势是持续退化、后期加剧,前后两个时段对比可以看出草地退化比重和程度皆呈逐渐加剧的趋势,退化面积比重净增9.86%。地形因素的影响分析亦发现,研究区高寒草地退化主要发生在海拔4500～4900m、坡度5～15°范围内的阴坡。研究区草地退化格局在20世纪70年代以前就已经形成,气候变化对高寒草地退化的影响是长期、缓慢的,而研究区人口和家畜数量变化的分析可以得出人类活动特别是过度放牧是草地退化发生的最重要诱因。

鱇白鱼饵料的人工培育方法

本发明涉及一种鱇白鱼饵料的人工培育方法，属鱼产品养殖技术领域。鱇白鱼饵料的人工培育方法经繁殖藻类、接种轮虫、生长枝角类和桡足类过程完成；其中：繁殖藻类过程为在饵料池的水中放入蒿草，蒿草在20-24℃下浸泡5天后藻类生长繁殖达高峰；接种轮虫过程为在第6天挖取长年养殖鲤鱼池的底泥，加入生石灰搅拌成浆后放入饵料培育池，接种轮虫后辅以豆浆肥水和菌体促进轮虫的生长繁殖，在20-24℃的温度下经6天轮虫生长繁殖达高峰；生长枝角类和桡足类过程为在20-24℃的温度下再经7天枝角类和桡足类生长繁殖达高峰。本发明具有简单易行、成本低、使鱇白鱼的驯养顺利实现了食性的转化，避免了死亡。同时为野生虑食性经济鱼类的人工养殖解决饵料来源。

Blends of Polypropylene and Syndiotactic 1,2-Polybutadiene: Morphology, Crystallization Behaviors and Mechanical Properties

Morphologies, crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of polypropylene(PP)/syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene(s-1,2 PB) blends were investigated. Morphology observation shows the well dispersed domains of s-1,2 PB in PP matrix with the rather small domain sizes from 0.1 to 0.5 mu m when the s-1,2 PB content increases from 5% to 20% (mass fraction) in the blends, and the phase structure tends to become co-continuous as s-1,2 PB content further increases.

新型铋膜电极溶出伏安法测定痕量重金属元素

用碳纳米管-Nafion-铋膜修饰电极溶出伏安法测定了痕量重金属元素Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ).考察并优化了同时测定Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的条件.结果表明:在0.1 mol/L HAc-NaAc缓冲溶液(pH=4.5)和-1.20 V条件下搅拌富集120 s,Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在碳纳米管-Nafion-铋膜修饰电极上可得到灵敏的溶出峰;采用2.5次微分阳极溶出法测定时,预富集10 min的Pb(Ⅱ)检测限为10 ng/L,Cd(Ⅱ)检测限为15 ng/L

Effect of La-Mg-based alloy addition on structure and electrochemical characteristics of Ti0.10Zr0.15V0.35Cr0.10Ni0.30 hydrogen storage alloy

Effect of La-Mg-based alloy (AB(5)) addition on Structure and electrochemical characteristics of Ti0.10Zr0.15V0.35Cr0.10Ni0.30 hydrogen storage alloy has been investigated systematically. XRD shows that the matrix phase structure is not changed after adding AB(5) alloy, however, the amount of the secondary phase increases with increasing AB(5) alloy content. The electrochemical measurements show that the plateau pressure Ti0.10Zr0.15V0.35Cr0.10Ni0.30 + x% La0.85Mg0.25Ni4.5Co0.35Al0.15 (X = 0, 1, 5, 10, 20) hydrogen storage alloys increase with increasing x, and the width of the pressure plateau first increases when x increases from 0 to 5 and then decreases as x increases further, and the maximum discharge capacity changes in the same trend.

The nanocomposite scaffold of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and hydroxyapatite surface-grafted with L-lactic acid oligomer for bone repair

Nanohydroxyapatite (op-HA) surface-modified with L-lactic acid oligomer (LAc oligomer) was prepared by LAc oligomer grafted onto the hydroxyapatite (HA) surface. The nanocomposite of op-HA/PLGA with different op-HA contents of 5, 10, 20 and 40 wt.% in the composite was fabricated into three-dimensional scaffolds by the melt-molding and particulate leaching methods. PLGA and the nanocomposite of HA/PLGA with 10 wt.% of ungrafted hydroxyapatite were used as the controls. The scaffolds were highly porous with evenly distributed and interconnected pore structures, and the porosity was around 90%. Besides the macropores of 100-300 mu m created by the leaching of NaCl particles, the micropores (1-50 mu m) in the pore walls increased with increasing content of op-HA in the composites of op-HA/PLGA. The op-HA particles could disperse more uniformly than those of pure HA in PLGA matrix. The 20 wt.% op-HA/PLGA sample exhibited the maximum mechanical strength, including bending strength (4.14 MPa) and compressive strength (2.31 MPa). The cell viability and the areas of the attached osteoblasts on the films of 10 wt.% op-HA/PLGA and 20 wt.% op-HA/PLGA were evidently higher than those on the other composites.

Seed-mediated synthesis of branched gold nanoparticles with the assistance of citrate and their surface-enhanced Raman scattering properties

We report an easy synthesis of highly branched gold particles through a seed-mediated growth approach in the presence of citrate. The addition of citrate in the growth solution is found to be crucial for the formation of these branched gold particles. Their size can be varied from 47 to 185 nm. The length of the thumb-like branch is estimated to be between about 5 and 20 nm, and changes slightly as the particle size increases. Owing to these obtuse and short branches, their surface plasmon resonance displays a marked red-shift with respect to the normal spherical particles. These branched gold particles exhibit stronger SERS activity than the non-branched ones, which is most likely related to these unique branching features.

Crystallographic and electrochemical characteristics of Ti45Zr35Ni17Cu3 quasicrystalline alloy ball-milled with nickel powder

Crystallographic and electrochemical characteristics of ball-milled Ti45Zr35Ni17Cu3 +xNi (x = 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mass%) composite powders have been investigated. The powders are composed of amorphous, I- and Ni-phases when x increases from 5 to 20. With increasing x, the amount of Ni-phase increases but the quasi-lattice constant decreases. The maximum discharge capacity first increases as x increases from 0 to 15 and then decreases when x increases further from 15 to 20. The high-rate dischargeability and cycling stability increase monotonically with increasing x. The improvement of the electrochemical characteristics is ascribed to the metallic nickel particles highly dispersed in the alloys, which improves the electrochemical kinetic properties and prevents the oxidation of the alloy electrodes, as well as to the mixed structure of amorphous and icosahedral quasicrystal line phases, which enhances the hydrogen diffusivity in the bulk of the alloy electrodes and efficiently inhibits the pulverization of the alloy particles.